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  • Twi (C Swep-5)

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    kihal zohir
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    TWI (C SWEP-5)

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    27 views20 pages

    Twi (C Swep-5)

    Uploaded by

    kihal zohir

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 20
    SECTION 19 TWI ook ta roeweoee errera NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING Ultrasonic inspection Cathode - ray tube Transmitted pulse As Retlected pulse y —— Time /disonce scale jensitivity control Tramaittes (Ct ace Sissi pulse WAS Type of operation: work VA Detect Manual or mechanised Equipment: Main unit containing pulse generator, display oscilloscope, probe (chosen to suit work). Mode of operation: A pulse of electrical energy is fed to the probe in which a piezo-electric crystal converts it to mechanical vibrations at an ultrasonic frequency. The vibrations are transmitted (via a layer of grease to exclude the air) through the work: if they encounter a defect some are reflected back to the probe, where they regenerate an electrical signal. A cathode ray tube trace is started when the original signal is sent, displays the reflected defect signal, and from it time, indicating distance from probe, and amplitude, indicating defect size, can be calculated. Materials: Most metal, except those with coarse or varying grain structure. WELDING TECHNOLOGY Issue 0191 19.4 TWI tim Overall advantages: Immediate presentation of results No need to move personnel out Can be battery powered Depth locations of defects. Overall limitations: Trained and skilled operator required No pictorial record Safety Moderate care needed as for other electronic equipment. THE WELDING INSTITU. TWI Cia ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE Magnetic particle inspection Power supply l | contact Work Current Magnetic tield ———~ Detect 7 iT Work TUUT Coit Type of operation: Manual or mechanised. Equipment: Power supply Contacts or coil Uitra-violet lamp (optional) Portable or fixed installation. Mode of operation: ‘The work is magnetised either by passing a current through it, or through a coil surrounding it. Defects on or near the surface disrupt the magnetic field (unless they are parallel to it). A magnetic particle fluid suspension is applied which concentrates around the defects. The work is viewed either directly or by ultra-violet lights using a dye which fiuoresces; that is, emits visible light (this must be done where normal lighting is subdued). After testing, work may be demagnetised if required. Materials: Magnetic materials only Ferritic steels Some nickel alloys WELDING TECHNOLOGY Issue 0191 19.3 Twi Cid ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE » > Overall advantages: Direct indication of defect location initial inspection by unskilled labour (go or no-go) ‘Some indication of sub-surface defects but of low sensitivity Not critically dependent on surface condition. Overall limitations: No use for non-magnetic materials Defect detection critically dependent on alignment across magnetic field Sub-surface flaws require special procedures. Safety: Moderate care needed in handling electric equipment and flammable fluids. TWI i ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE Gamma radiography Hongie CJ “nutter SF sgresi lm im tignt Shielding light cassette Source molten ¥. in back shielding Type of operation: Static Development may be mechanised Equipment: Radioactive isotope in storage container Remote handling gear Lightproof cassette Photographic development facilities Darkroom and illuminator for assessment Mode of operation: Gamma-rays, similar to X-rays, but of shorter wavelength are emitted continuously from the isotope: it cannot be ‘switched off, so that when not in use it is kept in a heavy storage container which absorbs radiation, They pass through the work to be inspected, Parts of the work presenting less obstruction to gamma-rays, such as cavities or inclusions, allow increased exposure of the film. The film is developed to form a radiograph with cavities or inclusions indicated by darker images. Section thickness increases (such as weld) appear as less dense images. Materials: Most weldable metals may be inspected, WELDING TECHNOLOGY Issue 0191 19.5 TWI Cia THE WELDING INSTITUTE -~ X-radiographs Heated cathode Anode L || a X= rays ° Light - tight Photographic Us A ‘cassette ~ i a 3 Exposure film Derelover ‘Type of operation: Static or transportable. Evacuated X-ray tube’ Equipment: X-ray tube Stand and control gear Light-proof cassette Photographic development facilities Dark room and illumination for assessment. Mode of operation: yy X-rays are emitted from the tube and pass through the work to be inspected, Parts of the work presenting less obstruction to X-rays, such as cavities or inclusions, allow increased exposure of the film. The film is developed to form a radiograph with cavities or inclusions indicated by darker images. Section thickness increases (such as weld under-bead) appearas less dense images. TWI im ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE Overall advantages: Accurate pictorial presentation of results Radiographs may be kept as a permanent record Not confined to welds Overall limitations: Personnel must be clear of area during exposure Cracks parallel to film amy not show up Film expensive. 3 INTERNATIONAL RADIATION WARNING SYMBOL Safety: Cumulative radiation risk to personnel requires stringent precautions. TW THE WELDING INSTITUTI EXAMPLE OF IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS Step-hole type TFEI2 lo [O° }°|O ra) BS 3971 OFEIS e2zzzZZD > Wire type Duplex type TWI iM ‘THE WELDID INSTITUTE Dye penetrant detection dye dye co ]— v TApply dye 7] 2.Remave surplus dye Oye mack Light SAL Hisible [

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