Classification of Different Cell Type

Level of Organization in Living things

Atom->Molecule->Matter->Cell-> Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism

Plant Tissue - collection of similar cell that serve a specific purpose

Major Organs of plants
1. Roots
2. Stems
3. Leaves
Compose of the same three tissue
1. Dermal
2. Vascular tissues
3. Ground Tissue

Types of Plant Tissue

1. Dermal Tissue - outer layer that covers
-Exchange of matter between plants and environment
2. Vascular Tissues - complex tissue
-responsible for water and nutrient transport
3. Ground Tissue - constituites majority
-functions for metabolism, storage and support activities

Meristematic Tissue - called “meristem” or “undifferentiated type”

-embryonic cell of plants, have not specialized in function
-actively growing ad dividing cells
- found at young portions, near tip of root, in stem in leaf buds
-once it cease it transformed into plant type of plants tissue
Two types of Meristem
1. Apical Meristem - occure at the tip of roots and shoots
-root apical Meristem (RAM)
-Shoot apical Meristem (SAM)
-length wise extension of plant body (primary growth)
2. Lateral Meristem -outward extension of plant (secondary growth)
-produce secondary tissues and secondary plant body
- “cambia” (singular, cambium)
3. Ground Tissue - provide support and startch
- makes up the bulk
Ground Tissue 3 types
1. Parenchyma Cells
2. Collenchyma Cells
3. Sclerenchyma cells
Three cell Types of Ground Tissues
1. Parenchyma - thin walled with large central vacuoles
-perform virtually in all metabolic activity

Types of Parenchyma cells

1. Chlorenchyma Cells – contain chloroplasts
- Specialized for photosynthesis
2. Aerenchyma cells - large intracellular air spaces
-function in gas exchange
3. .Collenchyma - movable and stretchable
- discrete strands or continuous cylinders beneath epidermis
- unevenly thickened cell walls made up of (cellulose, pectin)
4. Sclerenchyma - uniformly thickened cells walls
-very rigid substance called (lignin)
- function to provide support
Two types of Sclerenchyma
1. Fibers -long slender cells occur in strands and bundles
2. Sclereids -vary shape, branch and occur singly or in groups in ground tissue

Vascular Tissue - “conductive tissue”

-complex tissue system produced from (procambium) in primary
- from (vascular cambium) in secondary growth
- function for conduction of water and some minerals
Two types of Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem - distributing water and minerals from roots and leaves
-principal conducting cell (tracheary elemnts)
Tracheids - long and thin tapered ends
Vessel Elements -elongated shape but not as long or thin as tracheids
2. Phloem - conducting food or organic material from leaves to the rest of plants
-elongated cells (sieve elements) that join end-to-end

Dermal tissue - major type of plant tissue

-outer covering of the plant body

Epidermal tissue - or epidermis, outer mostlayer of the primary plant

Types of Speciated Cell
1. Guard Cells -sausage shaped cell in pairs on leaf surface
2. Trichomes -hair like projections
3. Periderm - replace the epidermis in stem and roots

Two phases of growth in plants

1. Primary Growth -growth in height
2. Secondary Growth -growth in diameter or girth

4 types of Animal Tissue

 1. Epithelial Tissue - found on surface and function
- For protection, excretion and secretion
2. Connective Tissue - found beneath epithelial
-function to support other tissue
3. Muscle Tissue - only tissue capable of movement
4. Nervous Tissue - specialized for signal processing

Epithelial Tissue - closely packed cells arranged in flat sheets

-(Epithelia) surface on the skin, line the various cavities, tubes of body
-(Endothelia) epithelia that form the inner lining of blood and lymph
- function are protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, transport
Types of Epithelial Tissue
1. Simple Squamous - thin, rectangular appearance “floor tile-like”
-Inner cheek lining
2. Simple Columnar - tall, prismatic columns
-inner lining of intestines
3. Simple Cuboidal -cube shaped cells
-kidney

Types of Epithelial Tissue

1. Simple Epithelium - only single cell layer
2. Stratified Epithelium - more than one layer of cells
-different strata
3. Pseudostratified Epithelium -ciliated epithelium
-single layer of cells
-appear at first glance to form of two layers

Connective Tissue - great amount of extracellular material called (matrix)

-which contain of protein fiber embedded in an amorphouse
-function bind together, hold organs in place, form blood, store fats, fill space
Types of Connective Tissue
-Loose Connective Tissue (LCT)
1. Adipose Tissue - store fat, in beneath the skin
2. Blood - cells surrounded in liquid (plasma)
-contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

- Dense Connective Tissue (DCT)

1. Tendons and Ligaments -(ligaments) connective tissues that connect bone to bone
-(tendons) connective tissues that connect muscle bundle

Specialized Connective Tissues (SCT)

1. Cartilage - cells( (chondrocytes and fiber embedded in abundant matrix
2. Bone - main support to body, cells are called (osteocytes)
Muscle Tissue - contraction of individual muscles cells (muscle fiber)
Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal (striated) Muscle Tissue - alternating bans perpendicular to the long axis
-conjuction with skeletal system for voluntary
2. Smooth Muscle Tissues -lack the bands, actin and myosin still occure
- involuntary movement or automatic response
3. Cardiac Muscle Tissue - satiated muscle found only in heart
-bifurcated shape, with nucleus near the center

Nervous Tissue - receive and transmit impulses (communication)

Two main cell types
1. Neurons - transmit nerve message
2. Glial Cells - direct contact with neurons and often surrounds them

Parts of Neuron
1. Cell Body - contains nucleus, mitochondria, and eukaryotic cells
2. Dendrite - shorter, branched(tree-like) protoplasmic
-transmits impulses toward the cell body
3. Axon -long unbranched protoplasmic process
-transmits message away from the cell body