LDD Master

============TARUN SETS=============
71. Linux kernel is of ________ architecture.

A: Monolithic kernel
B: Micro kernel
C: Modular kernel
D: Nano kernel
72. In x86 architecture system call number can be passed through ____ register.
A: ESP
B: EIP
C: EAX
D: EPB
73. In Linux, compressed kernel image is stored in ____ directory with _____.
A: /boot, vmlinux
B: /boot, vmlinuz
C: /usr/src, vmlinux
D: /lib/modules, vmlinuz
74. ________is an example of CPU instruction to switch from user mode to kernel mode while
invoking system call in
x86 architecture.
A: int 0x80
B: SWI
C: SVC
D: All of the above
75. In Linux process descriptor is stored in ___ header file in _____ structure
A: sched.h, task_descriptor
B: task.h, task_struct
C: sched.h, task_struct
D: task.h, task_descriptor
76. ______command is used to display kernel log buffer.

A: dmesg
B: uname -r
C: cat /proc/sysinfo
D: None of the above
77. _____are real time scheduling algorithms in Linux.

A: SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_OTHER
B: SCHED_RR, SCHED_OTHER ·
C: SCHED_FIFO, SCHED _ RR
78. ______macro represents address of process descriptor of calling process
A: pcurrent
B: current
C: task_ current
D: current_ task
79. ______API is used to identify errors

A: strerror
B: serror
C: perror
80. API is used to copy data from user space to kernel space
A: copy_from_user
B: copy_to_user
C: strcpy
D: sprint
81. _____ target of kernel Makefile copies dynamic modules into /lib/modules
A: install
B: modules
C: modules_install
D: install_ modules
82. ________is the versatile command to load modules with dependency resolution.
A: insmod
B: rmmod
C: modprobe
D: lsmod
83. ____ variable holds list of dynamic modules configured in kernel

A: obj-y
B: obj-d
C: obj-m
D: obj-s
84. structure holds attributes of file by VFS

A: struct inode
B: struct file
C: struct dentry
D: struct path
85. is an example of pseudo file system

A: fat32
B: sysfs
C: ext4
86. ______command is used to map external file system with an empty dir.
A: mmap
B: mkfs
C: mount
D: fdisk
87. ________API is used to inspect stack trace at any check point

A: dump_stack
B: trace_stack
C: dump _functions
D: trace_functions
88. ______is the default log level used by printk

A: KERN_DEBUG
B: KERN_ALERT
C: KERN_CRIT
D: KERN_WARNING
89. ___ system call is used to change read/write offset with in an open file
A: Istat
B: lseek
C: stat
D: seek
91. ____ proc file displays list of all registered character, block devices along with their major
numbers
A: /proc/modules
B: /proc/modlist
C: /proc/devices
D: /proc/devlist
Date: 16-01-2014
Module Name: Embedded Systems Programming
1. For a device driver to access the I/O memory address it must be mapped to virtual address. This can
be done by using the function
A. ioremap();
B. io_map();
C. request_mem_region();
D. both (A) and (B)
2. The major number

A. used by kernel to determine which device is being referred to
B. can be used as an index into a local array of devices
C. identifies the driver associated with the device
D. all of the above
3. Device that can be accessed as a stream of bytes

A. character devices
B. block devices
C. network devices
D. none of these
4. mknod is used for creating

A. character device file
B. block device file
C. FIFO
D. all of the above
5. Which mechanism is not used for delayed code execution?

A. timers
B. ioctl
C. workqueues
D. tasklets
6. In a kernel Makefile, the tag ’obj-m’ compiles the source code as

A. a dynamically loaded module
B. a system call
C. a statically built in module
D. the kernel core component
7. To which directory printk message goes

A. /proc/messages
B. /var/log/messages
C. /proc/kall
D. /var/log/message
8. Using which utility in Linux, will load the kernel module

A. insmod
B. rmmod
C. dmesg
D. load
9. Which of the following macros is used to pass an array as a parameter to the kernel module?
A. module_param_array (name, type, num, perm)
B. module_param(name, type, num, perm);
C. module_param_char[size](name, type, perm);
D. module_param[size](name, type, num, perm);
10. Which of the following is true for the 'dev_t' data type?
A. it is used to hold the driver name
B. it is used to hold the major-minor number
C. it holds the major-minor numbers and the driver name
D. none of the above
11. All I/O memory allocations are listed in

A. /proc/iomem
B. /proc/ioports
C. /proc/meminfo
D. /proc/mem
12. Debugging kernel code can be done by

A. monitoring
B. printk message
C. gdb
D. all of the above
13. Module stacking mean

A. a module will be using symbols exported by other module
B. a module loaded at run time
C. modules to which parameters are passed at insertion time
14. The field in the file operation structure which is not an operation at all
A. ssize_t read();
B. loff_t *llseek();
C. struct module *owner;
D. int *ioctl();
15. The function which is used to allocate and initialize a character device
A. int register_chrdev_region();
B. void chdev_init();
C. int register_chrdev_region();
D. int register_chrdev();
16. What is the preferred mechanism to dynamically find out the IRQ number of a device?
A. probing
B. seeking
C. polling
D. masking
17. Which of the following should be avoided in the interrupt handlers?

A. calling wait_event/allocating memory
B. calling schedule
C. locking a semaphore
D. all of the above
18. Find the odd function out with reference to short delays inside the kernel
A. ndelay();
B. udelay();
C. mdelay();
D. pdelay();
19. A character device driver is written to access the serial port of the PC. The driver requests a
device number from the kernel by calling the function 'alloc_chrdev_region'. The kernel allocates the
Major-Minor number combination of 253,0.
Using which utility can a user space application create a device node to access the driver? Can two
device nodes be created bearing the same major-minor number combination?
A. mknod, TRUE
B. mknod, FALSE
C. mkdev, TRUE
D. mkdev, FALSE
20. What will happen if the return a negative value from the module initialization function
(init_module)?
A. kernel crashes
B. error during compilation of the module
C. error while inserting the module
D. no problems will arise
21. If a function or variable defined in one driver is to be shared with other drivers, which of the
following functions should be called?
A. module_param
B. EXPORT_SYMBOL()
C. module_param_novers
D. module_param_novers
22. If you export any symbol from your driver, if you want to see the exported symbols, which file you
need to refer ……………….
A. /proc/symbols
B. /proc/ksyms
C. /proc/kcallsyms
23. In a module if its license is not explicitly specified its default license would be
A. GPL
B. GPLV2
C. Dual BSD/GPL
D. Proprietary
24. The devices that can host a filesystem
A. character device
B. block devices
C. network interfaces
25. The function which is used to access the i/o memory

A. outb
B. insb
C. insb
D. ioread8
26. For allocating big chunk of memory we use

A malloc
B. lmallo
C. get_free_page
D. none of these
27. Modules run in

A. user space
B. kernel space
C. anywhere
D. all of the above
28. SMP stands for

A. simple machine process
B.Symmetric multiprocessor system
C. symmetric module system
29 structure used by the kernel internally to represent files

A. mknode
B. inode
C. structdev
D. all of these
30. The function is used to copy a kernel data segment to user data segment
A. get_user
B. put_user
C. write_to_user
D. copy
31. What is kernel module?

A. each piece of code that can be added to the kernel at run time
B. file used to talk to hardware
C. main kernel image that is built as a static image
D. none of these
32. I/O Mapped Memory means

A. the I/O devices are mapped in the same Address Space thereby preventing memory
access to those regions
B. the same address may be used for both I/O as well as Memory
C. only one instruction is required to talk to the hardware
D. none of these
33. Barriers in device drivers are used to

A. tell the compiler to maintain order before and after the barrier
B. tell the compiler to maintain order only after the barrier
C. tell the compiler to ignore code around the barrier
D. tell the compiler to compiler with greatest optimzation
34. Which of the following functions is used for I/O port allocation?
A. request_region();
B. check_region();
C. register_io_region();
D. alloc_io_region();
35. Find the odd option out with reference to f_flags in the file structure
A. O_RDONLY
B. O_NONBLOCK
C. O_SYNC
D. FMODE_READ
36. There is a driver which executes in the kernel. The driver implements the open, read, write and
close functions apart from module initialization and cleanup. In the user space, there are number of
read and write applications working on the driver. Every write should be signaled by the read. In such
scenarios, where should the function 'init_completion' be called?
A. in the init_module of the driver
B. in the open function implemented by the driver
C. does not have to be called. The kernel takes care of it
D. in the read function of the driver
37. In which method of a character driver should the functions 'cdev_init' and 'cdev_add' be called?
Choose the most appropriate answer?
A. module init function and module open function respectively
B. both in module init function
C. both in open function
38. The loglevel strings in printk are defined in the header file
A. <linux/module.h>
B. <linux/init.h>
C. <linux/kernel.h>
D. <linux/fs.h>
39. Block size in block devices is of

A. 1MB
B. 512 bytes
C. 256 bytes
D. 8 bits
40. PCI peripheral are defined by

A. bus number
B. device number
C. function number
D. all
----SUNBEAM----
1. Which of the following option gives hexcode of executable file in objdump tool?
1. inb(), inw(), inl()
2. outb(), outw(), outl()
3. outb_p(), inb_p()
4. All of the above
5. None of the above
2. Which of the following is not member of struct file_operation{}?

Answers
1. fopen()
2. fread()
3. remove()
4. All of the above
3. The modprobe tool can not remove multiple modules together.

Answers
1. False
2. True
4. Which of the following low level functions are not used to access the device?
Answers
1. inb(), inw(), inl()
2. outb(), outw(), outl()
3. outb_p(), inb_p()
4. All of the above
5. While configuring the kernel, which option is set to build as module?

Answers
1. m
2. M
3. y
4. n
6. The following command is

make -j8 -j4 bzImage
Answers
1. Valid
2. Invalid
7. Kernel log messages are stored in _________.

Answers
1. /var/messeges
2. /var/log/msg
3. /var/log/messages--A
8. In dev_t major number is of _____ bits.

Answers
1. 20
2. 12--A
3. 19
9. The kernel buffer size of pipe is

Answers
1. 4k to 64k--A
2. 10k to 50k
3. 8k to 32k
4. none of the above
10. inb(), inw(), inl() are used to access devices.

Answers
1. True--A
2. False
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. which one of the following is not system V IPC?
Answers
1. Shared Memory
2. Message Queues
3. FIFO--A
4. Semaphores
2. Which of the following verifies that user space buffer can be read/write in kernel space code?
Answers
1. copy_from_user()
2. copy_to_user()
3. access_ok()--A
4. None of these
3. what is not true for private_data?

Answers
1. private_data is void pointer in struct inode.
2. private_data is void pointer in struct file.--A
3. private_data keeps driver specific information.
4. private_data must be initialized in open() operation to make driver functioning.
4. How can you view the used IRQs on a system?

Answers
1. cat /etc/interrupts
2. cat /proc/irq
3. cat /proc/interrupts--A
4. echo 1 > /proc/interrupts
5. The first argument of printk() indicates

Answers
1. message suffixed by priority string
2. message prefixed by priority string--A
3. type of kernel message logger
6. why we cann't use C standard library function in kernel module?

Answers
1. kernel modules are dynamically linked during insmod.--A
2. kernel modules are statically linked during insmod.
3. kernel modules are dynamically linked during module builds.
4. kernel modules are statically linked during module builds.
7. what is use of container_of() macro?
Answers
1. Used to access struct member from given address of struct variable.
2. Used to access struct variable from given address of structure member.--A
3. Used to access container process in which given thread is running.
8. An interrupt handler can be registered by using the function

Answers
1. request _irq--A
2. request_region
3. request_mem_region
4. request_irq_region
9. All the details about the module like author, version etc can be viewed by using utility
Answers
1. lsmod
2. modprobe
3. dmesg
4. modinfo--A
10. which function is used to allocated memory for buffer of the USB.
Answers
1. usb_alloc_buffer()
2. usb_buffer_alloc()--A
3. usb_alloc()
4. usb_alloc_urb()
11. which of the following is externel tool for debugging?

Answers
1. Probe
2. LTI
3. Kgdb--A
12. which of the following registers cdev with kernel?

1. cdev_init()
2. cdev_add()--A
3. cdev_del()
13. which macro is used to add kernel module functions to kernel symbol table?select one:
Answers
1. MODULE_EXPORT()
2. EXPORT_SYMBOL()--A
3. EXPORT_KERNEL()
4. EXPORT_FUNCTION()
14. "kernel is tained" message will be produced when the module is inserted without____________
Answers
1. MODULE_LICENSE--A
2. MODULE_AUTHOR
3. MODULE_VERSION
4. MODULE_DESCRIPTION
15. In the device driver model the device_driver object contains the
Answers
1. name of the device driver
2. embedded kobjects
3. method for probing a device
4. all of the mentioned--A
16. Choose the incorrect statement

Answers
1. ioctl is a common interface used for device control
2. The implementation of ioctl is mostly done using a switch statement based on the command number
3. The macro _IOR(type,nr,datatype) can be used to setup a ioctl command number with no arguments-
-A
4. The ioctl funtion has the format long ioctl(structure file *flip, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)

Answers
1. /proc/iomem--A
2. /proc/ioports
3. /proc/meminfo
4. /proc/mem
18. which of the following function is use to wake up a task from wait queue in case of spinlock?
Answers
1. wake_up(&wq)
2. wake_up_interruptible--A
3. wake_spinlock(&wq)
19. ___________ is used to add a character device to a system

Answers
1. cdevAdd()
2. cdevc_add()
3. cdev_add()--A
4. add_cdev()
Answers
1. int register_chrdev_region();--A
2. void chdev_init();
3. int unregister_chrdev_region();
4. int register_chrdev();

Answers
1. calling wait_event/allocating memory
2. calling scheduler
3. locking a semaphore
4. all of the above--A
22. EXPORT_SYMBOL is used for

Answers
1. export symbols to other modules--A
2. export symbols and hide it from other modules
3. get symbols from other modules
23. To send the external command to a device _______ operation is used.

Answers
1. send file
2. ioctl--A
3. send page
Answers
1. GPL--A
2. GPLV2
3. Dual BSD/GPL
4. Proprietary

Answers
1. character device
2. block devices--A
3. network interfaces
26. which of the following bottom half mechanism can sleep or can be scheduled?
Answers
1. softirq
2. tasklet
3. work queue--A
Answers
1. request_region();--A
2. check_region();
3. register_io_region();
4. alloc_io_region();
28. In which method of a character driver should the functions 'cdev_init' and 'cdev_add' be called?
Choose the most appropriate answer?
Answers
1. module init function and module open function respectively
2. both in module init function--A
3. both in open function
Answers
1. <linux/module.h>
2. <linux/init.h>
3. <linux/kernel.h>--A
4. <linux/fs.h>
30. Select correct option

i. cdev_add() create a device node under /dev
ii. cdev_init() associates major and minor numbers with device file
iii. cdev_add() make device entry in sysfs
Answers
1. only i is correct dev_init() - initialize a cdev structure *cdev: the
2. i and ii is correct
3. i and iii is correct--A
structure to initialize*fops: the file_operations for
4. All are correct this device* Initializes cdev
31. kfifo_free() is used to ____________.

Answers
1. Release statically allocated fifo
2. Release dynamically allocated fifo--A
3. Both of the above
32. If we use a driver for various device files, then

Answers
1. Minor number will be different for every device file--A
2. Minor number will be same for every device file
3. Minor number can't be allocated for any device file
33. The device number which is of 32 bit and consist of _________ bits for major and _______ bits for
minor.
Answers
1. 21, 11
2. 11, 21
3. 20, 12
4. 12, 20--A
34. ________ structure used by the kernel internally to represent files

Answers
1. mknode
2. inode--A
3. structdev
35. In Linux device driver which keyword used to allocate memory

Answers
1. malloc
2. dmalloc
3. lmalloc
4. kmalloc--A
36. Inb&outb are used to read and write

Answers
1. 8bytes
2. 1 bit--A
3. a block
4. 8 bits
37. what does mean unsigned long probe_irq_on(void):

Answers
1. This function returns a bit mask of unasigned interrupts--A
2. This function has requested an interrupts
3. This function has used by driver calls
4. This function returns a negative value
38. In dev_t major number is of _____ bits.

Answers
1. 20
2. 12--A
3. 19

Answers
1. True--A
2. False

Answers
1. fopen()
2. fread()
3. remove()
4. All of the above--A
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Questions & Answers
1. Operating system kernel must be located in

a) /
b) /boot
c) either in / or in /boot
d) none of the mentioned
2. Which one of the following is a mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem?
a) /mnt directory
b) /media directory
c) /dev directory
3. What is /root?
a) root filesystem
b) home directory of the root user
c) the directory which contains all the directories of the filesystem
4. System binaries are stored in

a) /sbin directory
b) /usr/sbin directory
c) /usr/local/sbin directory
d) all of the mentioned
5. The /dev directory contains the

a) device drivers
b) device files
c) kernel modules of device drivers
6. The contents of root filesystem is responsible to

a) boot the system
b) recover the system
c) repair the system
7. Static files of the bootloader are installed in

a) /boot directory
b) /root directory
c) /bin directory
d) /sbin directory
8. Linux filesystem contains mainly

a) ordinary files
b) device files
c) directory files
9. In linux filesystem, the passwords of different users are stored in

a) /etc/passwd file
b) /bin/passwd file
c) /etc/shadow file
d) /bin/shadow file
Explanation: Passwords are visible in encrypted format in the file.
10. Superuser can change the _______ permissions of any file.
a) owner
b) group
c) other
11. When we install a new package in linux system, then

a) all the files of the packages are installed in a single directory
b) different files are installed at different locations of the file system
c) package works just after extraction, installation is not required
12. Host specific configuration files are installed in

a) /etc directory
b) /lib directory
c) /root directory
d) /bin directory
13. The directory /media is the

a) mount point for removable media
b) mount point for filesystem
c) mount point for removable media & filesystem
14. What is /bin/sh ?

a) bourne shell
b) hard or symbolic link to the real shell command
c) bash shell
d) both bash shell and bourne shell
15. The /boot directory stores the data that is used

a) before the kernel begins executing user mode programs
b) after the kernel begins executing user mode programs
c) before the bootloader is loaded in the RAM
16. Which one of the directory does not contain binary files?
a) /bin
b) /sbin
c) /etc
17. Kernel modules are present in

a) /lib directory
b) /root directory
c) /boot directory
18. The directory /opt is reserved for
a) installation of add-on application software packages
b) optional booting files
c) optional user specific files
19. The directory /srv contains

a) site-specific data which is served by the system
b) all the system files
c) all the service files provided by the specific user
20. Any file or directory present in the ______ directory may not be reserved between the invocation of
the program.
a) /var
b) /tmp
c) /etc
7)Which of the following is not inode operation?

Select one:
a. link
b. unlink
c. mkdir
d. None of the above
8) Which of the following file system exports kernel objects to user space, also observes
properties of kernel internal data structures and modify them?
Select one:
a. proc
b. sysfs
c. Both
d. None
10)Select correct option ___: __: ___:___ bin:lib:sbin:etc

Select one:
a. libraries, user commands, sys admin commands, configuration files
b. user commands, sys admin commands, libraries, configuration files
c. user commands, libraries, sys admin commands, configuration files
d. user commands, libraries, configuration files, sys admin commands
12) A bootloader is responsible for i. loading an operating system kernel and its ii. loading
supporting infrastructure into memory iii. beginning the kernel's execution
Select one:
a. i and ii
b. i and iii
c. ii and iii
d. All of the above
13) Which one of the following bootloader is not used by linux?

Select one:
a. GRUB
b. LILO
c. NTLDR
d. None of the mentioned
14)Which of the following Utilities found in the binutils package

Select one:
a. as, ld, ar
b. objcopy, objdump
c. Only a
d. Only b
e. Both a and b
15. Which macro is used to add kernel module functions to kernel symbol table?
Select one:
a. MODULE_EXPORT()
b. EXPORT_SYMBOL()
c. EXPORT_KERNEL()
d. EXPORT_FUNCTION()
16) Major number identifies the driver associated with the device and Minor number is used to
identify exactly which device is referred to.
Select one: a. True
b. False
17)Which of the following file operation in device driver allows issuing device specific
commands?
Select one:
a. mmap
b. ioctl
c. write
Which of the following statement is not true?

Select one:
a. insmod is used to load the kernel module.
b. device drivers are dynamically loadable modules.
c. modprobe is used to load and unload the kernel module
Select correct option i. cdev_add() Create a device node under /dev ii. cdev_init() associates
major and minor numbers with device file iii. cdev_add() make device entry in sysfs
Select one:
a. only i is correct
b. i and ii are correct
c. i and iii are correct
d. all are correct
The first argument of printk() indicates

Select one:
a. message suffixed by priority string
b. message prefixed by priority string
c. type of kernel message logger
Which of the following provides a back trace of the execution in system space with respect
to our methods?
Select one:
a. dump_stack()
b. obj_dump()
c. trace()
Which of the following is external tool for debugging?

Select one:
a. probe
b. LTI
c. kgdb
23) Each thread has its own user stack and no kernel stack.
Select one:
a. True b. False
24)Which macros are used to read IO ports directly from Linux driver?
Select one:
a. read()
b. readdir()
c. inb()
d. poll()
25) Which of the is invalid name for makefile?

Select one:
a. Makefile
b. makefile
c. GNUmakefile
d. GNUMakefile
e. None of the above
26)Which of the following indicates first dependency from dependencies list?

Select one:
a. $<
b. $>
c. $@
d. $^
27)In the following command, how many jobs will run simultaneously? make -j8 -j4 bzImage
Select one:
a. 8
b. 4
c. 12
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
28)Select correct option While configuring the kernel, the valid states for a configuration
option are: i. y — the option is enabled. ii. n — the option is not enabled. iii. m — the option
is set to be built as a module.
Select one:
a. Only i and ii
b. Only i and iii
c. i, ii and iii
d. Only ii and iii
29) Which of the following command copies the kernel image from arch/i386/boot/bzImage to
/boot/vmlinuz-version and edits /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Select one:
a. make modules
b. make modules_install
c. make bzImage
d. make install
30)"make modules" compiles all modules and "make modules_install" installs all the compiled
modules to their correct home in /modules.
Select one:
a. True b. False
31) The entries of /sys directory

Select one:
a. are created at system startup when the subsystems register themselves with kobject core
b. are created when any device is connects with the system
c. are created at the time of kernel compilation
d. none of the mentioned
32) Which of the following is true?

Select one:
a. native compiler: A compiler where target is the same system as host.
b. cross compiler: A compiler where target is not the same system as host.
c. cross-native compiler: A native compiler where build is not the same as host.
d. All of the above.
33) To configure the kernel you can use which of the following command:
Select one:
a. make xconfig
b. make menuconfig
c. make gconfig
d. All of the above
34) Operating system can not kill any thread at any time but a thread can kill any other thread.
Select one:
a. True b. False
35 i)make ARCH=arm menuconfig ii)make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linuxgnueabi

Above two lines indicates -->
Select one:
a. The first line defines the host architecture config file, and the second line defines the
toolchain for host machine.
b. The first line defines the host archtecture config file, and the second line defines the
cross compilation toolchain prefix
c. The first line defines the architecture that kernel needs to be built for, and the second line defines the
cross compilation toolchain prefix.
d. The first line defines the architecture that kernel needs to be built for , and the second
line defines the toolchain for host machine.
36) For which of the following offset can be positive or negative?

Select one:
a. SEEK_SET
b. SEEK_END
c. SEEK_CUR
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Linux Proc Filesystem Questions & Answers
1. Which one of the following is not true about proc filesystem?

a) proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem
b) proc filesystem is used as an interface to kernel data structures
c) some files in proc filesystem allow kernel variables to be changed
2. Proc filesystem provides the information about

a) processes
b) processor
c) proxy server
3. The /proc directory contains

a) numerical sub-directory for each running process
b) sub-directories for installed buses
c) a text listing of filesystems which are supported by the kernel
4. The file /proc/[PID]/cgroups

a) describes control groups to which the process belongs
b) contains the information about all groups of the system
c) provides the information about the group which has generated the process
Explanation: [PID] represents the process ID of the process. Every system has various running processes,
so /proc directory contains various numerical sub-directories and the number shows the PID of the
process.
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5. The file /proc/[PID]/cmdline holds the complete command line for the process, unless the process is
a
a) child process
b) zombie process
c) orphan process
Explanation: A zombie process is the process which has completed execution but still has an entry in the
process table.
6. What is /proc/[PID]/cwd?
a) symbolic link to current directory of the process
b) regular file containing the information about the current status of the process
c) directory containing various sub-directories
7. Which one of the following file contains the environment for the process?
a) /proc/[PID]/environ
b) /proc/[PID]/env
c) /proc/[PID]/path
8. The entry for each file opened by the process is present in
a) /proc/[PID]/fd
b) /proc/[PID]/file
c) /proc/[PID]/maps
9. The file /proc/[PID]/limits displays the ______ for each of the process’s resource limits.
a) hard limit
b) soft limit
c) units of measurement
10. The file /proc/[PID]/maps contains the

a) currently mapped memory regions
b) available memory regions
c) memory regions which are free to map
11. What is /proc/[PID]/root?

a) symbolic link that points to the process’s root directory
b) regular file which holds all the PID of the system
c) root directory
d) does not exists in the proc filesystem
12. “ps” command uses the file _____ to provide the information.
a) /proc/[PID]/stat
b) /proc/[PID]/smaps
c) /proc/[PID]/oom_score_adj
d) /proc/[PID]/oom_score
13. Which one of the following is not correct?

a) proc filesystem does not contain any directory for thread in the process
b) in multithread process thread details will not be available if the main thread is already terminated
c) proc filesystem contain any directory
14. Proc filesystem does not contains

a) sub-directories for installed buses
b) device files
c) list of registered DMA
15. The file /proc/devices is the

a) text listing of major numbers
b) text listing of device groups
c) text listing of major numbers & device groups
16. The file /proc/cpuinfo is a collection of

a) cpu items
b) architecture independent items
c) both cpu items and architecture independent items
17. The proc filesystem records the number of interrupts
a) per CPU only
b) per IO device only
c) per CPU per IO device
18. Which file of the proc filesystem can be used instead of “syslog” system call to read kernel messages?
a) /proc/kmsg
b) /proc/moudle/kmsg
c) /proc/module/msg
d) /proc/msg
19. The file /proc/modules is a text list of

a) static modules
b) dynamic modules
c) modules that have been loaded by the system
20. /proc/partitions contains

a) major number of each partition
b) minor number of each partition
c) number of block and partition name
21. Which one of the following operating system does not supports proc filesystem?
a) IBM AIX
b) QNX
c) Solaries
d) None of the mentioned
22. Obtaining of the PID can be done by the utility

a) pgrep
b) pidof
c) ps
23. Which one of the following contains various bits of information about the state of power
management?
a) /proc/acpi
b) /proc/apm
c) both /proc/acpi and /proc/apm
24. Which file contains the boot options passed to the kernel?
a) /proc/cmdline
b) /proc/root
c) /proc/boot
25. Which one of the following is a symlink to the root path as seen by the process?
a) /proc/[PID]/root
b) /proc/[PID]/path
c) both /proc/apm and /proc/[PID]/path
26. The directory /proc/[PID]/tasks contains

a) hard links to any task that have been started by this process
b) files that containing tasks that have been started by this process
c) sub-direcories of various tasks
27. The list of available frame buffers are stored in

a) /proc/[PID]/fb
b) /proc/fb
c) /proc/etc/fb
28. The buddy algorithm handles the

a) Memory fragmentation
b) DHCP server
c) Routing
29. The file /proc/swaps contains the

a) list of active swap partitions
b) sizes of the swap partitions
c) priorities of the swap partitions
30. /proc/tty contains the information about

a) current terminal
b) all terminals
c) both current & all terminals
31. The command “cd /proc/10/cwd” provides the

a) current working directory of process having PID 10
b) current status of the process having PID 10
c) current version of the filesystem
32. Which one of the following command will print the environement of process 1?
a) cat /proc/1/environ
b) cat /proc/bin/1/env
c) cat /proc/1/var/env
33. The file /proc/[PID]/mountinfo contains

a) major minor numbers of device files
b) root of the mount within the filesystem
c) mount point relative to the process’s root
34. With the help of proc filesystem
a) kernel and kernel modules can send the information to processes
b) process information can be accessed
c) kernel modules can send the information to processes & process information can be accessed
35. Most files and directories within /proc are 0 bytes in size because
a) proc filesystem exists only as a reflection of the in-memory kernel data structure
b) these files contains very only one or two instructions
c) proc filesystem doesn’t exists only as a reflection
36. Proc files are

a) read-only files
b) read-write files
c) both read-write and read-only files
37. Accessing the file /proc/meminfo gives the different result each time because
a) memory usages is always fluctuating
b) a new process id is assigned
c) logical address is different from the physical address
38. The files of /proc directory are

a) stored in secondary memory
b) generated by the kernel
c) stored in secondary memory & generated by the kernel
39. The directory /proc/net contains information about

a) Different network system compiled into the system
b) IP address of the system
c) MAC address of the system
40. The command “echo www.sanfoundry.com > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname” will

a) change the hostname
b) print “www.sanfoundry.com”
c) do nothing
42. Which file is used primarily for diagnosing memory fragmentation issues ?
a) /proc/buddyinfo
b) /proc/meminfo
c) /proc/apm
43. Which file shows the parameter passed to kernel at the time of starting?
a) /proc/apm
b) /proc/cmdline
c) both /proc/apm and /proc/cmdline
44. For the system having one processor, the processor identifying number in the file /proc/cpuinfo is
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
45. The file /proc/execdomains lists the

a) execution domains currently supported by the linux kernel
b) all domains of all processes
c) registered ISA DMA channel in use
46. The file /proc/kcore displays a size of

a) RAM
b) RAM plus 4 KB
c) RAM plus 8 KB
47. /bin/dmesg picks the messages from

a) /proc/kmesg
b) /sbin/klogd
c) both /proc/kmesg and /sbin/klogd
48. The file /proc/locks displays the file currently locked by the
a) kernel
b) user
c) superuser
49. The file /proc version shows the version of ______ used in the system.
a) kernel
b) gcc
c) both kernel and gcc
50. What is /proc/self ?

a) a directory
b) link to the currently running process
c) it allows a process to look itself without having to know its process ID
51. The /sbin/sysctl command is used to

a) view kernel settings in the /proc/sys/ directory
b) set kernel settings in the /proc/sys/ directory
c) automate kernel settings in the /proc/sys/ directory
Linux device driver:

Linux environment:
1. To increase the response time and throughput, the kernel minimizes the frequency of disk access by
keeping a pool of internal data buffer called
a) Pooling
b) Spooling
c) Buffer cache
https://man7.org/linux/man-pa
d) Swapping ges/man2/outb.2.html
View Answer
2. At start of process execution, STDOUT & STDERR

a) Point to current terminal device
b) Are closed This family of functions is
c) Point to special files on the system used to do low-level port
input and
View Answer
output. The out*
3. wtmp and utmp files contain: functions do port output,
a) Temporary system data the in* functions do
b) User login-logout log port input; the b-suffix
c) The user’s command execution log
d) The user’s su and sudo attempts functions are byte-width
and the w-
4. Which is the core of the operating system? suffix functions
a) Shell word-width; the _p-suffix
b) Kernel
c) Commands
functions pause until
d) Script the I/O completes.
View Answer
5. ILP32 stands for

a) 32 bit Integer, Long & Pointer
b) 32 bit Integrated Long & Pointer
c) 32 bit Intelligent Long & Pointer
d) 32 bit Long & Pointer
6. Single Unix Specification Version 2 provides enhanced support for

a) 16 bit Unix
b) 32 bit Unix
c) 64 bit Unix
d) 8 bit Unix
7. Under UNIX the key board is the default input device and the monitor is the default output device
a) True
b) False
8. Which among the following interacts directly with system hardware?

a) Shell
b) Commands
c) Kernel
d) Applications
9. Applications communicate with kernel by using:

a) System Calls
b) C Programs
c) Shell Script
d) Shell
10. Solaris is the name of a flavor of UNIX from

a) HP
b) IBM
c) Digital Equipment Corp
d) Sun Microsystems
11. Which of the following is “NOT” a UNIX variant ?

a) Solaris
b) AIX
c) IRIX
d) AS400
12. The system calls in UNIX is written using which language

a) C
b) C++
c) Assembly Language
13. Which of the following enables multi-tasking in UNIX?

a) Time Sharing
b) Multi programming
c) Multi user
d) Modularity
View Answer
14. Which of the following is considered as the super daemon in Unix?

a) sysinit
b) init
c) inetd
d) proc
15. Unix is which kind of Operating System?

a) Multi User
b) Multi Processes
c) Multi Tasking
d) All of the mentioned
16. SVR4 stands for?

a) Standard Version Release 4
b) System Version Release 4
c) Standard Five Release 4
d) System Five Release 4
17. Lp0 device file is used to access:

a) Floppy
b) Cdrom
c) Printer
d) Tape drive
18. Syntax of any Unix command is:

a) command [options] [arguments].
b) command options [arguments].
c) command [options] [arguments].
d) command options arguments
19. SVR4 was developed by

a) Sun Microsystems
b) AT&T
c) University of Berkeley
d) Sun and AT&T jointly
20. Which of these is not a Unix Flavor?

a) BSD
b) MAC
c) AIX
d) IRIX
21. Which of the following statement is FALSE ?

a) Unix supports multiple users
b) Linux is an open source operating system and the source code is shared
c) Shell takes care of inter process communication
d) Shell provides the feature of I/O Redirection
22. Which of the following UNIX flavor is from IBM?

a) BSD
b) Solaris
c) HP-UX
d) AIX
23. x86-32 uses which programming model?

a) IP16
b) IP32
c) ILP16
d) ILP32
24. What are the sizes of (Integer/Long/Pointer) in LP64 programming model?

a) 8/8/8
b) 4/4/8
c) 4/8/8
d) 4/8/4
25. Which among the following is used to write small programs to control Unix functionalities?
a) Shell Commands
b) Shell Script
c) Filters
d) C Language
26. What control character signals the end of the input file?
a) ctrl + a
b) ctrl + b
c) ctrl + c
d) ctrl + d
27. How do you get help about the command “cp”?

a) help cp
b) man cp
c) cd ?
Linux command:
1. The dmesg command
a) Shows user login logoff attempts
b) Shows the syslog file for info messages
c) kernel log messages
d) Shows the daemon log messages
View Answer
2. The command “mknod myfifo b 4 16”

a) Will create a block device if user is root
b) Will create a block device for all users
c) Will create a FIFO if user is not root
3. Which command is used to set terminal IO characteristic?

a) tty
b) ctty
c) ptty
d) stty
4. Which command is used to record a user login session in a file

a) macro
b) read
c) script
5. Which command is used to display the operating system name

a) os
b) unix
c) kernel
d) uname
6. Which command is used to display the unix version

a) uname -r
b) uname -n
c) uname -t
d) kernel
7. Which command is used to print a file

a) print
b) ptr
c) lpr
8. Using which command you find resource limits to the session?

a) rlimit
b) ulimit
c) setrlimit
d) getrlimit
View Answer
9. Which option of ls command used to view file inode number

a) –l
b) -o
c) –a
d) –i
10. Find / -name ‘*’ will

a) List all files and directories recursively starting from /
b) List a file named * in /
c) List all files in / directory
d) List all files and directories in / directory
10. Which command is used to display the octal value of the text
a) octal
b) text_oct
c) oct
d) od
11. Which command is used to view compressed text file contents

a) cat
b) type
c) zcat
d) print
12. Which command changes a file’s group owner

a) cgrp
b) chgrp
c) change
d) group
View Answer
13. Which command is used to extract intermediate result in a pipeline

a) tee
b) extract
c) exec
View Answer
14. Which command is used to extract a column from a text file

a) paste
b) get
c) cut
d) tar
15. Which command is used to display disk consumption of a specific directory

a) du
b) ds
c) dd
d) dds
16. Which command is used to perform backup in unix?

a) backup
b) cpio
c) zip
d) gzip
17. Which command creates an empty file if file does not exist?
a) cat
b) touch
c) ed
d) read
18. Which option of rm command is used to remove a directory with all its subdirectories
a) –b
b) –o
c) –p
d) –r
19. Which command is used to identify file type?

a) Type
b) File
c) Finfo
d) Info
20. Command used to determine the path of an executable file is

a) which
b) where
c) wexec
d) what
21. Command used to count number of character in a file is

a) grep
b) wc
c) count
22. Which of these commands could you use to show one page of output at a time?
a) less
b) sed
c) pause
d) grep
23. Which commands will give you information about how much disk space each file in the current
directory uses?
a) ls -l
b) ls -la
c) du
d) ls -a
24. Which of the following command output contains userid?

a) ls
b) help
c) date
d) ls –l
25. Which command is used to display all the files including hidden files in your current and its
subdirectories ?
a) ls –aR
b) ls –a
c) ls –R
d) ls –l
26. Which of the following commands can be used to copy files across systems?
a) ssh
b) telnet
c) rsh
d) ftp
27. pwd command displays

a) user password
b) password file content
c) present working directory
28. Which of the following commands can be used to change default permissions for files and directories
at the time of creation
a) Chmod
b) Chown
c) Umask
d) Chgrp
View Answer
29. Which tar command option is used to list the files in a tape archive format?
a) cvf
b) tvf
c) xvf
d) ovf
30. Which of the following commands will allow the user to search contents of a file for a particular
pattern
a) touch
b) grep
c) find
d) ls
31. Write the command to display the current date in the form dd/mm/yyyy.
a) date +%d/%m/%Y
b) date +”%d/%m/%Y”
c) date +/%d/%m/20%y
32. The command syntax to display the file ‘sample.txt’ one page at a time is
a) man sample.txt>more
b) cat sample.txt<more
c) cat sample.txt|more
33. Which one shows the name of the operating system?

a) uname -n
b) uname -r
c) uname -o
d) uname –m
34. How do you add (append) a file “file1” to the example.tar file
a) no you cannot add a file to example.tar
b) tar -cvf example.tar file1
c) tar -rvf file1 example.tar
d) tar -evf file1 example.tar
35. How to execute ls command inside a vi editor?

a) !ls
b) :ls
c) :!ls
d) we can’t execute
36. Which command gives the first byte where the difference is in the file1 & file2?
a) diff
b) cmp
c) comm
d) ls -a
37. To open a file file1 with cursor at line number 4

a) vi +num file1
b) vi +set num file1
c) vi + “set num” file1
d) vi +/se nu file1
38. sed is a command typically used for

a) Perform complex calculations
b) Perform FIFO based non-blocking I/O
c) Modify/print selective contents of a file
39. What communication command provides communication to another user logged on by writing to the
bottom of their terminal?
a) talk
b) write
c) chat
d) transmit
40. Which screen manipulation command sets the screen back to normal?
a) tput cup
b) tput smso
c) tput rmso
d) tput blink
41. Which command will you use to see the available routes?
a) show route
b) route status
c) netstat -r
Linux Questions & Answers – File Management:
1. Which of the following time stamps need not exist for a file on traditional unix file system
a) Access Time
b) Modification Time
c) Creation Time
d) Change Time
View Answer
2. Which command is used to set limits on file size

a) fsize
b) flimit
c) ulimit
d) usize
3. Which option of rmdir command will remove all directories a, b, c if path is a/b/c
a) –b
b) –o
c) –p
d) –t
4. Which represents the user home directory

a) /
b) .
c) ..
d) ~
5. If a file is removed in Unix using ‘rm’ then

a) The file can be recovered by a normal user
b) The file cannot be recovered by a user
c) The file can be fully recovered provided the sytem is not rebooted
d) The file will be moved to /lost+found directory and can be recovered only by administrator’s
intervention
6. Executing the ‘cd ..’ command when at the root level causes
a) Error message indicating the user can’t access beyond the root level
b) Behavior is unix-flavor dependent
c) Results in changing to the ‘home’ directory
d) Nothing happens
7. How do you rename file “new” to file “old”?

a) mv new old
b) move new old
c) cp new old
d) rn new old
8. What command is used to copy files and directories?

a) copy
b) cp
c) rn
d) cpy
9. When mv f1 f2 is executed which file’s inode is freed?

a) f1
b) f2
c) new inode will be used
10. Any file’s attribute information is stored in which structure on the disk
a) Inode
b) Data blocks
c) File blocks
d) Directory file
View Answer
11. By default if any regular file is created, the number of link is displayed as 1 ?
a) True
b) False
12. How many links are created when we creat a directory file?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
13. A user creates a link to a file file1 using the following command “ln file1 file2”. Which of the
following is not true?
a) file1 and file2 have the same inode numbers
b) The number of links for file1 is displayed as 1
c) The number of links for file1 is displayed as 2
d) The number of links for file2 is displayed as 2
14. There are two hard links to the “file1” say hl and h2 and a softlink sl. What happens if we deleted
the “file1”?
a) We will still be able to access the file with hl and h2 but not with sl
b) We will not be able to access the file with hl and h2 but with sl
c) We will be able to access the file with any of hl, h2 and sl
d) We will not be able to access the file with any of hl, h2 and sl
15. If two files on same partition point to the same inode structure they are called
a) Soft links
b) Hard links
c) Alias
d) Special files
16. Deleting a soft-link

a) Deletes the destination file
b) Deletes both the softlink and the destination file
c) Deletes just the softlink
d) backup of the destination is automatically created
17. Creation of hardlinks that point across partitions

a) is allowed only to root user
b) can be done by all users
c) the effects are unspecified
d) is not allowed
18. Which command is used to change permissions of files and directories?

a) mv
b) chgrp
c) chmod
d) set
19. Where can I find the printer in the file structure?

a) /etc
b) /dev
c) /lib
d) /printer
20. Which of the following statement is true?

a) The cp command will preserve the meta data of the file
b) The sort command by default sorts in the numeric order
c) The mv command will preserve the meta data of the file
d) The command ps will display the filesystem usage
21. What UNIX command is used to update the modification time of a file?
a) time
b) modify
c) cat
d) touch
Linux Questions & Answers – File Types:
1. The soft link will increase the link counter of the file.(T/F)
a) True
b) False
2. When you use the ln command, which of the following occurs?

a) a file is created that points to an existing file
b) a file is created that is a copy of an existing file
c) a file is moved from one location to another
d) a file is renamed
3. srwxr-xrw- is a
a) internet socket file
b) unix domain socket file
c) symbolic link
d) shared file
4. Binary or executable files are:

a) Regular files
b) Device files
c) Special files
d) Directory files
5. The directory file contains:

a) File names & File Sizes
b) File names & Inode Numbers
c) File names & Address
d) File names & Permissions
6. Which directory contain device special files?

a) /etc
b) /etc/dev
c) /root/bin
d) /dev
7. Which of the following is not a valid file type on Linux
a) Socket
b) Softlink
c) Inode
d) FIFO
8. Which of the following is not correct statement regarding file types?

a) Hard links share same inode number
b) Soft links cannot be created across partitions
c) Socket files are Unix domain sockets
d) Character file is a special file
9. Which are the two types of device files?

a) Character & Block
b) Character & Socket
c) Block & FIFO
d) Input & output
10. Which is an example for character special file?

a) Hard disk
b) CD-ROM
c) Terminal
d) Memory
11. Which is an example for block special file?

a) Virtual Terminal
b) CD-ROM
c) Terminal
d) Serial modem
12. All device files are stored in which directory?

a) /etc
b) /bin
c) /dev
d) /usr
Linux Questions & Answers – File Permissions :
1. The file permission 764 means:

a) Every one can read, group can execute only and the owner can read and write
b) Every one can read and write, but owner alone can execute
c) Every one can read, group including owner can write, owner alone can execute
d) Every one can read and write and execute
2. The permission -rwxr–r– represented in octal expression will be

a) 777
b) 666
c) 744
d) 711
3. Effective user id can be set using following permission

a) 0777
b) 2666
c) 4744
d) 1711
4. Effective group id can be set using following permission

a) 0777
b) 2666
c) 4744
d) 1711
5. Sticky bit can be set using following permission

a) 0777
b) 2666
c) 4744
d) 1711
6. The permission -rwSr–r– represented in octal expression will be

a) 0777
b) 2666
c) 4744
d) 4644
7. The permission -rwxr-sr– represented in octal expression will be

a) 0777
b) 2766
c) 2744
d) 2754
8. If user tries to remove (rm) a readonly file (444 permission), what will happen?
a) The file is removed successfully (and silently)
b) The rm command prompts for a confirmation, the command is successful upon confirmation
c) The rm command prompts for a confirmation, however the operation fails because of insufficient
permissions
d) The rm command fails because of insufficient permissions
9. A user does a chmod operation on a file. Which of the following is true?

a) The last accessed time of the file is updated
b) The last modification time of the file is updated
c) The last change time of the file is updated
10. If the umask value is 0002. what will be the permissions of new directory
a) 777
b) 775
c) 774
d) 664
11. What is the command to set the execute permissions to all the files and subdirectories within the
directory /home/user1/direct
a) chmod –r +x /home/user1/direct
b) chmod –R +x /home/user1/direct
c) chmod –f –r +x /home/user1/direct
d) chmod –F +x /home/user1/direct
12. The permission -rwxr-xr-t represented in octal expression will be

a) 0777
b) 1755
c) 1754
d) 2754
13. With a umask value of 112, what is the default permission assigned to newly created regular file?
a) —x–x-wx
b) -rw-rw-r–
c) -r-xr-x-r–
d) -rw-rw-r–
14. Which command is used to assign read-write permission to the owner?

a) chmod a+r file
b) chmod o+r file
c) chmod u=rw file
d) chmod og-r file
15. Given the command

$ chmod o-w datafile
a) sets write permission to everyone for datafile
b) sets write permission to others for datafile
c) clears write permission to everyone for datafile
d) clears write permission to others for datafile
16. Which of these commands will set the permissions on file textfile to read and write for the owner,
read for the group, and nothing for everyone else?
a) chmod 046 textfile
b) chmod 640 textfile
c) chmod 310 textfile
d) chmod rw r nil textfile
17. If you are a root user, how can you grand execute permission only for the owner of the file project1?
a) chmod +x project1
b) chmod u+x project1
c) chmod a+x project1
d) chmod U+X project1
18. A user executes the following command successfully:

$ chmod +x file1.txt Which of the following is true of the output of this command?
a) The command results in adding execute permission to the user who ran this command
b) The command results in adding execute permission for the owner of the file
c) The command results in an error since the file is not an executable file
d) The command results in adding execute permission for all users (i.e., user,group & others)
19. What does chmod +t do?

a) wrong syntax
b) set effective userid for filename
c) set effective groupid for filename
d) set the sticky bit
20. Which of the following umask settings doesn’t allow execute permission to be set by default on
directory files
a) 222
b) 111
c) 000
d) 444
21. Which of the following umask settings allow execute permission to be set by default on regular files
a) 222
b) 111
c) 000
22. The command chmod 4777 a.out

a) will set the suid bit of a.out
b) will set the suid bit of a.out only if the command is issued by root
c) is not a valid command
d) will set the sticky bit of a.out
Linux Questions & Answers – Filesystem Overview:
1. Which command is used to check filesystem usage in a system?

a) mount
b) df
c) du
d) dd
2. Which among the following allows fast file system recovery?

a) Ext2
b) Journaling
c) Caching
d) Sysfs
3. Which filesystem can be used to change certain kernel parameters at runtime using sysctl command?
a) Ext3
b) Sysfs
c) Ext4
d) Procfs
4. Filesystem for CDROM is:

a) Ext2
b) Ext3
c) Isofs
d) Procfs
5. Which file system has journaling capability?

a) Ext2
b) Ext4
c) Isofs
d) Procfs
6. Which file contains the filesystems to be automatically mounted during boot?
a) /etc/mount
b) /etc/fstab
c) /etc/inittab
d) /etc/boot
7. ____ is a directory (which should exist), on which to mount the file system?
a) Root
b) Boot
c) Mount-point
d) Partition
8. Which command is used to mount file system read only.

a) mount –a
b) mount –v
c) mount –f
d) mount –r
Linux Questions & Answers – Startup & Shutdown:
1. Which of the following is not a valid run-level

a) S
b) 0
c) 8
d) 1
2. On Linux, initrd is a file

a) Containing root file-system required during bootup
b) Contains only scripts to be executed during bootup
c) Contains root-file system and drivers required to be preloaded during bootup
3. Which is loaded into memory when system is booted?

a) Kernel
b) Shell
c) Commands
d) Script
4. The process of starting up a computer is known as

a) Boot Loading
b) Boot Record
c) Boot Strapping
d) Booting
5. Bootstrapping is also known as

a) Quick boot
b) Cold boot
c) Hot boot
d) Fast boot
6. The shell used for Single user mode shell is:

a) bash
b) Csh
c) ksh
d) sh
7. Single user mode shell runs as

a) Admin user
b) Root user
c) Normal user
d) Log user
8. Which is the only partition mounted in Single user mode

a) boot
b) usr
c) root
d) tmp
9. Which daemon manages the physical memory by moving process from physical memory to swap
space when more physical memory is needed.
a) Sched daemon
b) Swap daemon
c) Init daemon
10. At the end of kernel bootstrap, which process is started?

a) /etc/init
b) /etc/sched
c) /etc/swap
d) /etc/kernel
11. The process id of init process is:

a) -1
b) 0
c) 1
d) 2
12. Which file is read by init to get the default runlevel

a) /etc/profile
b) /etc/init
c) /etc/boot
d) /etc/inittab
Linux Questions & Answers – Process Management:
1. If a program executing in background attempts to read from STDIN

a) It is terminated
b) It’s execution is suspended
c) STDIN is made available to it
2. Which command is used to bring the background process to forground?

a) bg
b) fg
c) background
d) forground
3. How to run a process in the background?
a) &
b) *
c) ?
d) |
4. Which command can be executed by a user who is already logged into the system, in order to change
to the root user? (type the command without any parameters)
a) su
b) root
c) chroot
d) user
5. Process information in the current shell can be obtained by using

a) kill
b) bg
c) fg
d) ps
6. Which signal is sent by the command “kill -9 ” ?

a) INT
b) TERM
c) KILL
d) STOP
7. Which of the following values for STAT column of ps command is not true:
a) status R means running
b) Status S means sleeping
c) Status E means exited
d) Status Z means zombie
8. When a child process exits before the parent process exits, which of the following is true:
a) the child process becomes defunct
b) the parent process becomes defunct
c) if the parent process does not handle SIGCHLD, the child process becomes a zombie
9. A user issues the following command sequence:
$ a.out &
$ bash
$ a.out &
If the user kills the bash process, then which of the following is true?
a) the second a.out process is also terminated
b) the second a.out process becomes a defunct process
c) the first a.out process becomes a zombie process
d) init process becomes parent of second a.out process
10. The signal sent to a process when the Ctrl-C key is pressed is
a) KILL
b) TSTP
c) TERM
d) INT
11. we can change the priority of a running process using

a) nice
b) renice
c) priority cannot be changed for a running process
d) only superuser can change the priority
12. nohup is used to

a) automatically hang up the process after logout
b) continue the process after logout
c) create backgroung process
d) manually hang up the process after logout
Linux Questions & Answers – User Account Management:
1. User’s Primary Group id is listed in which file, at the time of creation of the user (On a standard Unix
system)
a) /etc/passwd
b) /etc/groups
c) /etc/login
d) /etc/profile
2. The encrypted password of a user is stored in

a) /etc/shadow
b) /etc/enpasswwd
c) /etc/.passwd
d) /etc/passwd
3. A user can change the default log-in shell using

a) chmod
b) chsh
c) rmsh
d) tchsh
4. Which of the following identifiers associated with a process decide its privilege level
a) uid
b) suid
c) euid
d) gid
5. The /etc/passwd file doesn’t contain

a) userid
b) home directory for a user
c) login shell name
6. User id 0 is
a) An innvalid user id
b) The id of the root user
c) The id of a user when the user’s account is deleted
7. The login shell is
a) The shell program that runs when the user logs in
b) The shell program that authenticates the user while logging in
c) Common shell for all the users that belong to the same group
8. Which of the following command can be used to change the user password?
a) user can’t change the password
b) passwd
c) passd
d) pwd
9. What does the following command do ?

who | wc –l
a) List the number of users logged in
b) List the users
c) List the number of users in the system
d) Display the content of who command
10. By default, a Linux user falls under which group?

a) staff
b) others
c) same as userid (UPG)
d) system
11. Which of the following files need to be referred for user’s secondary group?
a) /etc/passwd
b) /etc/shadow
c) /etc/group
d) /etc/profile
12. The ls –l output for /etc/passwd and /usr/bin/passwd is as follows:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 2807 Apr 26 13:50 /etc/passwd

-r-s—x—x 1 root root 17008 May 25 02:30 /usr/bin/passwd
If a user, not belonging to the group ‘root’, runs the passwd executable in an attempt to modify his
password, then which of the following is true?
a) password change fails since user does not have permission to update /etc/passwd file
b) password change is successful because the program runs as root
c) passwd change program runs in kernel mode where write access to the /etc/passwd file is possible
d) /etc/passwd is a special file and the system by default allows all users to update it
View Answer
Linux Questions & Answers – Shell Programming:
1. What will be output of following command:

$ echo "The process id is" $$$$
a) The process id is $$
b) The process id is $<pid>$<pid>
c) The process id is <pid><pid>
d) The process id is $$$$
2. What would be the current working directory at the end of the following command sequence?
$ pwd
/home/user1/proj
$ cd src
$ cd generic
$ cd .
$ pwd
a) /home/user1/proj
b) /home/user1/proj/src
c) /home/user1
d) /home/user1/proj/src/generic
3. How do you print the lines between 5 and 10, both inclusive
a) cat filename | head | tail -6
b) cat filename | head | tail -5
c) cat filename | tail +5 | head
d) cat filename | tail -5 | head -10
4. Create a new file “new.txt” that is a concatenation of “file1.txt” and “file2.txt”

a) cp file.txt file2.txt new.txt
b) cat file1.txt file2.txt > new.txt
c) mv file[12].txt new.txt
d) ls file1.txt file2.txt | new.txt
5. which of these is NOT a valid variable in bash

a) __ (double underscore)
b) _1var (underscore 1 var )
c) _var_ (underscore var underscore)
d) some-var (some hyphen var)
6. What is the output of the following code:

os=Unix
echo 1.$os 2."$os" 3.'$os' 4.$os
a) 1.Unix 2.Unix 3.Unix 4.Unix
b) 1.Unix 2.Unix 3.$os 4.Unix
c) 1.Unix 2.Unix 3.Unix 4.$os
d) 1.Unix 2.$os 3.$os 4.$os
7. What is the return value ($?) of this code:

os = Unix
[$osName = UnixName] && exit 2
[${os}Name = UnixName] && exit 3
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
8. What is the output of the following program?
x = 3; y = 5; z = 10;
if [( $x -eq 3 ) -a ( $y -eq 5 -o $z -eq 10 )]
then
echo $x
else
echo $y
fi
a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
d) Error
9. What is the output of the following program?

[ -n $HOME ]
echo $?
[ -z $HOME ]
echo $?
a) 0
1
b) 1
0
c) 0
0
d) 1
1
11. The expression expr -9 % 2 evaluates to:

a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) 2
12. The statement z = ‘expr 5 / 2’ would store which of the following values in z?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 2.5
13. To feed standard output of one command to standard input of another in a single shell session
a) IO redirection can be used
b) Named pipes can be used
c) The pipe operator provided by the shell can be used
d) It can not be done
14. Which of the following commands allows definition and assignment of environment variables under
bash
a) env
b) export
c) environ
d) setenviron
15. While executing a command, the shell

a) Executes it in the same process (as shell)
b) Creates a child shell to execute it
c) Loads a special program to take care of the execution
16. If a file with execute permissions set, but with unknown file format is executed
a) The file is passed to /bin/sh
b) The system returns an error
c) The current shell will try to execute it
17. Which of the following is true?
a) Shell is a process and can be started by superuser only
b) Shell is a built-in Kernel functionality
c) Shell is a wrapper for all the commands and utilities
18. Which is true with regards to the shell prompt

a) It can be accidentally erased with backspace
b) The prompt cannot be modified
c) The prompt can be customized (modified)
19. What is a shell in UNIX?

a) a program through which users can issue commands to UNIX
b) a window management system
c) the login screen
d) the thing that rides on the back of a turtle in UNIX
20. Which of the following represents an absolute path?

a) ../home/file.txt
b) bin/cat
c) cs2204/
d) /usr/bin/cat
21. The user bhojas logged in and performed the following sequence of command. What will be the
output of the last command?
$ cd project/module1
$ pwd
a) /home/bhojas/project/module1
b) /home/project/module1
c) /usr/bhojas/project/module1
d) project/module1
22. BASH shell stands for?

a) Bourne-again Shell
b) Basic Access Shell
c) Basic to Advanced Shell
d) Big & Advanced Shell
23. Which of the following files will not be displayed by the command cat re* ?
a) reminder
b) receipt
c) Receipt
d) recipe-cake
24. The redirection 2> abc implies

a) Write file 2 to file abc
b) Write standard output to abc
c) Write standard error to abc
25. cmd 2>&1 > abc will

a) Write file2 to file1
b) Write standard output and standard error to abc
d) Write standard output to abc & standard error to monitor
26. cmd > abc 2>&1 will

a) Write file2 to file1
b) Write standard output and standard error to abc
d) Write standard output to abc & standard error to monitor
27. Which of these is the correct method for appending “foo” in /tmp/bar file?
a) echo foo > /tmp/bar
b) echo foo >> /tmp/bar
c) echo foo | /tmp/var
d) /tmp/bar < echo foo
28. Syntax to suppress the display of command error to monitor?

a) command > &2
b) command 2> &1
c) command 2> &2
d) command 2> /dev/null
29. The following commands gives the output like this

#cat file1 file2
#cat: file1: No such file or directory
hello
If we execute the command “cat file1 file2 1>2 2>&1” the output would be
a) cat: file1: No such file or directory hello
b) No output is displayed
c) Cat: 1>2: No such file or directory
d) hello
30. cat < file1 >> file2 | file3

a) file1 content will be appended to file2 and finally stored in file3
b) file1 content will be appended to file2 and file3 will be ignored
c) file2 and file3 will have same content
d) syntax error
31. Executing cat /etc/password > /dev/sda as superuser will

a) Write data into a regular file called /dev/sda
b) Write data to the physical device sda
c) Create a temporary file /dev/sda and write data to it
32. From where would the read statement read if the following statements were executed?
exec < file1
exec < file2
exec < file3
read line
a) It would read all the files
b) It would not read any files
c) It would read all the files in reverse order
d) It would read only file3
33. The $ variables in a shell script context designates

a) The runtime of the script
b) Number of command line arguments
c) PID of the shell running the script
d) The exit status of the shell script
34. Which variable is used to display number of arguments specified in command line
a) $0
b) $#
c) $*
d) $?
35. Which variable contains last background job process id

a) $*
b) $?
c) $$
d) $!
36. Which command can be used to test various file attributes

a) if
b) file
c) test
d) type
37. * Specifies
a) one or more character
b) zero or more charecter
c) nothing
38. ? Specifies
a) one or more character
b) zero or more charecter
c) one character
39. Which of the following file set in the current directory are identified by the regular expression a?b*
a) afcc, aabb
b) aabb, axbc
c) abbb, abxy
d) abcd, axbb
40. What command would send the output of cmd1 to the input of cmd2?
a) cmd1 | cmd2
b) cmd1 || cmd2
c) cmd1 && cmd2
d) cmd1 ; cmd2
41. What is the output of the following command for bash shell:
echo linux $0
a) linux echo
b) linux linux
c) linux bash
d) linux
41. Which variable will display the list of the positional parameters?
a) $#
b) $*
c) $?
d) $$
42. Which option of grep displays the line number as well?

a) -v
b) -l
c) -n
d) -E
43. How can you search for blank line in a file?

a) $ grep “ “ file
b) $ grep “^$” file
c) $ grep [“ “] file
d) $ grep [^$] file
44. Assuming the files fileA, fileB, fileAB, fileBC and fileABC, exist in a directory, which files match
with the pattern file[ABC]?
a) fileA, fileB and fileABC
b) fileABC
c) fileA and fileB
d) fileAB, fileBC and fileABC
45. What will be printed for the command below?

$ grep –c “^echo” abc
a) The count of lines that do not contain the pattern echo in file abc
b) The count of lines which begin with the pattern echo in file abc
c) The count of lines that ends with the pattern echo in file abc
46. Which one is used to select only one copy of the repeated lines?
a) uniq -u
b) uniq -d
c) uniq -c
d) uniq –I
47. Indicate the right option to search for BOB, Bob, BOb or BoB?
a) grep –i Bob files
b) grep ‘B[oO][bB]’ files
c) grep ‘[BOB]’ files
d) grep -v ‘Bob’ files
48. Indicate the right option to search for anything not a letter or number
a) grep ‘^[a-zA-Z0-9]’
b) grep ‘[^a-zA-Z0-9]’
c) grep ‘[a-zA-Z0-9]’
49. How do you remove duplicate lines from the file foo using uniq?
a) sort foo | uniq –u
b) sort -u foo | uniq -d
c) sort foo | uniq –c
d) sort foo | uniq –I
50. One of the entry of /etc/passwd file is shown below:

user1:x:1111:2222:Sanfoundry:/home/user1:/bin/bash
Which among the following will print userid and home dir in the following pattern “user1:/home/user1”
a) awk `{print $1 “:” $6}` /etc/passwd
b) awk `{print $1 “:” $7}` /etc/passwd
c) awk `{print $2 “:” $6}` /etc/passwd
d) awk `{print $2 “:” $7}` /etc/passwd
51. who | cut –d ” ” -f1

what is the ouput if the who command displays like this
user1 tty 0 1234
a) user1
b) user1 tty 0 1234
c) tty
d) tty 0 1234
52. What is the command that can print lines of first file matching with second file?
a) printline
b) cmp
c) com
d) comm
53. Which character to use to escape meaning of special characters in search operations?
a) []
b) ^
c) .
d) backslash (\)
54. Which built-in command performs integer arithmetic in bash shell?

a) let
b) get
c) set
55. Which expression use the value of the enclosed arithmetic expression?
a) $(())
b) $()
c) ${}
d) $[].
56. If a and b are 2 variables then the meaning of a<<=b is

a) b = a << b
b) a = a << b
c) b = b << a
d) a = a << b
57. Which one of the following is bitwise ‘exclusive or’ operator?

a) ^=
b) |=
c) !=
58. Which one of the following is not a valid operator in bash shell?
a) ||
b) ~
c) =<<
d) -=
59. What is the output of this program?
#!/bin/bash
a=2
b=4
let c=a**b
echo $c
exit 0
a) 8
b) 16
c) 32

#!/bin/bash
a=10; b=20
c=$((++a))
let a=c+a
echo $a
exit 0
a) 21
b) 22
c) program will generate an error message

#!/bin/bash
a=10
b=$(( $a<0?10:$a<100 ))
echo $b
exit 0
a) 10
b) 20
c) 1
d) 0
Explanation: Firstly the ‘$a<0’ condition has been checked. Because it is false hence the right hand side
condition of the colon (:) has been checked and this is true so program output is 1.
Output:
root@ubuntu:/home/sanfoundry# ./test.sh
1
root@ubuntu:/home/sanfoundry#

#!/bin/bash
a=10
b=$(( $a<0&&$a<100 ))
echo $b
exit 0
a) 10
b) 0
c) 1
Explanation: The condition ‘$a<0’ is false so logical and operator provides the output 0.
Output:
0

#!/bin/bash
a=1; b=2; c=3
d=$(( ++a**b*c++ + a ))
echo $d
exit 0
a) 14
b) 12
c) program will generate an error message
Explanation: The operators in decreasing order of precedence are ++, **, *, +.
Output:
14
64. Which command runs the shell built-in command ‘command’ with the given argument?
a) builtin
b) caller
c) there is no command present for this purpose
65. Which option of the command ‘cd’ use the actual filesystem path for cd.. and the value of pwd?
a) -l
b) -L
c) -p
d) -P
67. Which command generates possible completions for string according to the and write it to standard
output?
a) compgen
b) complete
c) continue
68. Which command executes ‘command’ in place of the current process instead of creating a new
process?
a) exec
b) command
c) trap
Linux Questions & Answers – vi Editor:
1. Which one of the following statement is not true?

a) vim editor is the improved version of vi editor
b) vi editor commands are not case sensitive
c) vi editor has two modes of operation: command mode and insert mode
d) vi stands for visual editor
2. Which command is used to close the vi editor?

a) q
b) wq
c) both q and wq
Explanation: The command ‘q’ just closes the file and ‘wq’ saves and closes the file.
3. In vi editor, the key combination CTRL+f

a) moves screen down one page
b) moves screen up one page
c) moves screen up one line
d) moves screen down one line
4. Which vi editor command copies the current line of the file?

a) yy
b) yw
c) yc
5. Which command is used to delete the character before the cursor location in vi editor?
a) X
b) x
c) D
d) d
Explanation: The command ‘x’ is used to delete the character under the cursor locarion.
6. Which one of the following statement is true?

a) autoindentation is not possible in vi editor
b) autoindentation can be set using the command ‘:set ai’
c) autoindentation can be set using the command ‘:set noai’
d) autoindentation is set by default in vi editor
7. Which command searches the string in file opened in vi editor?

a) / or ?
b) f or F
c) t or T
Explanation: The command ‘/’ searches downward in the file and command ‘?’ searches upward in the
file.
8. In vi editor, which command reads the content of another file?

a) read
b) r
c) ex
9. Which command shows all the abbreviations in vi editor?

a) ab
b) abb
c) show
10. Which command sets the number for all lines?

a) :set li
b) :set ln
c) :set nu
d) :set nl
Professional Device Drivers Interview Questions & Answers:
1. The major number identifies the _____ associated with the device.
a) driver
b) protocol
c) port
a) driver
2. The kernel identifies the driver with its:

a) module
b) major number
c) device file
b) major number
3. In linux kernel 2.4, we can have:

a) 256 character drivers only
b) 256 block drivers only
c) 256 character drivers and 256 block drivers at the same time
4. The connection between the device file and device driver is based on the:
a) name of device file
b) number of device file
c) both (a) and (b)
5. Do you know what is the output of this program?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char *ptr;
memcpy(ptr,"google",11);
printf("%sn",ptr);
return 0;
}
a) google
b) segmentation fault
c) syntax error
Explanation:
Memory must be allocated to pointer "ptr".
Output:
[root@localhost google]# gcc -o san san.c
[root@localhost google]# ./san
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
[root@localhost google]#
6. This program will allocate the memory of ___ bytes for pointer "ptr".
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr;
ptr = realloc(0,sizeof(int)*10);
return 0;
}
a) 0
b) 10
c) 40
c) 40
Explanation:
If the first argument of realloc() is NULL, then it behaves just like malloc().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char *ptr;
free(ptr);
return 0
}
a) this program will print nothing after execution
c) Aborted (core dumped)
c) Aborted (core dumped)
8. Tell me what is the output of this program?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char *ptr;
memcpy(ptr,"google",11);
printf("%sn",ptr);
return 0;
}
a) google
c) syntax error
Explanation:
Memory must be allocated to pointer "ptr".
Output:
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char *ptr;
ptr = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*11);
strcpy(ptr,"google");
printf("%dn",*ptr);
return 0;
}
a) s
b) google
c) 115
d) segmentation fault
c) 115
Explanation:
This program will print the equivalent decimal value at location pointed by "ptr".
Output:
115
10. Which one of the following in true about this program?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char *ptr;
printf("%pn",ptr);
ptr = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char));
printf("%pn",ptr);
return 0;
}
a) this program will give segmentation fault
b) this program will print two same values
c) this program has some syntax error

Explanation:
This program will print two different values.
Output:
0x4a77cff4
0x980c008
11. In this program the two printed memory locations has the difference of ___ bytes.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr;
ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*2);
printf("%pn",ptr);
printf("%pn",ptr+1);
return 0;
}
a) 1
b) 4
c) can not be determined
b) 4
Explanation:
Pointer will increment by 4 bytes because it is the types of integer.
Output:
0x9b4e008
0x9b4e00c
#include<stdio.h>
#inlcude<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr;
double *ptr;
printf("%dn",sizeof(ptr));
return 0;
}
a) 4
b) 8
c) the compiler will give the error
d) segmentaion fault
c) the compiler will give the error

Explanation:
Just see the output carefully.
Output:
san.c: In function 'main':
san.c:8:10: error: conflicting types for 'ptr'
san.c:7:7: note: previous declaration of 'ptr' was here
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
int ptr;
ptr = (int)malloc(sizeof(int)*10);
return 0;
}
a) syntax error
b) segmentaion fault
c) run time error

Explanation:
The memory has been allocated but we can not access rest of the memory other than 4 bytes.
Output:
14. Which one of the following is not true?

a) dynamic allocation of major numbers is not possible
b) major number can not be shared among drivers
c) both (a) and (b)
c) both (a) and (b)
15. The minor number range should be:

a) 0 to 15
b) 0 to 63
c) 0 to 255
c) 0 to 255
16. In we use a driver for N number of files, then we have to create ____ device files.
a) N
b) 1
c) N-1
a) N
17. In linux, a device driver can work without the:

a) major number
b) minor number
c) device file name
18. In linux kernel 2.1, the minor numbers were used to:
a) represent the sub-functionalitites of the driver
b) identify the driver
c) represent the device files
a) represnt the sub-functionalitites of the driver
19. If we use a driver for various device files, then:

a) minor number will be different for every device file
b) minor number will be same for every device file
c) minor number can not be allocated for any device file
Linux questions and answers focuses on Major-Minor

numbers used by the Linux Device Drivers.1. The major
number identifies the _____ associated with the device.
a) driver
b) protocol
c) port
Answer: a
Clarification: None.
2. The minor number range should be
a) 0 to 15
b) 0 to 63
c) 0 to 255
Answer: c
b) major number can not be shared among drivers
c) dynamic allocation of major numbers is not possible &
Write With Confidenc
Check your grammar, spelling, a
Grammarly
Grammarly
also major number can not be shared among drivers
Answer: c
4. In linux kernel 2.4, we can have
c) 256 character drivers and 256 block drivers at the same
time
Answer: c
Clarification: c
5. In we use a driver for N number of files, then we have to
create ____ device files.
a) N
b) 1
c) N-1
Answer: a
Answer: a
7. The connection between the device file and device driver
is based on the
c) name & number of device file
Answer: b
8. In linux kernel 2.1, the minor numbers were used to
a) represnt the sub-functionalitites of the driver
Answer: a
9. The kernel identifies the driver with its
a) module
b) major number
c) device file
Answer: b
10. In linux, a device driver can work without the
a) major number
b) minor number
c) device file name
Answer: d
.1. What is /proc/[PID]/root?

a) symbolic link that points to the process’s root directory
b) regular file which holds all the PID of the system
c) root directory
d) does not exists in the proc filesystem
Answer: a
2. “ps” command uses the file _____ to provide the
information.
a) /proc/[PID]/stat
b) /proc/[PID]/smaps
c) /proc/[PID]/oom_score_adj
d) /proc/[PID]/oom_score
Answer: a
3. Which one of the following is not correct?
a) proc filesystem does not contain any directory for thread
in the process
b) in multithread process thread details will not be available
if the main thread is already terminated
c) proc filesystem contain any directory
Answer: a
4. Proc filesystem does not contains
a) sub-directories for installed buses
b) device files
c) list of registered DMA
Answer: b
5. The file /proc/devices is the
a) text listing of major numbers
b) text listing of device groups
c) text listing of major numbers & device groups
Answer: c
6. The file /proc/cpuinfo is a collection of
a) cpu items
b) architecture independent items
c) both cpu items and architecture independent items
Answer: a
7. The proc filesystem records the number of interrupts
a) per CPU only
b) per IO device only
c) per CPU per IO device
Answer: c
8. Which file of the proc filesystem can be used instead of
“syslog” system call to read kernel messages?
a) /proc/kmsg
b) /proc/moudle/kmsg
c) /proc/module/msg
d) /proc/msg
Answer: a
9. The file /proc/modules is a text list of
a) static modules
b) dynamic modules
c) modules that have been loaded by the system
Answer: c
10. /proc/partitions contains
a) major number of each partition
b) minor number of each partition
c) number of block and partition name
Answer: d
2.1. The directories of /sys directory

a) are created at system startup when the subsystems register
themselves with kobject core
b) are created when any device is connects with the system
c) are created at the time of kernel compilation
d) none of the mentionedAnswer: a
2. The directory /sys/block contains
a) sub-directories for each block device
b) symbolic link for each block device only
c) device file for each block device only
Answer: a
3. In sysfs, each represented bus type has two directories
named as
a) attributes and kobjects
b) devices and drivers
c) devices and kobjects
Answer: b
4. A device class describes the ____ type of device.
a) physical
b) stuctural
c) functional
Answer: c
5. Which one of the following directory contains every
physical device that has been discovered by the bus types
registered with the kernel?
a) /sys/devices
b) /sys/bus/devices
c) /devices
Answer: a
6. Which type of devices are peripheral devices?
a) platform devices
b) system devices
c) both system and platform devices
Answer: b
7. Which one of the following is not a system device?
a) CPU
b) APIC
c) Timer
Answer: d
8. Which one of the following is not a platform specific code?
a) x86 BIOS
b) EFI on ia64
c) both x86 BIOS and EFI on ia64
Answer: d
9. In device driver model bus_type object contains the
a) name of the bus type
b) set of kobjects of the drivers
c) set of kobjects of the devices
Answer: d
10. The file fs/sysfs/sysfs.h contains the
a) internal header files for sysfs
b) function definitions will not shared locally among the
sysfs source
c) all of the mentioned
Answer: a
4.1. Relationship between components of device driver

models are expressed in the sysfs as
a) a directory
b) a regular file
c) symbolic links between files and directories
Answer: c
2. What is the main role of the regular files in the sysfs?
a) regular files represent the attributes of devices and drivers
b) regular files represent the kernel objects
c) regular files represent the kernel sets
Answer: a
3. The core data structure of device driver model is
a) kobject
b) kfile
c) kmodule
Answer: a
4. The kset contains
a) pointer to subsystem descriptor
b) pointer to the kobject type descriptor of the kset
c) head of the kobjects included in the kset
Answer: d
5. Which one of the following is a read-write semaphore in
linux that protects all ksets and kobjects included in the
filesystem?
a) rwsem
b) rwsemaphore
c) rws
Answer: a
6. Each device in the device driver model is represented by a
_____ object.
a) driver
b) device
c) node
Answer: b
7. Each driver in the device driver model is described by a
______ object.
a) dev_d
b) device_d
c) dev_driver
d) device_driver
Answer: d
8. The channel between the processor and devices is called?
a) bus
b) driver
c) class
Answer: a
9. In which directory every kernel module of the system is
represented?
a) /sys/kernel
b) /sys/module
c) /sys/kernel/module
Answer: c
10. In sysfs the device drivers of same _____ are expected
to provide same functionalities to the user mode application.
a) class
b) kobjects
c) ksets
Answer: a
3.1. Sysfs is initialised in ______ file via sysfs_init

function.
a) fs/sysfs/mount.c
b) sysfs/mount.c
c) fs/mount.c
c) none of the mentionedAnswer: a
2. Kernel objects are exported as _____ via sysfs.
a) regular files
b) symbolic links
c) directories
Answer: c
3. Sysfs internally stores the pointer to the ____ that
implements the directory in the file system.
a) kobjects
b) kstructures
c) kinodes
Answer: a
4. Attributes can be exported for objects in the form of
_______ in the file system.
a) regular files
b) directories
c) symbolic links
Answer: a
5. In sysfs every subsystem has
a) a shared attribute structure
b) its own attribute structure
c) a shared & own attribute structure
Answer: b
6. sysfs is based on
a) rootfs
b) ramfs
c) initramfs
Answer: b
7. Which one of the following is a notification to user space
from the kernel that something has changed in the system’s
configuration?
a) hotplug event
b) module event
c) attach event
Answer: a
8. In the device driver model the device_driver object
contains the
a) name of the device driver
b) embedded kobjects
c) method for probing a device
Answer: d
9. A ____ is a higher level view of a device that abstracts out
low level implementation details/
a) inode
b) class
b) major number
d) minor number
Answer: b
10. When a device is removed from the system
a) files and directories of that device in the sysfs are
removed automatically
b) all the files of sysfs are preserved until the system turn
offs
c) it does not create any change in the sysfs
Answer: a
1.1. Sysfs was originally called

a) device driver filesystem
b) kernel interface filesystem
c) kernel filesystem
Answer: a
2. What is sysfs?
a) it is a virtual filesystem
b) users use it to get the information about the running
kernel
c) it is used for exporting kernel objects.
Answer: d
3. Sysfs can be considered as the reflection of the
a) kernel’s device model
b) user’s device model
c) network’s device model
Answer: a
4. The files of sysfs contains the information about
a) devices and drivers
b) memory mapping
c) ports
Answer: a
a) any file of the sysfs can not be edited
b) some files of the sysfs are writable for configuration of
devices
c) any file of the sysfs may not be edited
Answer: b
6. In linux sysfs is always mounted at
a) /sys
b) /proc/sys
c) /proc/mounts
Answer: a
7. Libsysfs is a
a) user space library
b) kernel space library
c) not a library
Answer: a
8. Sysfs represents the
a) kernel objects
b) libraries
c) api
Answer: a
9. Sysfs does not contains
a) regular files
b) symbolic links
c) directories
Answer: d
10. The directories in the /sys directory represents
a) the device files
b) major subsystems that are registered with sysfs
c) details of buses only
Answer: b
Linux Operating System MCQ pdf Questions and Answers

1. Files normally exist in physical storage devices such as CD-ROMS, hard drives or floppy disks.
(True/False)
Ans. True
2. Hard drives are divided into separate storage spaces called ___.
a) Buffer
b) Cache
c) Partitions
d) VFS
Ans. c) Partitions
3. The Preferences menus on GNOME and KDE exhibit similar desktop configuration tools.
(True/False)
Ans. False. The Preferences menus on GNOME and KDE exhibit different variety of desktop
configuration tools.
4. ___ provides fundamental window functions and skins for a configurable appearance and feel.
Ans. Metacity
5. KDE (K Desktop Environment) is written in C++ and developed on the ___ library.
Ans. Qt toolkit
6. The X Window system was the outcome of research attempts in the early 1980s at Stanford
University and MIT, assisted by IBM, to create a ___ protocol.
Ans. Platform-independent graphics
7. The window may be a ___ where the user executes standard Unix commands or X client
applications such as a web browser, xcalc calculator, or an Emacs session.
Ans. Terminal window
8. Name the three major elements that Xorg Foundation supplies.

Ans. Client programs, X server, and documentation
9. Xorg applications and servers are installed in the ___ directory.

a) /usr/X11R6/lib
b) /usr/bin
c) /usr/include/x11
d) /usr/share/x11
Ans. b) /usr/bin
10. Although it is possible to create and edit the configuration file directly, it is preferable to use the
distribution’s display configuration tool. (True/False)
Ans. True
11. The window manager program handles user logins and provides authentication and beginning
sessions. (True/False)
Ans. False. The X Display manager program handles user logins and provides authentication and
beginning sessions.
12. An original window manager that does not share code with others is ___.
Ans. Blackbox
13. Files like ___ configure how the dialog box is displayed, and ___ helps the user to indicate a root-
window image or other windows to display.
Ans. Xresources and Xsetup
14. Widgets are designed to work independently of the application except through precise interactions,
called as ___ functions.
Ans. Callback
15. A recent, full-featured widget library that has developed as an industry standard is X Toolkit.
(True/False)
Ans. False. A recent, full-featured widget library that has developed as an industry standard is Motif.
16. Tk (tee-kay, libtk.so) is a library that is mainly applied with the ___ language.
Ans. Tcl scripting
17. Identify the widget set that offers a simple choice of basic user interaction components?
a) GTK+
b) Qt
c) LessTif
d) Athena
Ans. d) Athena
18. The RPM packages with source codes will have an extension of ___.
a) .gz
b) .tgz
c) .src.rpm
d) .tar
Ans. c) .src.rpm
19. The process of connecting a file system to a particular directory in order to access files on a storage
device is called ___.
Ans. Mounting the file system
20. The Linux software packages provide all the files required for installing an application in different
___.
Ans. Modules
21. Any Web browser can behave like an FTP client but such programs are suitable for ___ FTP
downloads.
Ans. Anonymous
22. A ___server is required to access Usenet news.

Ans. News
23. The distributions like Debian and Ubuntu are provided with the___ service.
Ans. Blackdown
24. The safest way to use JPackage is to download its Java 2 Software Development Kit repository
configuration file. (True/False)
Ans. False. The safest way to use JPackage is to download its Yellowdog Updater, Modified (YUM)
repository configuration file.
25. Web browsers are used instead of mail clients to access the services provided by the Web-based
Internet mail services. (True/False)
Ans. True
26. Generally, the digital signature is appended at the ___ of the message.
Ans. End
27. The most important type of SSH connection is a ___.

Ans. Remote login
28. Proxies help to control access to some services such as the Web or FTP servers. (True/False)
Ans. True
29. The EncFS uses the ___ library and Linux kernel module to create the filesystem interface.
Ans. FUSE
30. The ___ command helps you to maintain packages, query them, create your own, and verify the
packages which you have.
Ans. rpm
31. Identify the software package that helps to install Microsoft Office applications in the Linux
system.
a) CrossOver Office
b) Informix
c) GNU SQL
d) MySQL
Ans. CrossOver Office
32. PostgreSQL is used as the query language for SQL. (True/False)

Ans. False. SQL is used as the query language for PostgreSQL.
33. Informix is an open-source database application. (True/False)

Ans. False. Informix is a commercial product.
34. DigiKam is a ___ tool.

Ans. Photo management
35. A ___ is essential to play an audio CD.

Ans. Sound card
36. The graphical software package used to display PostScript files or PDF documents is GGv.
(True/False)
Ans. True
37. Linux news clients allow reading newsgroup postings, either in___ or ___ mode.
Ans. Graphically, Text
38. The inventor of Linux is ___.

a. Gary Kildall
b. Linus Torvalds
c. Dennis Ritchie
d. Ken Thompson
Ans. b
39. Which of the following directory contains files such as Grub or Lilo, the Kernel, initrd and system.
map config files?
a. /bin
b. /sbin
c. /boot
d. /dev
Ans. c
40. The ___ command can be used to display contents present in directories.
a. ls
b. ps
c. cd
d. pwd
Ans. a
41. Identify the shell command used to create or list command shortcuts.
a. HISTFILE
b. History
c. Alias
d. Export
Ans. c
42. Which of the following set built-in command is used to read commands but not to execute them?
a. set -m
b. set –n
c. set -t
d. set -h
Ans. b
43. The ___ variable indicates the user’s current working directory.
a. PATH
b. CDPATH
c. HOME
d. PWD
Ans. d
44. Linux is considered a fully functional ___ operating system.

A) Unix
B) Windows
C) DOS
D) MacOS
Ans. a
45. A ___ is a special program that can control a specific type of hardware.
A) Shell
B) Device driver
C) Complier
D) Database
Ans. b
46. ___ is a computer program that translates source code to object code.
A) Translator
B) Boot loader
C) Compiler
D) Interpreter
Ans. c
47. ___ directory has system configuration files, network configuration files, application configuration
files and other installed software.
A) /var
B) /mnt
C) /opt
D) /etc
Ans. c
48. ___ is an open-source Unix shell that is embedded within the Scheme programming language.
A) csh
B) ksh
C) scsh
D) tcsh
Ans. c
49. Which among the following is the command that displays advanced file attributes? .
A) lsattr
B) mkdir
C) chattr
D) lpr
Ans. a
50. Name the init level which represents the Single user mode with networking. .
A) 0
B) 3
C) 6
D) 2
Ans. d
51. The ___ of GNOME’s user admin tool helps to define the user account settings. .
A) Advanced panel
B) User privileges
C) Account properties
D) New user accounts
Ans. a
52. The tree structure of the Linux file system may vary based on the ___
A) System user
B) Hardware devices
C) System directories
D) System administrator
Ans. d
53. ___ command is used to remove a module from the kernel.

A) insmod
B) rmmod
C) depmod
D) rvmod
Ans. b
54. Hard drives are divided into separate storage spaces called ___.
A) Buffer
B) Cache
C) Partitions
D) VFS
Ans. c
55. All the partitions are usually connected to the system through the ___
A) Mount point
B) Directories
C) Links
D) File system
Ans. a
56. To read in a new file starting at the present location, the ___ command is used.
A) :q
B) :wq
C) :r
D) :q!
Ans. c
57. A collection of records is known as ___.

A) Fields
B) Database file
C) Function
D) Attribute
Ans. b
58. ___ command is used to read the sed command from the sed script file.
A) -e
B) -f
C) -n
D) e
Ans. b
59. Identify the widget set that offers a simple choice of basic user interaction components?
A) GTK+
B) Qt
C) LessTif
D) Athena
Ans. d
60. Xorg applications and servers are installed in the ___ directory.
A) /usr/X11R6/lib
B) /usr/bin
C) /usr/include/x11
D) /usr/share/x11
Ans. b
61. Which among the following is the system variable that indicates the name of the user’s computer?
A) BASH_VERSION
B) HOSTNAME
C) CDPATH
D) HISTFILE
Ans. b
62. ___ is an online description of an interactive shell command, system interface, or system object.
A) Manpage
B) NAT
C) PTP
D) SSL
Ans. a
63. Which of the following tools allow modifying the existing images?
A) Display
B) Creation
C) Manipulate
D) Conversion
Ans. c
64. ___ directory includes Kernel, Firmware, and system-related files and ___ the directory contains
system commands and programs called binaries that are needed during bootup.
A) /sys and /bin
B) /boot and /sbin
C) /bin and /sbin
D) /lib and /mnt
Ans. a
65. ___ refers to the configuration of the partition and ___ refers to the hard drive device that is
mounted.
A) Partition, format
B) Format, partition
C) Directory,partition
D) Format,directory
Ans. b
66. Files like ____ configure how the dialog box is displayed, and _____ helps the user to indicate a
root-window image or other windows to display.
A) Xresources and Xsetup
B) Xstartup and Xresource
C) .xsession and .Xauthority
D) Xsetup and Xdm-config
Ans. a
67. Linux news clients allow reading newsgroup postings, either in ____ or _____ mode.
A) Graphically, Text
B) Graphically, sound
C) Text,sound
D) Video, sound
Ans. a
68. The EncFS uses the ____ library and Linux kernel module to create the filesystem interface.
A) FUSE
B) End
C) Module
D) Xbase
Ans. a
69. ____ is the process in which a network device like a firewall assigns a public address to a system
inside a private network.
A) Network Address Translation
B) Mandatory Access Control
C) Daemon
D) Manpage
Ans. a
70. When a system is running in full multiuser with networking mode, in which of the following run
levels is the system running?
a. Runlevel 1
b. Runlevel 2
c. Runlevel 0
d. Runlevel 3
Ans. d
71. For better security, passwords are now stored in the ___ file and only the root user can access this
file.
a. /etc/shadow
b. /etc/passwd
c. /etc/group
d. /etc/bash.bashrc
Ans. a
72. An application program accesses the module’s services with the help of ___ function.
a. cleanup_module()
b. module_ init()
c. module_exit()
d. printk()
Ans. b
73. The ___ command is used to display information about the partitions and their mount point.
a. cat
b. df
c. cd
d. ps
Ans. b
74. Which of the following is a startup script for the user session?
a. .xsession
b. Xstartup
c. Xsession
d. Xreset
Ans. c
75. Identify the X.org directory that deals with documentation.

a. /var/tmp
b. /usr/share/X11/doc
c. /etc/profile
d. etc/init.d/rcN.d
Ans. b
76. The ___ desktop environment serves as a default desktop environment for Red Hat Enterprise
Linux that is based on the GTK + 2 graphical toolkit.
a. KDE
b. Xfce
c. Openbox
d. GNOME
Ans. d
77. Identify which of the following options is a Linux mail client.

a. Firefox
b. Nautllus
c. Thunderbird
d. Konqueror
Ans. c
78. The Debian based Linux systems use a package management system that is based on a tool called
___.
a. RPM
b. dpkg
c. YUM
d. Portage
Ans. b
79. Which of the following is an FTP client?

a. Kontact
b. Evolution
c. Mutt
d. curl
Ans. d
80. Awk utility is a ___ programming language.

a. Object-oriented
b. Scripting
c. Structured
d. Procedural
Ans. B
1.
Which one of the following is not true?
A.) kobjects are included in a hierarchic organisation

B.) kobjects can have a parent
C.) kobjects can be included in a kset
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'D'
none of these
2.
In sysfs.h which one of the following structure represents the directory entries?
A.) struct sysfs_dirent

B.) struct sysfs_dir
C.) struct sysfs
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
struct sysfs_dirent
3.
The name pointer of the attribute data structure represents the _____ in sysfs.
A.) directory
B.) file
C.) symbolic link
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
File
1.
Relationship between components of device driver models are expressed in the sysfs as
A.) a directory
B.) a regular file
C.) symbolic links between files and directories
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'C'
symbolic links between files and directories
2.
What is the main role of the regular files in the sysfs?
A.) regular files represent the attributes of devices and drivers

B.) regular files represent the kernel objects
C.) regular files represent the kernel sets
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
regular files represent the attributes of devices and drivers
3.
The core data structure of device driver model is
A.) kobject
B.) kfile
C.) kmodule
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
kobject
4.
The kset contains
A.) pointer to subsystem descriptor

B.) pointer to the kobject type descriptor of the kset
C.) head of the kobjects included in the kset
D.) all of these
Answer: Option 'D'
all of these
5.
Which one of the following is a read-write semaphore in linux that protects all ksets and kobjects
included in the filesystem?
A.) rwsem
B.) rwsemaphore
C.) rws
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
rwsem
6.
Each device in the device driver model is represented by a _____ object.
A.) driver
B.) device
C.) node
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
device
7.
Each driver in the device driver model is described by a ______ object.
A.) dev_d
B.) device_d
C.) dev_driver
D.) device_driver
Answer: Option 'D'
device_driver
8.
The channel between the processor and devices is called?
A.) bus
B.) driver
C.) class
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
bus
9.
In which directory every kernel module of the system is represented?
A.) /sys/kernel
B.) /sys/module
C.) /sys/kernel/module
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'C'
/sys/kernel/module
10.
In sysfs the device drivers of same _____ are expected to provide same functionalities to the user mode
application.
A.) class
B.) kobjects
C.) ksets
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
Class
1.
Sysfs is initialised in ______ file via sysfs_init function.
A.) fs/sysfs/mount.c
B.) sysfs/mount.c
C.) fs/mount.c
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
fs/sysfs/mount.c
2.
Kernel objects are exported as _____ via sysfs.
A.) regular files

B.) symbolic links
C.) directories
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'C'
directories
3.
Sysfs internally stores the pointer to the ____ that implements the directory in the file system.
A.) kobjects
B.) kstructures
C.) kinodes
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
kobjects
4.
Attributes can be exported for objects in the form of _______ in the file system.
A.) regular files

B.) directories
C.) symbolic links
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
regular files
5.
In sysfs every subsystem has
A.) a shared attribute structure

B.) its own attribute structure
C.) a shared & own attribute structure
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
its own attribute structure
6.
sysfs is based on
A.) rootfs
B.) ramfs
C.) initramfs
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
ramfs
7.
Which one of the following is a notification to user space from the kernel that something has changed
in the system’s configuration?
A.) hotplug event

B.) module event
C.) attach event
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
hotplug event
8.
In the device driver model the device_driver object contains the
A.) name of the device driver
B.) embedded kobjects
C.) method for probing a device
D.) all of these
Answer: Option 'D'
all of these
9.
A ____ is a higher level view of a device that abstracts out low level implementation details/
A.) inode
B.) class
C.) major number
D.) minor number
Answer: Option 'B'
class
10.
When a device is removed from the system
A.) files and directories of that device in the sysfs are removed automatically
B.) all the files of sysfs are preserved until the system turn offs
C.) it does not create any change in the sysfs
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
files and directories of that device in the sysfs are removed automatically
The directories of /sys directory
A.) are created at system startup when the subsystems register themselves with kobject core
B.) are created when any device is connects with the system
C.) are created at the time of kernel compilation
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
are created at system startup when the subsystems register themselves with kobject core
2.
The directory /sys/block contains
A.) sub-directories for each block device

B.) symbolic link for each block device only
C.) device file for each block device only
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
sub-directories for each block device
3.
In sysfs, each represented bus type has two directories named as
A.) attributes and kobjects

B.) devices and drivers
C.) devices and kobjects
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
devices and drivers
4.
A device class describes the ____ type of device.
A.) physical
B.) stuctural
C.) functional
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'C'
functional
5.
Which one of the following directory contains every physical device that has been discovered by the
bus types registered with the kernel?
A.) /sys/devices
B.) /sys/bus/devices
C.) /devices
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
/sys/devices
6.
Which type of devices are peripheral devices?
A.) platform devices

B.) system devices
C.) both system and platform devices
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
system devices
7.
Which one of the following is not a system device?
A.) CPU
B.) APIC
C.) Timer
D.) None of these
Answer: Option 'D'
None of these
8.
Which one of the following is not a platform specific code?
A.) x86 BIOS
B.) EFI on ia64
C.) both x86 BIOS and EFI on ia64
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'D'
none of these
9.
In device driver model bus_type object contains the
A.) name of the bus type

B.) set of kobjects of the drivers
C.) set of kobjects of the devices
D.) all of these
Answer: Option 'D'
all of these
10.
The file fs/sysfs/sysfs.h contains the
A.) internal header files for sysfs

B.) function definitions will not shared locally among the sysfs source
C.) all of the mentioned
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
internal header files for sysfs
1.
Sysfs was originally called
A.) device driver filesystem

B.) kernel interface filesystem
C.) kernel filesystem
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
device driver filesystem
2.
What is sysfs?
A.) it is a virtual filesystem

B.) users use it to get the information about the running kernel
C.) it is used for exporting kernel objects.
D.) all of these
Answer: Option 'D'
all of these
3.
Sysfs can be considered as the reflection of the
A.) kernel’s device model

B.) user’s device model
C.) network’s device model
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
kernel’s device model
4.
The files of sysfs contains the information about
A.) devices and drivers

B.) memory mapping
C.) ports
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
devices and drivers

5.
Which one of the following is not true?
A.) any file of the sysfs can not be edited

B.) some files of the sysfs are writable for configuration of devices
C.) any file of the sysfs may not be edited
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
some files of the sysfs are writable for configuration of devices
6.
In linux sysfs is always mounted at
A.) /sys
B.) /proc/sys
C.) /proc/mounts
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
/sys
7.
Libsysfs is a
A.) user space library

B.) kernel space library
C.) not a library
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
user space library
8.
Sysfs represents the
A.) kernel objects
B.) libraries
C.) api
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'A'
kernel objects
9.
Sysfs does not contains
A.) regular files

B.) symbolic links
C.) directories
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'D'
none of these
10.
The directories in the /sys directory represents
A.) the device files

B.) major subsystems that are registered with sysfs
C.) details of buses only
D.) none of these
Answer: Option 'B'
major subsystems that are registered with sysfs
LDD MCQ
1. The major number identifies the associated with the device.
a) driver
b) protocol
c) port
2. The minor number range should be

a) 0 to 15
b) 0 to 63
c) 0 to 255

b) major number cannot be shared among drivers
c) dynamic allocation of major numbers is not possible & also major number
cannot be shared among drivers
4. In linux kernel 2.4, we can have

5. we use a driver for N number of files, then we have to create device files.
a) N
b) 1
c) N-1

7. The connection between the device file and device driver is based on the
c) name & number of device file
8. In linux kernel 2.1, the minor numbers were used to
a) represent the sub-functionalities of the driver
9. The kernel identifies the driver with its

a) module
b) major number
c) device file
10. In linux, a device driver can work without the

a) major number
b) minor number
c) device file name
11. Sysfs was originally called

a) device driver filesystem
b) kernel interface filesystem
c) kernel filesystem
12. What is sysfs?

a) it is a virtual filesystem
b) users use it to get the information about the running kernel
c) it is used for exporting kernel objects.
13. Sysfs can be considered as the reflection of the

a) kernel’s device model
b) user’s device model
c) network’s device model
14. The files of sysfs contains the information about

a) devices and drivers
b) memory mapping
c) ports
a) any file of the sysfs can not be edited
b) some files of the sysfs are writable for configuration of devices
c) any file of the sysfs may not be edited
16. In linux sysfs is always mounted at

a) /sys
b) /proc/sys
c) /proc/mounts
17. Libsysfs is a
a) user space library
b) kernel space library
c) not a library
18. Sysfs represents the

a) kernel objects
b) libraries
c) api
19. Sysfs does not contains

a) regular files
b) symbolic links
c) directories
20. The directories in the /sys directory represents

a) the device files
b) major subsystems that are registered with sysfs
c) details of buses only
21. The directories of /sys directory

a) are created at system startup when the subsystems register themselves with
kobject core
b) are created when any device is connects with the system
c) are created at the time of kernel compilation
22. The directory /sys/block contains
a) sub-directories for each block device
b) symbolic link for each block device only
c) device file for each block device only
23. In sysfs, each represented bus type has two directories named as
a) attributes and kobjects
b) devices and drivers
c) devices and kobjects
24. A device class describes the type of device.

a) physical
b) structural
c) functional
25. Which one of the following directory contains every physical device that has been
discovered by the bus types registered with the kernel?
a) /sys/devices
b) /sys/bus/devices
c) /devices
26. Which type of devices are peripheral devices?

a) platform devices
b) system devices
c) both system and platform devices
27. Which one of the following is not a system device?

a) CPU
b) APIC
c) Timer
28. Which one of the following is not a platform specific code?

a) x86 BIOS
b) EFI on ia64
c) both x86 BIOS and EFI on ia64
29. In device driver model bus_type object contains the
a) name of the bus type
b) set of kobjects of the drivers
c) set of kobjects of the devices
30. The file fs/sysfs/sysfs.h contains the

a) internal header files for sysfs
b) function definitions will not shared locally among the sysfs source
c) all of the mentioned
31. Sysfs is initialised in file via sysfs_init function.

a) fs/sysfs/mount.c
b) sysfs/mount.c
c) fs/mount.c
32. Kernel objects are exported as via sysfs.

a) regular files
b) symbolic links
c) directories
33. Sysfs internally stores the pointer to the that implements the directory in the
file system.
a) kobjects
b) kstructures
c) kinodes
34. Attributes can be exported for objects in the form of in the file system.
a) regular files
b) directories
c) symbolic links
35. In sysfs every subsystem has

a) a shared attribute structure
b) its own attribute structure
c) a shared & own attribute structure
36. sysfs is based on
a) rootfs
b) ramfs
c) initramfs
37. Which one of the following is a notification to user space from the kernel that
something has changed in the system’s configuration?
a) hotplug event
b) module event
c) attach event
39. A is a higher level view of a device that abstracts out low level
implementation details/
a) inode
b) class
c) major number
d) minor number
40. When a device is removed from the system

a) files and directories of that device in the sysfs are removed automatically
b) all the files of sysfs are preserved until the system turn offs
c) it does not create any change in the sysfs
41. Relationship between components of device driver models are expressed in the
sysfs as
a) a directory
b) a regular file
c) symbolic links between files and directories
42. What is the main role of the regular files in the sysfs?
a) regular files represent the attributes of devices and drivers
b) regular files represent the kernel objects
c) regular files represent the kernel sets
43. The core data structure of device driver model is
a) kobject
b) kfile
c) kmodule
44. The kset contains

a) pointer to subsystem descriptor
b) pointer to the kobject type descriptor of the kset
c) head of the kobjects included in the kset
45. Which one of the following is a read-write semaphore in linux that protects all
ksets and kobjects included in the filesystem?
a) rwsem
b) rwsemaphore
c) rws
46. Each device in the device driver model is represented by a object.

a) driver
b) device
c) node
47. Each driver in the device driver model is described by a object.

a) dev_d
b) device_d
c) dev_driver
d) device_driver
48. The channel between the processor and devices is called?

a) bus
b) driver
c) class
49. In which directory every kernel module of the system is represented?

a) /sys/kernel
b) /sys/module
c) /sys/kernel/module
50. In sysfs the device drivers of same are expected to provide same
functionalities to the user mode application.
a) class
b) kobjects
c) ksets
51. Which one of the following is not system V IPC?

a) Shared Memory
b) Message Queues
c) FIFO
d) Semaphores
52. Which of the following verifies that user space buffer can be read/write in kernel
space code?
a) copy_from_user()
b) copy_to_user()
c) access_ok()
d) None of these
53. what is not true for private_data?

a) private_data is void pointer in struct inode.
b) private_data is void pointer in struct file.
c) private_data keeps driver specific information.
d) private_data must be initialized in open() operation to make driver functioning.
54. How can you view the used IRQs on a system?

a) cat /etc/interrupts
b) cat /proc/irq
c) cat /proc/interrupts
d) echo 1 > /proc/interrupts
55. The first argument of printk() indicates

a) message suffixed by priority string
b) message prefixed by priority string
c) type of kernel message logger
d) None of the above
56. why we cann't use C standard library function in kernel module?

a) kernel modules are dynamically linked during insmod.
b) kernel modules are statically linked during insmod.
c) kernel modules are dynamically linked during module builds.
d) kernel modules are statically linked during module builds.
57. what is use of container_of() macro?
a) Used to access struct member from given address of struct variable.
b) Used to access struct variable from given address of structure member.
c) Used to access container process in which given thread is running.
58. An interrupt handler can be registered by using the function

a) request _irq
b) request_region
c) request_mem_region
d) request_irq_region
59. All the details about the module like author, version etc can be viewed by using
utility
a) lsmod
b) modprobe
c) dmesg
d) modinfo
60. which function is used to allocated memory for buffer of the USB.
a) usb_alloc_buffer()
b) usb_buffer_alloc()
c) usb_alloc()
d) usb_alloc_urb()
61. which of the following is externel tool for debugging?

a) Probe
b) LTI
c) Kgdb
62. which of the following registers cdev with kernel?

a) cdev_init()
b) cdev_add()
c) cdev_del()
63. which macro is used to add kernel module functions to kernel symbol
table?select one:
a) MODULE_EXPORT()
b) EXPORT_SYMBOL()
c) EXPORT_KERNEL()
d) EXPORT_FUNCTION()
64. "kernel is tained" message will be produced when the module is inserted
without
a) MODULE_LICENSE
b) MODULE_AUTHOR
c) MODULE_VERSION
d) MODULE_DESCRIPTION
66. Choose the incorrect statement

a) ioctl is a common interface used for device control
b) The implementation of ioctl is mostly done using a switch statement based on the
command number
c) The macro _IOR(type,nr,datatype) can be used to setup a ioctl command
number with no arguments
d) The ioctl funtion has the format long ioctl(structure file *flip, unsigned int cmd,
unsigned long arg)

a) /proc/iomem
b) /proc/ioports
c) /proc/meminfo
d) /proc/mem
68. which of the following function is use to wake up a task from wait queue in case
of spinlock?
a) wake_up(&wq)
b) wake_up_interruptible
c) wake_spinlock(&wq)
d) none of the above
69. is used to add a character device to a system

a) cdevAdd()
b) cdevc_add()
c) cdev_add()
d) add_cdev()
a) int register_chrdev_region();
b) void chdev_init();
c) int unregister_chrdev_region();
d) int register_chrdev();

a) calling wait_event/allocating memory
b) calling scheduler
c) locking a semaphore
d) all of the above
72. EXPORT_SYMBOL is used for

a) export symbols to other modules
b) export symbols and hide it from other modules
c) get symbols from other modules
73. To send the external command to a device operation is used.

a) send file
b) ioctl
c) send page
a) GPL
b) GPLV2
c) Dual BSD/GPL
d) Proprietary

a) character device
b) block devices
c) network interfaces
76. which of the following bottom half mechanism can sleep or can be scheduled?
a) softirq
b) tasklet
c) work queue
a) request_region();
b) check_region();
c) register_io_region();
d) alloc_io_region();
78. In which method of a character driver should the functions 'cdev_init' and
'cdev_add' be called? Choose the most appropriate answer?
a) module init function and module open function respectively
b) both in module init function
c) both in open function
a) <linux/module.h>
b) <linux/init.h>
c) <linux/kernel.h>
d) <linux/fs.h>
80. Select correct option

cdev_add() create a device node under /dev
cdev_init() associates major and minor numbers with device file
cdev_add() make device entry in sysfs
a) only i is correct
b) i and ii is correct
c) i and iii is correct
d) All are correct
81. kfifo_free() is used to .

a) Release statically allocated fifo
b) Release dynamically allocated fifo
c) Both of the above

a) Minor number will be different for every device file
b) Minor number will be same for every device file
c) Minor number can't be allocated for any device file
83. The device number which is of 32 bit and consist of bits for major and
bits for minor.
a) 21, 11
b) 11, 21
c) 20, 12
d) 12, 20
84. structure used by the kernel internally to represent files

a) mknode
b) inode
c) structdev
85. In Linux device driver which keyword used to allocate memory

a) malloc
b) dmalloc
c) lmalloc
d) kmalloc
86. Inb&outb are used to read and write

a) 8bytes
b) 1 bit
c) a block
d) 8 bits
87. what does mean unsigned long probe_irq_on(void):

a) This function returns a bit mask of unasigned interrupts
b) This function has requested an interrupts
c) This function has used by driver calls
d) This function returns a negative value
88. In dev_t major number is of bits.

a) 20
b) 12
c) 19

a) True
b) False
a) fopen()
b) fread()
c) remove()
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

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============TARUN SETS=============

71. Linux kernel is of ________ architecture.

76. ______command is used to display kernel log buffer.

77. _____are real time scheduling algorithms in Linux.

79. ______API is used to identify errors

83. ____ variable holds list of dynamic modules configured in kernel

84. structure holds attributes of file by VFS

85. is an example of pseudo file system

87. ________API is used to inspect stack trace at any check point

88. ______is the default log level used by printk

2. The major number

3. Device that can be accessed as a stream of bytes

4. mknod is used for creating

5. Which mechanism is not used for delayed code execution?

6. In a kernel Makefile, the tag ’obj-m’ compiles the source code as

7. To which directory printk message goes

8. Using which utility in Linux, will load the kernel module

11. All I/O memory allocations are listed in

12. Debugging kernel code can be done by

13. Module stacking mean

D. none of the above

17. Which of the following should be avoided in the interrupt handlers?

25. The function which is used to access the i/o memory

26. For allocating big chunk of memory we use

27. Modules run in

28. SMP stands for

29 structure used by the kernel internally to represent files

31. What is kernel module?

32. I/O Mapped Memory means

33. Barriers in device drivers are used to

39. Block size in block devices is of

40. PCI peripheral are defined by

2. Which of the following is not member of struct file_operation{}?

3. The modprobe tool can not remove multiple modules together.

5. While configuring the kernel, which option is set to build as module?

6. The following command is

7. Kernel log messages are stored in _________.

8. In dev_t major number is of _____ bits.

9. The kernel buffer size of pipe is

10. inb(), inw(), inl() are used to access devices.

3. what is not true for private_data?

4. How can you view the used IRQs on a system?

5. The first argument of printk() indicates

6. why we cann't use C standard library function in kernel module?

8. An interrupt handler can be registered by using the function

11. which of the following is externel tool for debugging?

12. which of the following registers cdev with kernel?

16. Choose the incorrect statement

17. All I/O memory allocations are listed in

19. ___________ is used to add a character device to a system

21. Which of the following should be avoided in the interrupt handlers?

22. EXPORT_SYMBOL is used for

23. To send the external command to a device _______ operation is used.

25. The devices that can host a filesystem

30. Select correct option

31. kfifo_free() is used to ____________.

32. If we use a driver for various device files, then

34. ________ structure used by the kernel internally to represent files

35. In Linux device driver which keyword used to allocate memory

36. Inb&outb are used to read and write

37. what does mean unsigned long probe_irq_on(void):

38. In dev_t major number is of _____ bits.

39. inb(), inw(), inl() are used to access devices.

10)Select correct option _: : _:_ bin:lib:sbin:etc