Advanced Structural Analysis with Dynamics

Impact

Dr Christoforos Dimopoulos
School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies | Teesside
University
 Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lecture you will be able to:

• Appreciate the different types of impact.
• Analyse the mechanics of central impact.
• Solve practical problems involving two particles under impact.
 Sources

Please refer to this publication for more information, theory

and examples.

Hibbeler RC (2017), ‘Engineering Mechanics – Dynamics’, 14th edn, Pearson Education.

 What is impact
Impact occurs when two bodies collide with each other during a very short
period of time, causing relatively large (impulsive) forces to be exerted between
the bodies.

Examples of impact loadings:

• The striking of a hammer on a nail,
• Or the impact of a golf club on a ball,

In general, there are two types of impact:

• Central impact.
• Oblique impact.
 Impact types
Plane of impact: It is the plane that is tangent to the body surface at the
point of impact.
Line of impact: It is the line perpendicular to the plane of impact.
Plane of impact

Line of impact

Central impact: When the motion of both particles is on the line of impact.
Oblique impact: When the motion of either of the two particles makes an
angle with the line of impact.
 Central Impact Mechanics
To illustrate the method for analysing the mechanics of impact, consider the
case involving the central impact of the two particles A and B shown in the
figure
Step 1: The particles have the initial momenta shown in the figure. Provided
𝑣𝐴,1 > 𝑣𝐵,1 , collision will eventually occur.
 Central Impact Mechanics
Step 2: During the collision the particles must be thought of as deformable or
nonrigid. The particles will undergo a period of deformation such that they exert
an equal but opposite deformation impulse ‫ 𝑡𝑑𝑃 ׬‬on each other.

Step 3: Only at the instant of maximum deformation will both particles move
with a common velocity v, since their relative motion is zero
 Central Impact Mechanics
Step 4: Afterward a period of restitution occurs, in which case the particles
will either return to their original shape or remain permanently deformed. The
equal but opposite restitution impulse ‫ 𝑡𝑑𝑅 ׬‬pushes the particles apart from
one another. Just after separation the particles will have the final momenta
shown in Fig. 15– 14 e , where 𝑣𝐵,2 > 𝑣𝐴,2 .
Note: In reality, the physical properties of any two bodies are such that the deformation impulse ‫ 𝑡𝑑𝑃 ׬‬will always be
greater than that of restitution, i.e., ‫𝑡𝑑𝑅 ׬ > 𝑡𝑑𝑃 ׬‬.

Fig. 15– 14 e
 Conservation of momentum

In most problems the initial velocities of the particles will be known, and it
will be necessary to determine their final velocities 𝑣𝐴,2 and 𝑣𝐵,2 .
In this regard, momentum for the system of particles is conserved since
during collision the internal impulses of deformation and restitution cancel .

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴,1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵,1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴,2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵,2

+

𝑡2
෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,1 + ෍ න 𝑭𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,2 The principle for a system of particles
𝑡1
 Principle of impulse and momentum
In order to obtain a second equation necessary to solve for 𝑣𝐴,2 and 𝑣𝐵,2 , we
must apply the principle of impulse and momentum to each particle.
For example, during the deformation phase for particle A, we have

𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝐴,1 − න 𝑷𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝐴 𝒗

During the restitution phase for particle A, we have

𝑚𝐴 𝒗 − න 𝑹𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝐴,2

The ratio of the restitution impulse to the deformation ‫ 𝒗 𝑡𝑑𝑹 ׬‬− 𝒗𝐴,2
𝑒= =
impulse is called the coefficient of restitution, e. ‫𝐴𝒗 𝑡𝑑𝑷 ׬‬,1 − 𝒗
 Coefficient of restitution e
Similarly for the second particle B

𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵,1 + න 𝑷𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝐵 𝒗 the principle for the deformation phase

𝑚𝐵 𝒗 + න 𝑹𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝑩,2 the principle for the restitution phase

𝒗𝐵,2 − 𝒗
𝑒= coefficient of restitution for particle B
𝒗 − 𝒗𝑩,1

Deformation phase Restitution phase

 Coefficient of restitution e

𝒗𝐵,2 − 𝒗 𝒗 − 𝒗𝐴,2
𝑒= 𝑒=
𝒗 − 𝒗𝑩,1 𝒗𝐴,1 − 𝒗

The unknown 𝑣 can be eliminated from the above two equations and the
coefficient of restitution can be expressed in terms of the particles’ initial and
final velocities as

𝒗𝐵,2 − 𝒗𝐴,2
𝑒=
𝒗𝐴,1 − 𝒗𝑩,1
 Estimation of final velocity of particles

1. Provided a value for e is specified, the second requested equation is obtain

for the estimation of the final velocities of the two particles.
2. In doing so, however, it is important to carefully establish a sign convention
for defining the positive direction for both 𝑣𝐴 and 𝑣𝐵 and then use it
consistently when writing both equations.
3. If we have defined the positive direction to the right when referring to the
motions of both A and B, and we estimate a negative then this will indicate
that the motion is to the left.
 Elastic and Plastic Impact
Elastic Impact: When the collision between the two particles is perfectly
elastic, the deformation impulse ‫ 𝑡𝑑𝑷 ׬‬is equal and opposite to the restitution
impulse ‫ 𝑡𝑑𝑹 ׬‬. Although in reality this can never be achieved.

Plastic Impact: The impact is said to be inelastic or plastic when e = 0. In

this case there is no restitution impulse ‫ = 𝑡𝑑𝑹 ׬‬0 , so that after collision
both particles couple or stick together and move with a common velocity.

In most cases the impact will lie between these two extreme cases.
 Procedure for analysis of central impact
In most cases the final velocities of two smooth particles are to be determined just
after they are subjected to direct central impact. Provided the coefficient of
restitution, the mass of each particle, and each particle’s initial velocity just before
impact are known, the solution to this problem can be obtained using the following
two equations:
• The conservation of momentum applies to the system of particles,
σ 𝑚𝑣1 = σ 𝑚𝑣2 .

• The coefficient of restitution, 𝑒 = 𝒗𝐵,2 − 𝒗𝐴,2 ൗ 𝒗𝐴,1 − 𝒗𝑩,1 , relates the

relative velocities of the particles along the line of impact, just before and just
after collision.
When applying these two equations, the sense of an unknown velocity can be
assumed. If the solution yields a negative magnitude, the velocity acts in the opposite
sense.
 Example (Central Impact)
Ball A has a mass of 3 kg and is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s when it makes a
direct collision with ball B, which has a mass of 2kg and is moving with a velocity of
4m/s. If e=0.7 determine the velocity of each ball just after the collision. Neglect the
size of the balls.

Source: Hibbeler 2016, Prob. 15-61

 Example (Central Impact)
The momentum for the system of particles is conserved since during collision
the internal impulses of deformation and restitution cancel .

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴,1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵,1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴,2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵,2

+
⟹ 3 ∙ 8 − 2 ∙ 4 = 3𝑣𝐴,2 + 2𝑣𝐵,2

⟹ 3 ∙ 𝑣𝐴,2 + 2 ∙ 𝑣𝐵,2 = 16 1st equation (2 unknowns)

 Example (Central Impact)
Since the coefficient of restitution e is know we can get the second equation:

𝒗𝐵,2 −𝒗𝐴,2
𝑒= ⟹ 𝒗𝐵,2 − 𝒗𝐴,2 = 0.7 8 − −4 = 0.70 ∙ 12 = 8.4𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
+ 𝒗𝐴,1 −𝒗𝑩,1

⟹ 𝒗𝐵,2 = 8.4 + 𝒗𝐴,2 2nd equation

3 ∙ 𝑣𝐴,2 + 2 ∙ 𝑣𝐵,2 = 16 ⟹ 3 ∙ 𝑣𝐴,2 + 2 ∙ 8.4 + 𝒗𝐴,2 = 16 ⟹ 5 ∙ 𝑣𝐴,2 = −0.8

⟹ 𝑣𝐴,2 = −0.16𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝐵,2 = 8.24𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

 Problem
The pile P has a mass of 800 𝑘𝑔 and is being driven into loose sand using the 300𝑘𝑔
hammer C which is dropped a distance of 0.5 𝑚 from the top of the pile.
Determine the distance the pile is driven into the sand after one blow if the sand offers
a frictional resistance against the pile of 18 𝑘𝑁. The coefficient of restitution between
the hammer and the pile is 𝑒 = 0.1. Neglect the impulses due to the weights of the
pile and hammer and the impulse due to the sand during the impact.
END OF PRESENTATION