1. Define what a computer bus is and explain its role in computer architecture.

Bus is used for the communication of the different parts of the computer that
allows the different to transfer data at high speed or increase the speed of the
computer. If the computer design has multiple buses the overall performance the
computer will be improved.

b. List and briefly describe the three main types of buses found in a typical
computer system.
Data bus is the type of buses used to transfer data from one components to
another. A bus with more lines can transfer a large number of data. A bus with 16
lines can transfer 16 bits of data if the bus contain 32 line it transfers 32 bit of
bus.
Address bus is used to carry the address from one component to another. it also
consists of different wires like a data bus. It is used to connect the central
Processing Unit (CPU) and main memory, and main memory like RAM.
Control Bus is the type of bus used to transfer an address from one component
to another. If the CPU wants to read data from the main memory or write data to
the main memory. CPU can send a signal on the control was like a memory read
our memory write If CPU wants to read data from the main memory put the
signal of reading data on the control bus and if the CPU wants to write that on
the main memory signal memory write on the control bus.

c. Differentiate between a system bus and an expansion bus.

A system bus, is part of the motherboard and connects the processor to main
memory. When computer professionals use the term bus by itself, they usually
are referring to the system bus. While
An expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with peripherals. Some
peripherals outside the system unit connect to a port on an adapter card, which
is inserted in an expansion slot on the motherboard.
1. Explain the significance of bus width in a computer system. How does it affect
data transfer?
Bus Width refers to the number of parallel lines that make up a particular kind of
computer bus. These wider bus widths enable faster communication between
multiple processors, memory modules, and storage systems, ensuring smooth
and uninterrupted operation.

The Significance of Bus Width in Computer Systems

A wider bus width allows for transmitting larger data chunks, reducing the
number of bus cycles required to transfer a given amount of data. Systems with
 wider bus widths can achieve faster data transfer rates and more efficient
processing.

a. Describe how the clock speed of a bus impacts the overall performance
of a computer system.
A higher clock speed means that the CPU can execute more instruction
Per second, and can perform tasks faster. However , other such as the number of
CPU cores ,size of CPU cache, and efficiency of the instruction set .

2. Compare and contrast synchronous and asynchronous data transfer methods

in bus architectures.
Synchronous there is no gap between the data as they share a common clock.
While
Asynchronous there is a gap between the data due to the start and stop bit
feature
b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of parallel data transfer over
serial data transfer within a computer bus.
Serial offers fewer traces on the board and fewer pins on the devices While
Parallel offer transferring 8 data bits per I/O clock cycle.
Parallel mode is suitable for data update because is faster While Serial is not
suitable for data update because it’s slower update rate.
Parallel port addressing single bytes in the devices register set While Serial port
requires all the bytes of multibyte register to be loaded t one time.
3. Differentiate between memory buses and I/O buses. What are their respective
functions?
Memory buses (System bus) makes connection between the CPU and the main
memory of the computer that resides on the motherboard.
While
I/O buses (expansion buses) are responsible for connecting the peripheral
devices such as mouse, keyboard, flash drives to the Central processing Unit.
5. What is bus arbitration, and why is it essential in a multiprocessor system?
Explain different bus arbitration methods.
Bus arbitration is the process of resolving conflicts that arise when multiple
devices attempt to access the bus at the same time. Bus Arbitration it essential
in a multiprocessor system because it used to ensure that only one device has
access to the bus at any given time.
The following are bus arbitration methods:
Centralized arbitration, a single device, known as the bus controller, is
 responsible for managing access to the bus.
Decentralized arbitration, each device has its own priority level, and the device
with the highest priority is given access to the bus.
Distributed arbitration, devices compete for access to the bus by sending a
request signal and waiting for a grant signal.
6. Identify and briefly explain the purpose and characteristics of common
expansion bus standards like PCI, PCIe, ISA, DIMM, Thunderbolt, AGP and USB.
(note: know the longform)
Expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with peripherals. Peripherals
outside the system unit connect to a port on an adapter card, which is inserted in an
expansion slot on the motherboard.
Industry-standard architecture (ISA) .The most common type of expansion bus. Its
speed is very slow. These buses are used to transfer data 8 bits at one time.
PCI bus design to fulfill the video demand of the graphical user interface. PCI is the high
speed reduced to transfer 32 bit or 64 bit of data or 20 times faster than the ISA bus.
AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. Used to improve the speed of 3D graphics
and video transmit. it considered as a faster interface between the video card and
memory. all its first speed is to replace the PCI bus for the video data.
USB stands for Universal serial bus. A USB device can be attached to the computer to a
single USB port. USB used connect with computer through a single port.

b. Compare and contrast the features and capabilities of ISA and PCI bus architectures?

Industry Standard Architecture it allows for expansion cards, video cards, network
cards and extra serial port cards.
Peripheral Component Interconnect for modems, network hardware, sound, video cards
graphic cards, Ethernet or wireless cards, with solid state drives faster than SATA SSD
speeds, and anything else to be added to a computer. It allows a faster build for
computers. Speed doesn’t need mentioning as this one is speedy.
c. Discuss the reasons for phasing out legacy expansion buses like ISA in favor of newer
standards.

PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized format
that is independent of any given processor's native bus. Devices connected to the PCI
bus appear to a bus master to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned
addresses in the
d. Discuss common troubleshooting issues that can arise when installing and configuring
Backplane jumpers misconfigured or switches or jumpers on the SNC are set incorrectly.
Correct the jumper or switch problem and reboot.