Radar

Coastal Navigation
Catalogue of errors
Part A & B
MARS & MAIB

Objectives
1. Calculate speed, course ,CPA and

TCPA of targets based on relative
plots
2. Target / own vessel alter course/speed
3. Set and drift
4. Performance delay
5. Head reach
ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1 3

Objectives
1. Define common terms

2. Sketch OAW triangle
3. Calculate speed, course ,CPA and
TCPA of targets based on relative
plots
4. State the accuracy required
5. Use report writing format

RELATIVE PLOT O Initial position of target on plot
at appropriate range and
bearing from own ship.
O
OA Target’s relative track/speed
vector
WO Own ship’s course and speed

vector over time increment OA
WA Target’s true track/speed vector

over time increment OA
NOTE When the target is a fixed

terrestrial point AW is the
vector representing the set
A W and drift of a current or tidal
stream
ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1

Accuracy requirements for radar plotting
• Courses and Bearings =  3
• Close Point Approach (CPA) =  0.2 nmiles
• Time to CPA & A/C =  4 minutes
• Vessel’s spd & rate of current =  0.5 knots
• Current set =  5
1. Is there any risk of collision?
Time bearing ( T )
0600 040º
0610 039º
0620 038º
0630 037º
Time bearing ( T )
0600 040º
0603 039º
0606 038º
0609 037º
Time bearing ( T )
0600 040º
0603 039º
0606 039.5º
0609 040º
Time bearing ( T ) range
0600 040º 8.0’
0603 039º 6.65’
0606 038º 5.45’
0609 037º 4.25’
Format Of Report Writing On Radar Plotting
No Observation Target ‘A’ Target ‘B’
1.0 Time
2.0 Last relative bearing of target
3.0 Last range of target
4.0 Close Point Approach (CPA)
5.0 Time to CPA
6.0 Time of CPA
7.0 Course of target
8.0 Speed of target
9.0 Aspect of target

What is the latest radar performance
standards?
What is the latest radar performance
standards?
Year 2004
What is the latest ARPA performance
standards?
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS FOR
SHIPBORNE RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS
AND NAVIGATIONAL
EQUIPMENT
(2011 Edition)
Is it mandatory to carry ARPA for all ships?
Is it mandatory to carry ARPA?
Check SOLAS chapter V Reg. 19.2.8
All ships of 10,000 gross tonnage and

upwards shall, in addition to meeting the
requirements of paragraph 2.7 with the
exception of paragraph 2.7.2, have:
.1 an automatic radar plotting aid, or other

means, to plot automatically the range and
bearing of at least 20 other targets,
connected to a device to indicate speed and
distance through the water, to determine
collision risks and simulate a trial
manoeuvre;
What are the requirements on the types of
radars to be carried?
2.7 All ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and

upwards shall, in addition to meeting the
requirements of paragraph 2.5, have:
.1 a 3 GHz radar or, where considered
appropriate by the Administration, a
second 9 GHz radar, or other means, to
determine and display the range and
bearing of other surface craft,
obstructions,buoys, shorelines and
navigational marks to assist in navigation
and in collision avoidance, which
are functionally independent of those
referred to in paragraph 2.3.2;
2.3 All ships o f 3 0 0 gross tonnage and

upwards and passenger ships
irrespective of size shall, in addition to
meeting the requirements of paragraph
2.2, be fitted with:
.2 a 9 GHz radar, or other means, to

determine and display the range and
bearing of radar transponders and of
other surface craft, obstructions, buoys,
shorelines and navigational marks to
assist in navigation and in collision
avoidance;
0600 hrs O
+
0600 hrs O
+
03 +
Systematic observations require at least 3 plots
0600 hrs O
+
03 +
06 +
0600 hrs O
+
03 +
06 +
09 +
0600 hrs O
+
03 +
06 +
09 +
W
0600 hrs O
+
03 +
06 +
09 +A
W
0600 hrs O
+
03 +
06 +
09 +A
+C
Use the obtained OAW triangle for next
subsequence cases
Catalogue of errors
Part A & B
MARS & MAIB

Part B Q1 (use 12’ scale)
Course 103º T at 10 knots
Time bearing (T) range
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º 5.0’
Is there any risk of collision?
Initial target course/speed =

Initial CPA =
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º 5.0’
Initial target course/speed =

Initial CPA =
Time bearing range
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º 5.0’
Initial target course/speed =082ºT X 16.0kn

Initial CPA = 0.6nm
At 1652 hrs the target alters course to

port by 20º (062ºT) find the new CPA and TCPA
(1.4’ 1711 hrs)
1652 hrs position =
(10’/plotting interval) x OA length
+ WO=103°T
x 10’
082°T x 16’ 1652 hrs

W A (1642 hrs)
O (1630 hrs)
WA = target course and speed

1652 hrs position =
WA’ = 062°T
WA’ = WA length + WO=103°T
x 10’
A’
062°T 1652 hrs
W A (1642 hrs)
O (1630 hrs)
WA = target course and speed

1652 hrs position =
WA’ = 062°T
WA’ = WA length + WO=103°T
A’
062°T 1652 hrs
W A (1642 hrs)
O (1630 hrs)
1652 hrs position =(10’/plotting interval) x OA
= 1.25’ length
WA’ = 062°T
OA’ = new apparent +
motion line
A’
062°T 1652 hrs
W A (1642 hrs)
O (1630 hrs)
(length)
Initial WA = 082°T
WA’ = 062°T
OA’ = new apparent +
motion line
A’
062°T 1652 hrs
W A (1642 hrs)
O
WA’ = 062°T E
OA’ = new apparent +B BE = new CPA
motion line
New TCPA
A’ D = 1652 + (DE/OA’)x12
062°T 1652 hrs
W A (1642 hrs)
WA length = WA’ length = no change in speed

(use 12’ scale)
Time bearing range
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º 5.0’

Initial CPA = 0.6nm

port by 20º (062ºT) find the new CPA and TCPA
(1.4’ 1711 hrs)
Part B
Radar plottings p11

Part B Radar plottings p11
(Use 12’ range scale)
Time bearing (R) range
2040 348º 14.0’
2046 349º 11.3’
2052 350º 8.6’

starboard by 35º , find the new CPA and TCPA
Course 182º T at 16 knots (Use 12’ range scale)
Time bearing (R) true range

2040 348º 170º 14.0’
2046 349º 171º 11.3’
2052 350º 172º 8.6’

Head + rel. bearing = true bearing

+ C
(2052)A
(2040)O
2055 position (use 12’ range)
= (3/12) x OA + C
length
2055
(2052)A
(2040)O
New TCPA WA = 325°T
=2055
+ (EN/OA’)x12 C+ N WA’ = 325° + 35°
A’
2055 E
(2052)A 35°
2055 hrs posn

= (3/12) x OA
OA’ = new apparent motion (length)
(2040) O
New TCPA WA = 325°T
=2055
+ (EN/OA’)x12 C+ N WA’ = 325° + 35°
A’
2055 E
(2052)A 35°
2055 hrs posn

= (3/12)x OA
Next MGN 369 navigation
in restricted visibility
(2040) O
Time bearing(R) true range
2040 348º 170º 14.0’
2046 349º 171º 11.3’
2052 350º 172º 8.6’
(12 minutes ploting intervals)

2.4 x 60/plotting interval

Old WA 325ºT 2.4 x 60/12 =12 knots (WA)
WA’ 000ºT 2055 hrs + (7.1/5.65 x 12)

New CPA = 1.2nm New TCPA 2111 hrsext pq8
MGN 369 navigation in restricted visibility
by MCA UK
(Passage Planning Guide - English channel and

Dover Strait by Witherby 2013 edition)

• Extracts of NP 44 pp 195 - 207
The use of vhf in

collision avoidance?
Remember
Ash/Aquamarine incident?

Visual lookout versus Radar watch.docx
11kn
14kn

Remember Ocean Jasper!
Bonus question
Observation of another ship

Time bearing (T)
0340 341º
0346 341°
0352 341º

Bonus question
Observation of another ship

0340 341º 0.5’
0346 341° 0.5’
0352 341º 0.5’

P17 Q8 (Use 6’ range scale)
0340 341º 6.0’
0346 341° 5.1’
0352 341º 4.2’
New CPA and TCPA if at 0400 hours the

target reduces speed to 6 knots.
0340 hrs O
A 0352 hrs
W
+
C
0340 hrs O 0400 position
= (8/12) x OA
A 0352 hrs
W
0400
+
C
= (8/12) x OA
A 0352 hrs WA = 10kn

W A’
0400
+
C
= (8/12) x OA length
A 0352 hrs WA x 60/12

W A’ =10 kn
0400
+
C
What is the plotting intervals?

= (8/12) x OA

W A’ WA’ = 6 kn
0400 E WA’ = 6/10 x WA
+ (length)
C
= (8/12) x OA

W A’ WA’ = 6 kn
0400 E WA’ = 6/10 x WA
N (length)
+
C
New TCPA = (EN / OA’) x 12

= 0426 hrs
New CPA = 1.15nm

= (8/12) x OA

W A’
0400 0416 position
= (16/12) x OA’
+C
= (8/12) x OA

W A’
0400 0416 position
= (16/12) x OA’
16 +C
= (8/12) x OA

W A’
0400 0416 position
= (16/12) x OA’
16 +C
Final CPA = 0.65’ once target resumed speed

TCPA = 0426 hrs
If own / target ship alter course/speed, the
OA line will change!
RADAR PLOTTING TERMS
Aspect ?
Aspect
- How you will be seen from the target vessel

Aspect
- The relative bearing of you

(from the target vessel)
040°
040°
040°
040°
W O
A
040°
W O
WA = 130 °
220 °
040°
W O
ASPECT
A = G 90 °
WA = 130 °
220 °
Calculation:
Bearing Target ‘A’ from own ship = 040 (T)

+ 180
Own ship from Target ‘A’ = 220
Target course = ~ 130
Own ship lies = 090 on
target stbd side
Therefore target vessel ASPECT = Green 090

Aspect
- The relative bearing of own ship from

the target ship expressed in degrees
0 to 180 “RED” or “GREEN”
040°
O
040°
O ASPECT ?
W0 =040°
A
040°
O ASPECT ?
W0 =040°
A
W
Last brg 040 °
040° Reciprocal 220 °
O WA 040 °
ASPECT R/G 180 °
(overtaking)
A
W
Aspect

040°
O ASPECT ?
W0 =040°
W
A
Last brg 040 °
040°
Reciprocal 220 °
O
WA 220 °
W ASPECT R/G 000°
A (coming down)
Aspect

040°
ASPECT ?
W0 =040°
O
040°
ASPECT ?
W0 =040°
O
W
ASPECT ? Last brg 220 °
W0 =040° 040° Reciprocal 040 °
WA 040 °
ASPECT R/G 000°
(being
overtaken)
O
W
W0 =040° 040° Reciprocal 040 °
WA 220 °
ASPECT R/G 180°
(passed down)
W
A
Last brg 040 °
O WA 040 °
ASPECT R/G 180 °
(overtaking)
A
W
Last brg 040 °
040°
Reciprocal 220 °
O
WA 220 °
W ASPECT R/G 000°
A (coming down)
Last brg 220 °
WA 040 °
ASPECT R/G 000°
(being
overtaken)
O
W
W0 =040° 040° Reciprocal 040 °
WA 220 °
ASPECT R/G 180°
(passed down)
W
A
Time bearing range
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º 5.0’
Initial target course/speed

Initial CPA = ? nm Aspect=?

port by 20º(062ºT) find the new CPA and TCPA
P16 Q5 (use 12’ scale)
Time bearing range
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º 5.0’

Initial CPA = 0.6nm Aspect=?

(1.4’ 1711 hrs)
103°
227°
047°
103°
227°
047°
WA 082°
103°
227°
Aspect
047°
WA 082°
103°
227°
Aspect
Red 35°
047°
WA 082°
103°
227° P16 Q5
P16 Q5 (use 12’ scale)
Time bearing range
1630 228.5º 6.5’
1636 228º 5.75’
1642 227º/047° 5.0’

Initial CPA = 0.6nm

(1.4’ 1711 hrs) Aspect?
RB 045° LB 225° Aspect = 062 ˜ 045°

= R17°
Coastal Navigation
P15 Q4
Time bearing(R) true range
2040 348º 170º 14.0’
2046 349º 171º 11.3’
2052 350º 172º 8.6’

starboard by 35º , find the aspect
+ C
(2052)A WA=325°
(2040)O
New TCPA 353°
=2055 her
+ (EN/OA’)x12 C+ 001° aspect@2055 hrs
A’ = Red 8°
2055 E
(2052)A
173°
O
Aspect

Aspect
- How you will be seen from the target vessel

Aspect
- The relative bearing of you

(from the target vessel)
1.We must plot all observations provided
2.Answers are within the tolerance limits
3.Any change by own/target vessels will affect
the OA line
4.Use the largest scale possible
5.First and last observations only
3’ range
000°T x 5kn
WA
000°T x 20’
Rule 6 Safe speed
(b) Additionally by vessels with operational radar:

ii) any constraints imposed by radar range scale in
use;
RM 12’ range
000°T x 5kn
A 3’ off
WA
O 000°T x 20’
6’ off

RM 12’ range
000°T x 5kn
A 3’ off
WA
O 000°T x 20’
6’ off
6min
Rel. vector
OA 3nm in 12 mins
WO 1nm in 12 mins
6’ range
000°T x 5kn
WA
000°T x 20’
A 3’ off
6min
O 6’ off Rel. vector

3’ range
000°T x 5kn
WA
000°T x 20’
6min
Rel. vector

1.5’ range
000°T x 5kn
WA
000°T x 20’
6min
Rel. vector

How to tell the aspect of another vessel?

14b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist

when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly
ahead and by night she could see the
masthead lights in a line or nearly a line and
by day she observes the corresponding
aspect of the other vessel.

Which one to use, relative or true vector?

Which rules mentioned the use of radar?

6,7 or 8

6 lookout
7 risk of collision
8 action taken to avoid collision

6 lookout
6b additionally , by vessel with operational radar

7 risk of collision
7b Proper use shall be made of radar equipment
if fitted and operational, including long range
scanning to obtain early warning of risk of
collision and radar plotting or equivalent
systematic observation of detected object

8 action taken to avoid collision

8b Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid
collision shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to
another vessel observing visually or by radar,
…..

Rule 8
(a)Any action taken to avoid collision shall be
taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part,
and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit,
be positive, made in ample time and with due
regard to the observance of good seamanship

Case 1
Own ship’s course = 110°T
Target = 200°T bearing steady
Proposed action to allow target to pass 1nm

astern of you?
Case 1
A 110°T
200°T O
Case 1 020°T
Target Aspect
= 090°T ~ 020°T
= Red 70°
W A 110°T
200°T O
Case 1 020°T Target Aspect
= 090°T ~ 020°T
= Red 70°
If you are on
orange vessel:
what is the
target aspect ?
W A 110°T
200°T O
Case 1 020°T Target Aspect
= 090°T ~ 020°T
= Red 70°
If you are on
orange vessel:
what is the target
aspect ?
W A 110°T
Last brg = 020°T
Recip. =200°T
WA = 110°T
200°T O Green 090°
Case 2 Target Aspect
=?
O
080°T
260°T 110°T
W = 260°T ~ 170°T
= Green 90°
O
080°T
WA = 170°T
A
260°T 110°T
Restricted
visibility
W =?
O
080°T
260°T 110°T
Restricted
visibility
W = 260°T ~ 115°T
= Green 145°
O
080°T
WA = 115°T
A
260° T 110°T
Restricted
visibility
W = 260°T ~ 115°T
= Green 145°
O
080° T
WA = 115°T
A
260° T 110°T
Restricted
visibility
W = 260°T ~ 170°T
= Green 90°
O
080° T
WA = 170°T
A
260° T 110°T
Stop at 0840 hours
Course 310º T at 15 knots (LG p 22 q4)
Observed echo of a light-vessel:
Time bearing(R) range

0900 346º 10.0’
0906 340º 8.6’
0912 332º 7.4’
1. Find set and rate of the tide

(based on head-up display mode)
2.You require to keep the light-vessel 2nm
to your port side:
- CTS if action is taken at 0912 hrs
Observed echo of a light-vessel (stationary)
(use head-up display)
Time bearing(R) range
0900 346º 10.0’
0906 340º 8.6’
0912 332º 7.4’
1. Find set and rate of the tide
2.You require to keep the light-vessel 2nm
to your port side:
(set 032°T at 5 knots, CTS 278°T & 260°T)
set 082°R CTS 328°R
3.Initial CMG and SMG of own vessel?
(329°T x 17’)
310° HU
A W LG p22 Q4
Stop at 0820 hours
(set 032°T at 5 knots, CTS 278°T & 260°T)

set 082°R
310° HU
O
Head-up
display
0912 A W
AW =
Relative brg
2’
Action at
0912 hrs
310° HU
O’ O
Head-up
display
A W
AW =
Relative brg
AO = CMG
(direction)
AO= SMG
(length)
310° HU
O’ O
O’’ Head-up
display
12 A W
AW =
Relative brg
0924
310° HU
O O
A W
If AW = set
then
AO = CMG
AO(length)= SMG
329°T x 17 kn
Part B Radar page 13 Stop at 1420 hours
7. The following were observed by own vessel on

000°T x 20 knots:
0700 hours 069°T x 6.8’
0706 hours 069°T x 5.4’
0712 hours 069°T x 4.0’
Use true motion display and find the target

course, speed, CPA & TCPA
What is the largest scale possible?
What is the situation, crossing or overtaking?

TM
W0 =000°T
A
0712 O
0700 W
Part B Radar page 13

000°T x 20 knots:
0700 hours 069°T x 6.8’
0706 hours 069°T x 5.4’
0712 hours 069°T x 4.0’
Use true motion display and find the target

course, speed, CPA & TCPA
What is the situation, crossing or overtaking?
319°T 19.5kn nil 0729hours

Aspect R70°
O TM
W0 =000°T
0712 O
0700 W
O 069°T
319°T
RM
W0 =000°T
249°T
Part B Radar page 13

000°T x 20 knots:
0700 hours 069°T x 6.8’
0706 hours 069°T x 5.4’
0712 hours 069°T x 4.0’
Last bearing 069°T

Reciprocal bearing 249°T
WA 319°T
Aspect Red 70°
O
TM
W0 =000°T
A
TM
W0 =000°T
A
W
Last bearing 069°T
Reciprocal bearing 249°T
Target course 319°T
Her aspect = (target course  reciprocal bearing)

= 70°
= Red 70°
Summary

Q&A

THANK YOU
ALAM/Dept/CourseCode/Subject/Month-
Year/Rev?

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Coastal Navigation

MARS & MAIB

1. Calculate speed, course ,CPA and

ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1 3

1. Define common terms

ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1 4

WO Own ship’s course and speed

WA Target’s true track/speed vector

NOTE When the target is a fixed

ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1

• Courses and Bearings =  3

• Close Point Approach (CPA) =  0.2 nmiles

• Time to CPA & A/C =  4 minutes

• Vessel’s spd & rate of current =  0.5 knots

No Observation Target ‘A’ Target ‘B’

2.0 Last relative bearing of target

3.0 Last range of target

4.0 Close Point Approach (CPA)

5.0 Time to CPA

6.0 Time of CPA

7.0 Course of target

8.0 Speed of target

9.0 Aspect of target

ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1

All ships of 10,000 gross tonnage and

.1 an automatic radar plotting aid, or other

2.7 All ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and

2.3 All ships o f 3 0 0 gross tonnage and

.2 a 9 GHz radar, or other means, to

MARS & MAIB

Is there any risk of collision?

Initial target course/speed =

Is there any risk of collision?

Initial target course/speed =

Initial target course/speed =082ºT X 16.0kn

At 1652 hrs the target alters course to

• Courses and Bearings =  3

• Close Point Approach (CPA) =  0.2 nmiles

• Time to CPA & A/C =  4 minutes

• Vessel’s spd & rate of current =  0.5 knots

082°T x 16’ 1652 hrs

WA = target course and speed

WA = target course and speed

WA length = WA’ length = no change in speed

Initial target course/speed =082ºT X 16.0kn

At 1652 hrs the target alters course to

• Courses and Bearings =  3

• Close Point Approach (CPA) =  0.2 nmiles

• Time to CPA & A/C =  4 minutes

• Vessel’s spd & rate of current =  0.5 knots

Radar plottings p11

At 2055 hrs the target alters course to

Time bearing (R) true range

At 2055 hrs the target alters course to

Head + rel. bearing = true bearing

2055 hrs posn

2055 hrs posn

At 2055 hrs the target alters course to

2.4 x 60/plotting interval

WA’ 000ºT 2055 hrs + (7.1/5.65 x 12)

(Passage Planning Guide - English channel and

ALAM/NSD/A1MC / May 2015 /Rev 1

• Courses and Bearings =  3

• Close Point Approach (CPA) =  0.2 nmiles