LESSON 6: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Information Literacy
--includes the ability to identify, find, evaluate, and use information effectively. Thus, students are trained to
evaluate the quality, credibility, and validity of websites.

Moreover, Information refers to digital literacy or media literacy. Irrespective of the terminology, be it
digital literacy or media literacy, having information literacy skills are the fundamentals to thrive in a digital
space.

Three Types of Media Resources

There are three types of resources or sources of information, namely: primary, secondary, and
tertiary.

1. Primary Sources
--original materials on which other research is based, including original written works – poems, diaries,
court records, interviews, surveys, and original research/fieldwork, and research published in
scholarly/academic journals.

2. Secondary Sources
--those that describe or analyze primary sources, including reference materials – dictionaries,
encyclopedias, textbooks, and books and articles that interpret, review, or synthesize original
research/fieldwork.

3. Tertiary Sources
--are those used to organize and locate secondary and primary sources. Indexes provide citations that fully
identify a work with information such as author, titles of a book, article, and/or journal, publisher and publication
date, volume and issue number and page numbers.

An abstract – summarizes the primary or secondary sources. Databases - are online indexes that
usually include abstracts for each primary or secondary resource, and may also include a digital copy of the
resource

Some of the main sources of information you will use are:

Reference Materials consist of a range of different types of material providing you with background
information. This material can either be general or related to specific subject areas.

1. Dictionaries
--are good source of information relevant to the functions of word
based on how they are used in context. In addition, they provide
synonyms/antonyms of words so that learners would be able to use
them appropriately.

2. Encyclopedias
--provides more details on the functions of words than dictionaries.

Other Reference Material

1. Books- may be textbooks at school or university level or more-

detailed monographs.

2. e-Books - books are now available in electronic format as e-books.

3. Journals -also known as periodicals or serials are published at regular intervals throughout the year.

4. Websites- are reliable sources of information available on the Internet, except information found in
Wikipedia and YouTube.
5. Newspapers - can be good sources of information for primary research.

6. Conference Proceedings - consist of a collection of paper presentations or posters delivered at

conferences, seminars or workshops. They are sources of primary research as this may be the first place
the information has been made public.

7. Reports - are produced by agencies and departments on specific topics or issues. These agencies include
Government departments, research establishments, charitable foundations and more.
8. Standards - are consensus agreements drawn up by representative collections of people who have an
interest in the subject. These might be manufacturers, users, research organizations, or government
departments.

9. Manuscripts and Special Collections - manuscripts and archives are unique items created or collected
by a person or organization in the course of their ordinary business, and retained by them as evidence of
their activities.

10. Patents - are legal documents which give the owner exclusive rights to profit from an invention, protecting
it from exploitation by others unless they have the prior agreement of the patent owner. Patents also
establish the ownership of advances in the subject.

11. Theses - major sources of primary research output.

12. Social Media - serve as an avenue in establishing social interaction with other individuals.

Ways in Evaluating Information

The Library

The word "library" is used in many different aspects: from the brick-and-mortar public library to the digital
library. Public libraries serve as the best source of information whether it's a book, a web site, or database entry.

Types of Library
1. Academic Library . It serves colleges and universities.
2. Public Library. It serves cities and towns of all types.
3. School Library. It serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12.
4. Special Library- These are in specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military,
private business, and the government.

Indigenous knowledge (IK) is the unique knowledge confined to a culture or society. It is also known
as local knowledge, folk knowledge, people's knowledge, traditional wisdom or traditional science.

1. Adaptive is based on historical experiences but adapts to social, economic, environmental, spiritual
and political changes. Adaptation is the key to survival.

2. Cumulative consists of a body of knowledge and skills developed

from centuries of living.
3. Dynamic has developed, adapted, and grown over millennia.

4. Holistic refers to the interconnection of all aspects in life.

5. Humble does not dictate how to control nature but how to live in
harmony with the gifts of the Creator.

6. Intergenerational is the collective memory which will pass within a

community, from one generation to the next orally through language,
stories, songs, ceremonies, legends, and proverbs.

7. Invaluable is the key to sustainable social and economic

development.
 8. Irreplaceable stipulates that nothing could replace the aspect of Indigenous knowledge serving as the
critical connection between IK and language.

9. Moral involves responsibility given from the Creator to respect the natural world.

10. Non-linear involves Time, patterns, migrations and movements of individuals are cyclical.

11. Observant involves the observations made by the Indigenous leaders.

12. Relative stresses that Indigenous knowledge is not embodied at the same degree by all community
members.

13. Responsible emphasizes that Indigenous Peoples generally believe they are responsible for the well-
being of the natural environment around them.

14. Spiritual stipulates that Indigenous knowledge is rooted in a social context that sees the world in terms
of social and spiritual relations among all life forms. All parts of the natural world are infused with spirit.
Mind, matter, and spirit are perceived as inseparable.
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15. Unique describes Indigenous knowledge as unique to a given culture or society.

16. Valid does not require the validation of western science

The Internet

History of the Internet

In 1982, the word internet started. In 1986, first

“freenet” created in Case Western Reserve University; in
1991, the US government allowed business agencies to
connect to internet. Now all peoples can connect to
internet and improve their life and work quality. The
internet support various aspects in our life.
Vinton Cerf
Father of Internet and Co-designer of the
TCP/IP networking protocol.

The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The
Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a
medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for
geographic location. It represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment
and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure.

Internet Services

WWW - World Wide Web URL - Uniform Resource Locators

Webpage/Homepage HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
Web Publishing ISP - internet service provider
Web Browser E-mail
Search Engine Newsgroup
Protocol Video conferencing
Internet Protocol FTP – File Transfer Protocol
DNS - Domain Name System Telnet
HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol Forum

Tim Berners-Lee
Father of WWW
 Invented WWW while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory
FTP means "File Transfer Protocol" and refers to a group of rules that govern how computers transfer files from
one system to another over the internet. Businesses use FTP to send files between computers, while websites use
FTP for the uploading and downloading of files from their website's servers.

Uniform Resource Locators

Just as buildings and houses have a street address, webpages also have unique addresses to help people locate
them. On the Internet, these addresses are called URLs (Uniform Resource Locators).

Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and
hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages.

An ISP (internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals and organizations access to the internet
and other related services. An ISP has the equipment and the telecommunication line access required to have a
point of presence on the internet for the geographic area served.

Telnet is a protocol that allows you to connect to remote computers (called hosts) over a TCP/IP
network (such as the internet). Using telnet client software on your computer, you can make a connection to a
telnet server (that is, the remote host).

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method for encoding and transporting information between a
client (such as a web browser) and a web server. HTTP is the primary protocol for transmission of
information across the Internet.

DNS, or the Domain Name System, translates human readable domain names (for example, www.amazon.com) to
machine readable IP addresses (for example, 192.0. 2.44). The domain name system works much like a phone
book where users can search for a requested person and retrieve their phone number.

Pprotocol, in computer science, a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic
devices, such as computers. In order for computers to exchange information, there must be a preexisting
agreement as to how the information will be structured and how each side will send and receive it.

The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is an interconnected system of
public webpages accessible through the Internet.Sep 20, 2022

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of standardized rules that
allow computers to communicate on a network such as the internet.