nee ‘meory of Gases s gr gases intermolecular Forces are verd weak o compared to hauids and solids molecules iM @ gas move randomly registering /causing good nooy collisions, among mremselves and he walls of Me container = The effects due to movement of as molecules are discussed here. GS LO. neem ec (+ Soyle’s Law | Tt states Hat at constant kemperature, pressure of given mass of qas 1s in versely proper tional we the volume occupied by tt bey el = @ PRY os, Pye e = —— &) Pa Vn t. First Law/ constant pressure Law Ti States Hat at constant pressure’ volume of giver Mass of gas is directly proportional te its absolute temperature VaT wi aie i)2 Second Law] constant volume Law fra sil Th states that at constant volume pressure of given solut mass of gas is directly proportonal to 1¥S abso e semper ature Par Pe KT pe ak: Tv i fue Bos a7 th | a To Fn t Ideal Gas : uk - The gas which obeys am He gas laws Gano as any imitations is called as ideal Q — Practically ideal qas does not exist ~ For a qas +o be ideal qas - Wo Intermoleculay forces should be zero WY Size of molecules should ‘be zero Real Gas ~The gas which obeys gas laws with verbo limitations is called a real qas -— The favouravle conditions are low pressure and high temperature raload mats arame ul) gdeal Gas Equation a paint pys Keene T where, kg — Boltzmann constant 23 Ky = U38 210° Ss] N > no-cy molecules Also, 7 Py = nRT n> nog ‘moles R > universel gas constant R= 8-34 T/molK Kine He Interpretation of Temperature Kinehe energy of a molecule 1S = The average and inde pendent of propor onal to its absolute precsure volume, its nature ie, € 3 x 2 Ke ANAT , 7 Various Speeds of a Gas dy Average /Mean speed ava) Vavy Vi 4 Va t Vato + Vy n Also, i Vevg > | B87 ova | | M—> molecular mass > RMS speed (Vrms) she square root of, mean of, squares cf, speeds ct gas molecules is cated its RMS speed Ving ot [VRE V Pe Vhs ster n Alse,W> Most Probaple speed WV) ~The Speed possessed by majority of molecules of d gas is called most probable spee Molar Specific Heat sThe-awount op heat required by.one mole oF a gas.e yaice its temperature by We, is called molay specific heat C+ das net) Units: r/ met 'R Molar: Specific Heaf is of .2 typesi~' d> Molar specific heat at constant volume (cy) ‘The amount of heat required by one mole oF a gas do raise its temperature by We, at constant volume — Using 45 Law of thermodynem a&@ - dutdw = enna) feat a sme wert ae PP interny! here, dw = rca v) - me ag = dur P(dv) As volume is constant here, dveo . ; => dqg=dw So eyes du n(dt) annt jar Specific Heal at Constant pressure (ce) aa MO f : t : amount of heat required by one mole cf a qos raise (#5 Temperature by te at constant vcessure cp -_46 nat) , Here, AG = dut Pidvy > ty + oP cp is always greater than cy y me rahe CF these specific heats is taken as y vos or ty v TAS Cp>Cy, always ¥ greater tran I tp-Cy > WR (Fer m moles of gas) fp-Cy = R (fer ene mele oF qas ) cp > du + P (dv) wv a du . cp ty ee du + Pdv- du cp tv = Pdvi i —— dd vsing py = nRT oitferenHa Hing, Pav+s vade - ne(aT) as Sali ale ate Pav) = neat) os. dT 3-1 os Pov) = Rk are From i) and qi’) Lp.sty ss an ehSimilarly, Vems > vv i Degrees of Freedom The no oY independent states Hie gas molecules can be under is caied degrees af freedom. ~ Tran8latHonal degrees of freedom are 3 and whey are % 1 > mv. ane where,pa tional degrees of freedom are 3 and RO are in > » Tyw ee We 4 ENN Oy > moment of inertia w > angular velocing yipranonal degrees of freedom are 3! and eh py ee ok 2 +} » tb ky gut vi brahonal degrees | _ por monoatomic goses, there are freedom Cranstatonaly 2 For diatomic or linear polyatomic of freedom is (F3ewe. Eayy? | retaticnal) 3 deqrees hey Hey ares of Freedom are applicable an when Temperatures ave very higher(special cate) oF gases degrees Sallis trenstatienal, 2 rotation ah} - for tatomic or non-lineor polyatomic qoses, Hneve art Go degrees OF Ffreedom(s translational, 4 & Norcy degrees of freedom is represented by fF” Low of EquiparHtion of Enerqy It states that he KineHe energy ig eguatiy gistributed amony rhe degrees of freedem of qas ie, each degree oF freedom gets Lket of heT--per mole ~ Fer f degrees of freedom = Rte iy > using, cy + du nat) Fore n.e (1 évice wadu lt per meleculeFor ForFor triatomic , fee Ve er rz 3 a A 3