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exacerbations of COPD. It is unclear, however, whether training- performed by investigators blind to the group allocation on an ABI Prism
induced acute inflammation could result in deleterious effects in 7700 Sequence Detection System to investigate expression of genes
patients already suffering from systemic inflammation. Hence, related to anabolism and catabolism. Genes up-regulated with anabolism
feasibility and safety need to be further investigated in the context are IGF-I, mechano growth factor (MGF), and the myogenic regulatory
factors MyoD and myogenin. Genes for which up-regulation is poten-
of acute exacerbations.
tially associated with catabolism were growth and differentiation factor 8
We speculated that resistance training is able to counteract or myostatin and the ubiquitin protein ligases: muscle ring finger-1
the deleterious effects of acute exacerbations on skeletal muscle (MURF-1), MAFbx, and NEDD4 (specific for deconditioning).
force. A randomized controlled trial set out to investigate the
feasibility and safety of such a training program during a hospital Interventions
admission for an acute exacerbation of COPD. The primary During the hospital admission, patients in the control group received
outcome of the study was skeletal muscle force after resistance usual care according to a strict clinical pathway (2). Patients received
training or usual care. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained standard doses of oral corticosteroids to treat the exacerbation.
after the training or control period to confirm the impact of the In principle, patients received 32 mgday21 oral methylprednisolone
resistance training on anabolic and catabolic markers in skeletal for 1 week, followed by 16 mgday21 for 4 days and a subsequent
muscle. decrease of 4 mgweek21. However, steroids were given and tapered as
judged possible by the treating chest physician. Physiotherapy was
limited to mucous secretion clearance techniques and breathing
METHODS exercises. Patients were not restricted in their physical activities but
no formal exercise therapy was offered. The training group received
A detailed description of the methods used in the present study is usual care and in addition performed daily quadriceps resistance
available in the online supplement. The trial has been submitted to training for 7 days on a knee-extension chair (Gymna, Bilsen,
www.clinicaltrials.gov with identification number NCT00877084. Pre- Belgium). The initial load was set at 70% of the 1RM (one repetition
liminary data were presented in abstract form (11, 12). maximum: the maximum load that can be moved only once over the
full range of motion without compensatory movements). Patients
Study Design and Subjects
performed three sets of eight repetitions and adjustments in the load
Consecutive patients with COPD (FEV1/FVC , 70%) admitted to the were made based on symptoms (Borg scores of dyspnea and fatigue;
University Hospital Gasthuisberg with acute exacerbation were see online supplement for further details and picture). The individual
included in this randomized controlled parallel-group study. Inclusion training sessions were supervised by two physiotherapist-researchers
ran from January 2004 to March 2005. The decision to admit patients to (V.S.P. and T.T.).
the hospital was made by the attending chest physician who was not
familiar with the present study protocol. Patients were screened at the Statistical Analysis
emergency department and contacted on the first day of hospitalization Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Analysis System
on the ward of a Respiratory Division. The following criteria were used v9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results were described as mean 6 SD
for patient selection: (1) diagnosis of acute exacerbation of COPD, (2) unless specified otherwise. All patients who had their outcome
age , 85 years, (3) no hospitalization within the previous 14 days, (4) measures assessed were included in the analysis, regardless of the
no current participation in rehabilitation program, (5) no locomotor or number of sessions they successfully completed. No imputations were
neurological condition or disability limiting the ability to perform made for missing data. To minimize baseline differences, QF was
exercise, (6) no lung transplantation or lung volume reduction surgery expressed as a percentage of the value obtained at Day 2. A two-way
foreseen within 1 month after discharge. For logistical reasons only analysis of variance was performed to analyze the effect of the
patients admitted to the ward from Mondays through Thursdays were intervention. In addition, the effect of the intervention during the
included to allow for the testing. hospital admission was analyzed using an unpaired t test. Differences
in mRNA expression were analyzed using nonparametric testing.
Patients and Randomization Procedure
We speculated that myostatin, MAFbx, MURF-1, and NEDD4 would
Details on the sample size calculation and randomization procedure as be up-regulated in the control group as these molecules are
well as a consort flow chart (13) are provided in the online data up-regulated with unloading. By contrast, we speculated that MGF
supplement. Forty patients who had a diagnosis of COPD for 8.5 6 8.6 and IGF-I would be up-regulated with resistance training. These
years met the inclusion criteria and gave informed consent to take part hypotheses were tested with one-tailed nonparametric testing. The
in the study. The study was approved by the Medical Ethical Board of relative anabolic–catabolic balance was obtained by calculating
the University Hospitals Leuven. Patients were randomized using the relative mRNA expression as a value from 0 to 100 with 0 being
opaque envelopes prepared by an independent secretary. Thirty-six the lowest expression and 100 the highest expression observed in the
patients were reevaluated at discharge, and 30 were reassessed after available biopsies from patients in both groups. The mean expression
1 month. Patients were not blind to the interventional group, and tests of the anabolic (MGF, IGF-I, MyoD, and myogenin) and the catabolic
were performed by researchers who were not blind to the allocation of (myostatin, MAFbx, MURF-1, and NEDD4) were subtracted. A value
the patients. greater than zero would indicate a balance in favor of anabolism, and a
value less than zero would indicate a balance in favor of catabolism.
Methods For all analyses the level of significance for all comparisons was set
Maximal voluntary quadriceps force (QF) was assessed on Day 2, Day 8, at P < 0.05.
and at follow-up (1 mo after discharge). Functional exercise tolerance
and lung function were assessed at discharge and after 1 mo. Details on RESULTS
these assessments can be found in the online supplement. Symptoms of
dyspnea were assessed using the Medical Research Council dyspnea Thirty-six patients were assessed at the end of the hospital
scale on Day 1 and at 1 month after discharge (14). discharge. Their characteristics are displayed in Table 1. There
A morning venous blood sample was taken on Days 1, 3, 8, and was a trend for a better FEV1 in the control group. No other
1 month after discharge. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein, differences were seen between the groups. A similar number of
testosterone, and insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-1) were assessed in
patients in the control and training groups (53% vs. 76%) had
serum and plasma, respectively.
In 20 patients willing to undergo the procedures, a percutaneous received steroids before admission to the hospital by their general
Bergström needle muscle biopsy (103 6 51 mg) of the m. vastus lateralis practitioner. The cumulative dose of methylprednisolone over
was obtained on the day of discharge. Baseline characteristics of these the exacerbation tended to be lower in control subjects (157 6
representative patients are given in the online data supplement. Quan- 54 mg) compared with those in the training group (185 6 27 mg;
titative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with Sybr Green was P 5 0.06).
1074 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE VOL 181 2010
deleterious effects of acute exacerbations on the muscle by physical activity levels (2), this was unfortunately not done in the
providing an adequate training stimulus. To confirm the poten- present study. Six-minute walking and skeletal muscle force are
tial to minimize the catabolic effect of the exacerbation on the related to physical activity in patients with COPD (26).
skeletal muscle, we did perform a skeletal muscle biopsy in In addition, muscle strength and 6-minute walking distance have
a subset of patients willing to undergo the procedure before been shown to be related to self-efficacy for functional tasks in
discharge. Unfortunately, due to the relatively small biopsy size patients with arthritis (27). It is tempting to speculate that patients
we were able to investigate the anabolic and catabolic markers who are discharged from hospital with less impaired muscle
only at the mRNA level. In the present study, the biopsies were strength have more confidence to take up activities of daily living.
taken to determine the extent to which resistance training in This clearly needs further investigation, however. It should be
this setting has the potential to counterbalance the deleterious mentioned that even the patients who followed resistance train-
effects of an exacerbation on skeletal muscle. The present study ing during the hospital admission would likely have benefited
shows that the training program applied may yield some from further pulmonary rehabilitation after discharge (28, 29).
interesting protective effects. First, the data suggest that The present study may provide an effective bridge to such a
myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth (19, 20), was rehabilitation program. Several studies showed the effectiveness
lower in patients submitted to the resistance training program. of rehabilitation in patients who were recently discharged from
One bout of resistance training was shown to abruptly reduce hospital after an exacerbation (29). The proposed intervention
myostatin expression in healthy humans (21–23). Consequently, alone, however, does not prevent readmission to hospital.
activation of myogenic satellite cells after resistance training The present study has some limitations. First, the study was
during hospitalization might occur. Ultimately, this could powered to investigate the feasibility of resistance training and
represent a very early trigger to induce muscle regeneration its effectiveness in enhancing skeletal muscle function during
in these patients. acute exacerbations. Other analysis should be regarded as
Second, the observation that the balance of the relative secondary. Larger studies are needed to investigate the impact
expression of mRNA leading to anabolism is larger than the of this intervention on longer-term outcomes. Second, we
relative expression leading to catabolism in the training group assessed maximal voluntary quadriceps strength. Although our
supports the adequacy of the training stimulus. In the control research group has extensive experience with this technique,
subjects the balance favored catabolism. The anabolic–catabolic less effort-dependent measurements would be preferred. This is
index is based on the observed mRNA expression in the whole why we obtained muscle biopsy samples in a subset of patients.
group of patients. A positive value indicates that the patient From these biopsies we conclude that indeed anabolism was
has—compared with his or her peers—a larger expression of the initiated in these patients. Third, patients in the control group
anabolic factors compared with the catabolic factors. A value did not follow sham training. This was a considered choice
less than zero means that the catabolic markers are more because no studies were performed to identify the minimal dose
importantly expressed. This analysis reflects the relative expres- of muscle activity in these patients to block the catabolism seen
sion of mRNA rather than the absolute expression, wherein no during exacerbations.
differences were observed. Our data suggest that patients in the The mechanisms by which resistance training enhances
training group, compared with those in the control group, had muscle function in the context of an acute exacerbation remain
overall a predominance of expression of anabolic markers to be explored. Serial biopsies are needed to investigate the
compared with catabolic markers. Debigare and coworkers series of events initiated by repeated bouts of exercise training.
reported similarly a disturbed anabolic–catabolic balance in In addition, expression of genes does not necessarily mean that
patients with COPD, particularly those with muscle weakness changes at the protein level are initiated or that the activity of
(24). Although the anabolic–catabolic index does not have proteins is altered. Unfortunately, the small biopsy size did not
a biological value per se, our data (Figure 3D) would suggest allow carrying out analyses at the protein level. Hence, the
that patients who gained substantial muscle force indeed did present study cannot go much further than to suggest that the
present a predominantly anabolic response. By contrast, those catabolic mechanisms initiated by the inactivity seen during
who lost substantial amounts of muscle force did have a cata- exacerbations are at least to some extent counterbalanced by
bolic predominance. Participating in the training program the resistance training.
succeeded in shifting the relative expression of anabolic and We conclude that resistance training during acute exacerba-
catabolic mRNA in favor of the former. Further and larger tions of COPD is a safe and effective strategy to counterbalance
studies with serial muscle biopsies could now focus on the key loss of skeletal muscle function. Resistance training does
mediators of hypertrophy in this setting. generate a protective stimulus to the skeletal muscle and may
A last argument for a significant and effective stimulus on facilitate functional recovery after an acute exacerbation.
the muscle with resistance training is the trend for a higher
Conflict of Interest Statement: T.T. has received advisory board fees from Bl-Pfizer
myogenin/MyoD ratio in the training group compared with and AZ ($1,001–$5,000) and has received lecture fees from Bl-Pfizer and Chiesi
control subjects. This is consistent with a recent study by Costa ($1,001–$5,000). V.S.P. does not have a financial relationship with a commercial
and colleagues demonstrating an increased myogenin/MyoD entity that has an interest in the subject of this manuscript. T.C. does not have
a financial relationship with a commercial entity that has an interest in the subject
ratio at Day 3 of a 6-day eccentric exercise training program in of this manuscript. F.P. does not have a financial relationship with a commercial
healthy humans (25). entity that has an interest in the subject of this manuscript. G.G.R. does not have
a financial relationship with a commercial entity that has an interest in the subject
Effects 1 Month after Discharge of this manuscript. M.D. has received consultancy fees from Dompe ($5,001–
$10,000); fees for serving on an advisory board from Boehringer, GlaxoSmithKline,
Interestingly, functional status and muscle force remained better and Nycomed ($5,001–$10,000); lecture fees from Pfizer ($5,001–$10,001); and
in the group that followed training during the exacerbation. an industry-sponsored grant from AstraZeneca ($5,001–$10,000). R.G. does not
This is an interesting and somewhat unexpected finding, which have a financial relationship with a commercial entity that has an interest in the
subject of this manuscript.
merits further research. We can only speculate why these
improvements remained. A plausible explanation would be that Acknowledgment: The authors thank Drs. M. Van Vliet and G. Maury for taking
patients who followed the resistance training program and were the muscle biopsies in the present study and F. Vanderhoydonck for his help with
the RT-PCR. They also thank the clinical teams of the respiratory division
discharged with enhanced skeletal muscle function became more (particularly Unit 650 and 651 and the pulmonary rehabilitation department)
active at home. Although our research group previously assessed for assisting with the logistics of the study.
Troosters, Probst, Crul, et al.: Rehabilitation During COPD Exacerbations 1077