Elements

Iron Fe
Carbon C is for Strength
Manganese Mn is for Toughness
Silicon Si < 0.3% Deoxidiser
Aluminium Al Grain refiner, <0.008% Deoxidiser +
Toughness
Chromium Cr Corrosion resistance
Molybdenum Mo 1% is for Creep resistance
 Elements
Vanadium V Strength
Nickel Ni Low temperature applications
Copper Cu Used for weathering steels (Corten)
Sulphur S Residual element (can cause hot
shortness)
Phosphorous P Residual element
Titanium Ti Grain refiner, Used a a micro alloying
element (S&T)
Niobium Nb Grain refiner, Used a a micro alloying
element (S&T)
(S&T) = Strength & Toughness
CSWIP 3.1 Welding Inspection

Practical Plate Inspection

TWI Training & Examination

Services
Course Reference WIS 5
 EDGE DATUM THIS FROM MEASURE

A
51
NOTES:
Slag
8
inclusion

87

22 Lack of sidewall
fusion

Page 1 of 3 EXAMPLE PLA

4mm. 153
12-14mm Name: [Block capitals] Mr. I C Plenty Signature: I C
Poor Centreline
Code/Specification used: TWI 09-09-03
B Welding process
2mm crack 40
3mm in 50mm Welding position: Flat /PA Length & thickness of
WELD FACE

length or scale on the plate surface

230
Gas pore
1.5 Ø

236

241
Undercut smooth
30 1.5 max

Arc Strike

C
 Plate Sample 6F Cap
Welding Process MMA (SMAW)

Mechanical
Damage

? ?
Lack of Sidewall fusion ? Crater pipe

Poor Toe Blend Lack of Sidewall Fusion + Incomplete Filled Groove

? ? ? Arc
Tack Weld Strikes
?
Note: Arc strikes require blending and crack detection
 Plate Sample 6F Root
Welding Process MMA (SMAW)

Poor Stop/Start + Lack of Root ?

? Penetration + Crater Pipe
? Blow Hole
Arc Strikes
? Damage + ?
? Mechanical Lack of
Root
Lack of
Root
Lack of Root Fusion Fusion Fusion

Lack of Root Fusion

Arc Strikes
?
? Arc Strikes

?
Note: Arc strikes require blending and crack detection