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Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

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 Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

1. Paper number: 60
1.1. Paper title: Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

2. Corresponding author:
2.1. Name: Bärbel Wicha-Krause
2.2. Company name: debis Systemhaus Industrie GmbH
2.3. Company address:
Brunshofstr. 12
45470 Mülheim
2.4. Phone: +49 208 – 3788 - 178
2.5. Fax: +49 208 – 3788 - 222
2.6. E-mail: BWICHAKR@debis.com

3. Number of pages: 29 pages

4. Inventory of associated material: -

5. A list of three - six keywords: 1) Gas Management Systems

2) GAMOS
3) Disposition
4) Accounting
5) Data Warehouse
6) Business Data Model
 Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

1. Paper number: 60
1.1Paper title: Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

2. Corresponding author:
2.1. Name: Rolf D. Brandt
2.2. Company name: BEB Erdgas und Erdöl GmbH
2.3. Company address:
Riethorst 12
D-30659 Hannover, Germany
2.4. Phone: +49 511 641-2330
2.5. Fax: +49 511 641-1001
2.6. E-mail: rolf.brandt@beb.de

3. Number of pages: 29 pages

4. Inventory of associated material: -

5. A list of three - six keywords: 1) Gas Management Systems

2) GAMOS
3) Disposition
4) Accounting
5) Data Warehouse
6) Business Data Model
 Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

Bärbel Wicha-Krause
(Germany)
Rolf D. Brandt
(Germany)

Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

Conception et implémentation de Systèmes de Management du Gaz

 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Design and Implementation of Gas Management Systems

Bärbel Wicha-Krause, debis Systemhaus, Germany

Rolf. D. Brandt, BEB Erdgas und Erdöl GmbH, Germany

SUMMARY

Most of the existing „system portfolios“ in the energy industry are completely disjoint, that
means far away from integrated systems. For historical and practical reasons most of the
components have been designed for separate business units in a tailor-made manner.
Therefore inside the total company a lot of data exists more than twice, and very often with
different actual values. Most of the interfaces between the separate systems are very artificial
and bind a lot of staff and other resources. Nowadays, everybody is looking for system
integration.

The changes in the energy market (liberalization, deregulation, ...) lead to bottlenecks in the
above mentioned system environment. The requirements from the enduser’s point of view
were presented in the paper „GAS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CHANGING GAS MARKETS“ in
the same proceedings.

In this talk we will present how BEB is planning and implementing its new gas management
system –GMS–, which uses GAMOS (GAs pipeline MOnitoring System) as the main kernel.
BEB is one of Germany's major gas and oil companies, performing exploration and
production of gas and oil, gas transmission, gas storage and gas trading activities. The debis
Systemhaus is one of the largest IT service providers in Europe and is in particular the
provider of GAMOS.

Based on the main processes „produce gas“, „transport gas“, „store gas“ and „trade gas“, an
integrated application portfolio has been designed, including the configuration, updating and
maintenance of the GMS itself. To enable maximal IT support for handling daily business
activity, concepts like work flow, data warehouse, topology editor, etc. are taken into account.
All components, supporting activities within the energy chain, could be implemented
modularly at independent time steps, i.e. the gas management systems will be renewed and
completed step by step.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Special focus was set on ergonomic topics, safety and security, consistent information and
efficient decision support. The long term planning and strategic aspects of natural gas were
presented in the paper „PAN2000, PLANNING AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR NATURAL GAS
CONTRACTS“.

RÉSUMÉE

Conception et implémentation de Systèmes de Management du Gaz

La plupart des gammes de systèmes existants dans l’industrie énergétique sont complètement
disjointes, c’est à dire loin d’être des systèmes intégrés. Pour des raisons historiques et
pratiques, la majeure partie des composantes ont été conçues sur mesures pour des unités
différentes de l’entreprise. De ce fait, beaucoup de données existent plus de deux fois et très
souvent avec des valeurs actuelles différentes dans l’ensemble de l’entreprise. La plupart des
interfaces entre les différents systèmes sont très rudimentaires et onéreuses, tant en ressources
humaines qu’en d’autres ressources. Aujourd’hui, tous le monde cherche l’intégration des
systèmes.

Les changements sur le marché de l’énergie (libéralisation, dérégulation, ... etc.) conduisent à
des goulots d’étranglements dans les environnements de systèmes mentionnés plus haut. Les
exigences du point de vue des utilisateurs finaux sont présentés dans le document « DES
SYSTÈMES DE MANAGEMENT DU GAZ POUR LES MARCHÉS EN TRANSITION ».

Dans ce essai, nous présenterons comment BEB conçoit et réalise son nouveau système de
management du gaz – GMS – utilisant GAMOS comme noyau principal. BEB est l’une des
entreprises gazières et pétrolières allemandes principales, avec des activités dans les domaines
exploration et production du gaz et du pétrole, transport, stockage et commercialisation du
gaz. debis Systemhaus est l’une des plus importantes sociétés de services informatiques
d’Europe, en particulier le fournisseur du système GAMOS.

Basé sur les processus principaux « produire du gaz », « transporter du gaz », « stocker du
gaz » et « commercialiser du gaz », une gamme d’applicatifs est conçue, comprenant la
configuration, la mise à jour et la maintenance du GMS lui-même. Afin d’avoir le maximum

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

de support informatique dans le traitement des taches journalières, des concepts comme
« work flow », « data warehouse », éditeur topologique, ... etc. sont pris en compte. Toutes les
composantes supportant les activités dans la chaîne de processus de l’énergie peuvent être
réalisées de manière modulaire et chronologiquement indépendantes les unes des autres, c’est
à dire que le GMS peut être renouvelé pas à pas.

Un accent particulier à été mis sur les thèmes ergonomie, sûreté et sécurité, consistance des
informations et aide à la décision efficiente. Les aspects planification long terme et stratégique
du gaz naturel on été présentés dans le document « PAN2000, SYSTEME DE
PLANIFICATION ET D’ANALYSE POUR LES CONTRATS DE GAZ NATUREL ».

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

CONTENTS

1 General Aspects of Gas Management Systems................................................................. 5

2 Business Process Analysis of the Gas Supply Chain ....................................................... 6

3 Business Data Model......................................................................................................... 8

4 System Architecture........................................................................................................... 9

5 Visualization and Topology............................................................................................. 11

6 GMS Components............................................................................................................ 13
6.1 GAMOS................................................................................................................................... 15

6.2 Simulation ............................................................................................................................... 16

6.3 Communication ...................................................................................................................... 17

6.4 Trading.................................................................................................................................... 18

6.5 Accounting and Billing .......................................................................................................... 19

6.6 Planning system...................................................................................................................... 21

6.7 Management Information System ........................................................................................ 22

7 Application Examples...................................................................................................... 24

8 List of pictures ................................................................................................................. 25

9 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 26

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

1 General Aspects of Gas Management Systems

The deregulated gas market place confronts gas distribution companies with numerous new
challenges. On the one hand increased productivity is required in order to achieve greater cost
efficiency, while on the other hand increased customer orientation is being demanded.

However, productivity reserves are not generally found isolated in any single area. It is much
more efficient to rigorously address all areas concerned, from the dispatchers work area
through to contract supervision and from the forecasting methods to the billing system.

As a result, today’s gas distributors must place demanding requirements on information

technology – requirements which only can be met by an integrated, modular system covering
data structures, man machine interface and internal and external communications.

Customers
Gas Prod- Purchas- Trans- Structur- Distribu-
Sales
Business uction ing port ing tion

deregu-
lated

Purchasing Production Sales Distribution

Utility regulated

Risk Management

potential

Electricity
Production Purchasing Transport Sales
Business

Fig. 1 Process chain in the supply industry

Due to its physical nature (transport requirements and storability) the gas industry conforms to
additional, specific rules even in a liberalized energy market. The Gas Management System

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

approach at debis Systemhaus is therefore attuned to the operative processes within a gas
company to support the general energy process chain.

2 Business Process Analysis of the Gas Supply Chain

When looked at in more detail, the gas supply chain can be broken down into an economic
oriented branch with its own data model and an operative branch which covers the technical
processes from production, purchasing and selling, dispatching and on to billing and
invoicing.

The economic part of the process chain is usually covered by standard components such as
SAP R/3.

A common view of the business data model relevant to the gas process, e.g. how the contracts
and their data are stored in a standard data structure, enables not only a trouble free data
exchange along the process chain but also a combination with economic data and the
provision of management information for risk analysis and administration.

The GMS communication components deal with the vital information flow between
commercial partners as well as between separate departments in a company.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Fig. 2 Gas Supply Process Chain

The transfer between the economic and operative parts of the process chain as well as inter
company communication are based on the cooperation of the individual data models with each
other. GMS provides the relevant tools and interfaces.

For years companies have been awaiting the development and implementation of integrated
Gas Management Systems. The pressure to support every activity within the supply chain with
efficient IT-tools grows due to the facts mentioned at the beginning of this paper.

The GMS approach described here integrates commercial modules, modules for strategic
planning, disposition (long-term, mid-term and short-term), dispatching and billing.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

3 Business Data Model

The gas data model forms the backbone for GMS. It consists of business object classes such
as contracts, stations, measurements or measurement chains. Contracts play an important role
in the data model. At present these are almost exclusively special purchasing and sales
contracts or transport and storage agreements. Each object contains data structures, data and
methods for processing this data. The access methods used in the API (application
programming interface) allow a transparent access to the objects in the database for GMS and
other third party software as well as for standard software such as MS-Office® independent of
the internal data structures and the details of the data archive.

Basic Data External

Methods

Internal
Methods

Access
Actual Data Methods

Fig. 3 Gas business data objects

A unified business data model speeds up both internal and external business processes (e.g.
spot business, on-line billing). Its flexibility forms the basis for a constant improvement in
company structuring (e.g. unbundling) and an optimization of internal processes.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

4 System Architecture

GMS is based on several independent components which use or work with parts of the GMS
Data model.

Basic Data External

Methods

Internal
Methods

Access
Actual Data Methods

Other Data
Sources

Fig. 4 Projection of the gas business data model

Depending on the activity to be supported , GMS has to provide the ideal projection of the
total data, i.e. data has to be collected and filtered to generate an ideal view for the user. In
Figure 4 above, some of the GMS modules are mentioned with this in mind.

Whilst the security mechanisms control access via the API (Application Programming
Interface), the technical database (generally Oracle) accepts direct access via SQL which is
then at the users discretion. This enables the GMS data model data to be integrated easily with
the more controlling oriented data from the economic processes for management information
purposes and for existing applications.

The data are generally stored in Oracle and the user can add his own tables to the Oracle tables
in the gas data model and access them using SQL.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Plausibility checks and other data integrity or failure checks, e.g. for accounting purposes, are
taken into account.

Basic Data External

Methods
Internal
Methods

Access
Actual Data Methods

Fig. 5 Physical data storage

The open software architecture is constructed so as to keep the amount of individual

programming limited to that necessary for the requirements of the gas industry.

As well as the use of Oracle for data storage and administration the protocol generator based
on EXCEL deserves mentioning. The interface uses Windows NT® standards. Special class
libraries for the dynamic graphic output (e.g. curves or tables) and the RPC and ODBC drivers
used in the GMS API are all from recognized manufacturers. Where possible the system
components for data storage, communication, gas specific functions and Client-Server
structures are also based on standards or standard software.

The hardware follows a Client-Server concept. Local Area Network clients are attached via
the GMS API with the system. The use of firewalls should be considered for security with
direct external access.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

5 Visualization and Topology

The GMS clients are installed on (Intel) PCs under Windows NT. They were created in C++
using Microsoft Foundation Classes®. Attention is paid to ensure that the functionality
corresponds to the Microsoft Windows® Standard. Windows is the most widespread and best
known operating system and therefore has a high degree of acceptance amongst users leading
to a rapid availability. The windowing technology in Windows® enables different programs to
be used in parallel giving faster access. Task triggered and user triggered access to remote
applications allows all of the information needed to be visually integrated.

Fig. 6 GMS user interface

The GMS interface is made up of an explorer-like navigation area for rapid navigation within
the data model, a window for individual views (e.g. curves and tables or network topologies)

11
 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

and an output area which can either be the SCADA message screen or information on
programs running in the background. The explorer has various tags which can be used to
change the information displayed. Each object has a properties menu which contains various
options depending on the current access level and context. When objects (e.g. gas station,
compressor, regulator, contract, etc.) are entered into the database their graphical
representations for the various zoom levels and topologies (graphical editor) are also defined.
In the overall view, a gas station can be compressed into a single (somewhat fatter) point with
the pipelines attached to defined positions. In another zoomed view the gas station reveals its
internal structure for the SCADA functions and allows controls to be carried out. The same
gas station can be simplified to show the relevant information for simulation purposes. For
contract purposes the same station could be reduced to one node at which the flows are
summed for balance purposes

In all cases, the topology is the same as is the data for each object, only the graphical
representation is dependent on the task and zoom level chosen. This approach gives rise to a
redundancy free data model with a simply defined topology and an interface tailored to the
current task.

Topology editors, navigators and browsers for the contract network topology, the pipeline
network, the configuration network and the accounting network enable the user and
administrator to construct „their own view“ as mentioned above

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Stufe 1
Stufe 2
Stufe 3
Stufe 4
Stufe 5
Stufe 6
Stufe 7

St ufe 1
St ufe 2
St ufe 3
St ufe 4

Fig. 7 BEB Transport network colored according to pressure

The visualization uses the selected topology to display the relevant status i.e. gas network
simulation calculates the current pressure and flow states. In the topological representation of
the network the line color shows the pressure range and the thickness the flow. Other views
can be configured to display either an overview of the current status or future network states.
The topology is not only used to display data but forms the basis for mathematical analysis
such as transport capacity calculations.

6 GMS Components

The GMS Software is strictly modular. The database, interfaces and the user interface use
object oriented techniques. An effort has been made to use standard components as much as
possible. GMS is formed from a number of kernel applications which cooperate via the GMS
API. These applications reflect the processes within a gas company.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

PM IS-U
Mainten-
ance

Universal Business Data Model

Contract Topologies Technical Topologies Measure Lines

Production Transport Accounting / Billing

Procurement Dispatching

Common PC-MMI

Fig. 8 GMS components

The dSH approach to GMS is based on the following components:

- Optimized network management using GAMOS (GAs pipeline MOnitoring System)

- Strategic gas planning with PAN (Planning and Analysis system for Natural gas)

- Gas billing modules:

 Integrated data retrieval system for billing data

 Raw data preparation (GAMESS)
 Technical determination of quantities and performance
 Price setting and invoicing
 Revision system

- Communication server

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

The dynamic gas network calculation based on GANESI is integrated into all GMS
components either as a planning simulation, state estimation or is used to calculate heating
values relevant for billing and uses the same data model and GMS API.

6.1 GAMOS

GAMOS is a standard system for optimized control currently running on systems in 15 major
European gas companies. It forms the heart of the GMS. Based on a SCADA (Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition) system together with cooperation from customers in Germany
and abroad, GAMOS was developed over the years into a dispatching and optimization
system for gas transport.

As well as the SCADA functions such as data retrieval and control which have been running
over the years on various customer system platforms 24h a day the system also includes:

- Formula editor for simple calculations or complex algorithms

- Various problem oriented, self learning prognosis systems

- Process simulation for tracking gas qualities and for leak detection.

- Look ahead simulation for short term (2-4 days) dispatching tasks on an hourly basis

- Contract and shutoff monitoring including closed loop control of supply and sales
contracts.

- Supply allocation and optimization of the network state

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Estimation

Leak Training
Detection Qualities
On request Contract
Administration

Planning Optimization
cyclic
GAMOS
Calculations Database
and
System Control COMM

Contol EXCEL
and
Operation
SQL
Data
Processing Telemetry
Interface

Fig. 9 GAMOS - Software architecture

The current leak detection system was integrated into the SCADA part of GAMOS for BEB’s
sour gas production system. In addition a direct access from the SCADA Alarm Display to the
SAP R/3 System (PM) for maintenance was designed. It allows the generation of maintenance
orders directly from the GAMOS clients.

6.2 Simulation

The simulation is based on the software package GANESI which was originally developed by
the TU München and is used in the individual GMS components in a number of ways from
network planning, network control (see above) and in billing. The use of calorific value
tracking for billing purposes is shown in /4/.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

6.3 Communication

Communication is the corner stone of commerce in the deregulated energy market of the
future. Communication in the gas industry is not just restricted to gas trading partners but also
applies to communication between the individual parts of a company itself (e.g. production
with sales or sales with dispatching).

The communication data can be divided into three parts

• Process data
• Business data
• Billing data

DSfG EDI TASE 2 EDIFACT/ EDIGAS GASNET SP830

V.24 Datex-P X.25 ISDN TELEX Telefax

Business Data Billing

Process Data Data

Fig. 10 Communication Model

In communication there are three different levels which need to be dealt with, namely gas
industry applications with their specific requirements for accurate process information and
relevant contractual agreements, the gas industry standard data formats such as GASNET and
the media used for data transfer e.g. X.25 or TELEX.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

The communication data formats within the European gas industry are currently being revised
therefore the communication server can be used with older (GASNET) and newer (TASE2
and EDIFACT/EDIGAS) formats simultaneously. The transport area is completely covered by
marketable standards with internet based solutions in the forefront.

The exchange of business related data between the contract parties is of fundamental
importance for the handling of gas trading and transportation contracts as well as for the
corresponding network control. For this purpose the partners concerned specify messages
containing the relevant information in a fixed data format, which in principle is computer
readable. These messages then are exchanged by telex, fax or via private networks owned by
the gas companies, sometimes using very specific protocols. To make a new contract
dispatchable, apart from implementing the required balancing algorithms, the necessary
messages have to be specified, implemented and tested. By experience this normally takes
several days and requires specialised skills. The task grows even more complicated if the data
is to be taken from or fed directly to the network control system.

To support this data communication between the network control system and a partner, a
message handling system, especially tailored to the needs of the gas industry, has been
designed by debis Systemhaus. In particular, the implementation of new messages and
maintenance of existing ones is supported in a very flexible manner. The messages for
handling a new contract can be implemented, tested and made ready for operation within a
few hours, thereby taking into account the requirements of an deregulated energy market,
where contractual changes are expected to happen much faster.

The GMS communication server, together with the gas industry data model, covers the
communication requirements for the whole gas industry process chain.

6.4 Trading

Depending on the developments in the general gas market, trading modules (including risk
management) could be integrated into the existing GMS. The contract object plays a key role
here.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Sales
Inform ation System

Demand Forecast

Product Development Portfolio M anagement Production & Supply

Stammdaten Externe
Methoden Inform ation System
Interne
Methoden
Risk M anagement
Ist-Daten Zugriffs-
methoden
Contract M anagem ent
Load M anagem ent
Price Fixing Dispatching
Finalization

Billing

Fig. 11 Commercial contract objects

6.5 Accounting and Billing

The gas billing components in the GMS consist of data collation and preparation, a purely
quantitative and capacity oriented processing in the TM system (technical quantity
determination) and pricing and invoicing in the economic system (GW), which then forms an
interface to SAP or another business software system.

The consistency of the data model from collation through to invoicing is a must to ensure that
revisions can be carried out.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Co n s u m
p t io n

Re t r ie
va
Sy s t e m l Complete
Heat contract
Quantities information
N e t w or
Co n t r o
k and Pricing and
l
Capacities Invoicing

Fig. 12 GMS Billing components

The data acquisition part of the billing system is made up of GAMESS as the input data
source for the technical determination of quantities which receives and processes data from
the following systems:

• IAS (integrated data retrieval system of measurement instruments)

• Measurement data from the process control system

• GANPRODA for retroactive heating quantity calculations (see /4/)

• Magnetic card and cassette reading systems

The GAMESS processing covers data preparation, plausibility and replacement value
determination. The data are stored in Oracle and can be accessed by partners via special web
servers in the internet.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

The program Technical Quantity Determination (TM) is used to determine all of the heating
quantities and hourly peaks necessary for billing customers and suppliers. All relevant
technical and contractual restrictions are taken into account. In addition to GAMESS data the
following are considered:

• Messages on paper, fax or Telex

• Basic data from measurement instrumentation revision

The data are stored in a relational data model in which the basic data and variable data are
stored chronologically. Operation and reporting is carried out via the Microsoft Windows NT®
interface.
The Technical Quantity Determination is particularly useful for resellers, large customers,
suppliers and general gas business processes with complex contract structures.

The gas business system (GW) forms the link between the technical and commercial sides of
the business.

TM provides monthly energy amounts and hourly peaks for billing purposes. Invoices are
produced taking all contract information and price formulae into account and the relevant
booking procedures in the business software system (e.g. SAP) are triggered.

6.6 Planning system

PAN 2000 is used for long-term planning (see /3/). The dividing line between sales and
marketing and dispatching is different in each company and can be flexibly constructed using
the universal gas data model. Particularly as the future market requirements expect a closer
cooperation between these business sectors.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

6.7 Management Information System

Within the energy industry information systems support complex business processes.
Technical data and economic data are both dealt with in the system. The role of a MIS is to
collate and consolidate the data from different sources in a central data pool.

The complete functionality required is accessible within the Management Information System
from a standard user interface.

The preparation of this data for access via flexible processing systems is achieved with the
help of modern OLAP databases (Online Analytical Processing).

LAN

Presentation

O LAP Level

Data W arehouse

Interface Level

SAP EXCEL GMS

Fig. 13 Management Information System

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

Typical MIS focus:

- Cost structure, cost centers, projects

- Materials business

- Identification numbers

- Technical information systems

- Production (performance, availability)

- Maintenance (deadlines, planning)

- Technical reporting

- Market forces, commerce

- Market price, competition

- Current indices

- Current news

Goals are:

- quicker and easier gathering of information

- information on important themes kept consistent and held in a central position

- a reduction in paperwork

- the use of information technology to couple the information more easily and to enable
cross referencing

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

The topology editor, navigator and browser mentioned above are the next step in supporting
this part of the information gathering process.

7 Application Examples

The GMS concept in this paper differs slightly from that described in the paper „GAS
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CHANGING GAS MARKETS” by Schoder/Brandt.
Nevertheless parts of it are currently implemented at BEB (see /1/ and /3/), even for gas
production purposes.

There are several other large gas companies in Germany and Europe using one or more of the
above mentioned modules. Development of further functionality (e.g. optimisation, and other
so called „higher functions“) is under way to support the particular needs of scheduling
(disposition), dispatching, contract supervision, billing, etc. An application example for the
use of simulation in gas billing is described in /4/.

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

8 List of pictures

Fig. 1 Process chain in the supply industry ........................................................................................................ 5

Fig. 2 Gas Supply Process Chain........................................................................................................................ 7

Fig. 3 Gas business data objects ......................................................................................................................... 8

Fig. 4 Projection of the gas business data model................................................................................................ 9

Fig. 5 Physical data storage ............................................................................................................................. 10

Fig. 6 GMS user interface ................................................................................................................................. 11

Fig. 7 BEB Transport network colored according to pressure ......................................................................... 13

Fig. 8 GMS components .................................................................................................................................... 14

Fig. 9 GAMOS - Software architecture............................................................................................................. 16

Fig. 10 Communication Model....................................................................................................................... 17

Fig. 11 Commercial contract objects ............................................................................................................. 19

Fig. 12 GMS Billing components ................................................................................................................... 20

Fig. 13 Management Information System....................................................................................................... 22

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 Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets

9 Bibliography

/1/ Gas Management Systems for Changing Gas Markets Des Systèmes de Management de
Gaz Naturel pour les marchés en Transition Wolfgang Schoder (Germany), Rolf D.
Brandt (Germany)

/3/ PAN2000 - Planning and Analysis System for Natural Gas Contracts
PAN2000 - Système de Planification et d’Analyse pour les Contrats de Gaz naturel
Peter Neesen (Germany), Jörg Kampe (Germany)

/4/ GANPRODA for Heat Quantity Billing -

Gas Composition Tracking for Billing Purposes by Means of Gas Network Simulation
GANPORADA pour la facturation de quantités de chaleur -
Suivie de la composition du gaz pour la facturation en utilisant une simulation du réseau
de gaz.
Hartmut Drosch (Germany), Alp Kösesoy (Germany), Dietmar Scheibe (Germany),
Andreas Weimann (Germany)

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