PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUE

Plant tissue
• Cells  Tissue  Organs  System 
Organism
• Tissue is a group of similar cells adapted
to a particular function.
 PLANT TISSSUE

Meristematic Permanent
Tissues Tissues

Simple Complex
apical meristem lateral meristem
permanent permanent
(Primary) (Secondary)
tissues tissues

Phloem (vascular Xylem (vascular

Epidermis Parenchyma
tissues) tissues)

Chlorenchyma Collenchymad

Sclerenchyma
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES (undifferentiated /
unspecialised)
- cells of meristematic tissue are found in meristems of
the plants region of continuous cell division & growth.
- Are either undifferentiated or incompletely
differentiated
- Immature tissue that needs continuous progress &
developments
APICAL MERISTEM
Tips of roots and stems
Produce new cells for growth,
repair and replacement of worn
out / damaged tissues
LATERAL MERISTEM
Found between Xylem and
phloem
Produce new cells for growth,
repair and replacement of worn
out / damaged tissues
PERMANENT TISSUES

- consists of plant cells that are no

longer actively dividing
continuously divide
- matured tissue, hindi na
nagkakaroon ng cell division.

1. Dermal Tissue
It Is the first line of defense and
protection in plants (like our skin)
Dermal tissue covers the plant and
can be found on the outer layer of
roots, stem, and leaves.
EPIDERMIS
It is made up of single layer of cells called
epidermis (contains cuticle, to prevent water
loss or dehydration of plants) \
Lines the surface of roots, stems and leaves
Protect plant organs, they form guard cells, or
root hair cells which absorb water and
minerals
Its main functions are transpiration, gas
exchange and defense.
Transpiration – conversion of water from liquid to
gas as it passes through the plant stomata.

Gas Exchange – is the process whereby water

vapor + oxygen leaves, the carbon dioxide enters
plant leaves. (palitan ng gases)

Defense – protection from pathogens & predators,

and dehydration.
2. Vascular Tissue - Is the plumbing system
of the plant because it allows water,
minerals, & dissolved sugars from
photosynthesis to pass through roots,
stems, leaves, and other parts of the plant

Two conducting Tissue

Xylem – transports water & minerals from

the roots to different parts of the plant.

Phloem – transport organic compounds or

nutrients such as sugars from the site of
photosynthesis to the rest of the plants.
(chloroplast – site of photosynthesis)
3. Ground Tissue
Oftentimes, tissues that are not considered dermal or vascular tissue
are noted as ground tissue.
This cell store molecules (such as starch), photosynthesize or
support the plant.

COLLENCHYMA
Found in stem and leaves
Provides strength and support to the aerial parts of plants

PARENCHYMA
Fills up large spaces between other tissues in roots and stems
Packaging tissues, stores food as starch, allows movement of water
and gases & gaseous exchange.
SCLERENCHYMA
Found in leaves, stems, roots and fruit of plants
Provides mechanical support to the plant

CHLORENCHYMA
Found in leaves
Contains chlorophyll for the manufacture of organic compounds
such as glucose by photosynthesis
1. Epithelial Tissue
- Is the outermost covering of the animal.
- It is found in the lining of organs and cavities
inside an animals body
- It is made up of closely packed cells which
defend the animal from injury, pathogens, and
dehydration.
- Covers the outside of the body and lines the
internal organs and cavities.
- Protects against mechanical injury and
Invasive micro-organisms
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
Squamous-lines the lungs and mouth that protects
underlying tissue and allow certain
Substances to pass through

Columnar-Lines the inside of the small intestines

Provides support to other cell types, absorbs food,
H2O and minerals, contains’ goblet cells to
secrete mucus.

Ciliated-Lines the breathing passages Mucus

from goblet cell traps dust, the beating cilia drives
out the mucus with the dust.

Cuboidal Lines the gland Produces a variety of

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ACCORDING TO LAYER

SIMPLE Single layer epithelium

STRATIFIED Two or more layers of epithelia
TRANSITIONAL Number of layers changes
depending to the situation
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED Appear to be in several
layer, but in reality, it is a single layer
Appear to be in several layer, but in reality, it is
a single layer
2. Connective Tissue
-Aids in organ defense.
- Made up of cells widely distributed in the extracellular matrix.

Connective tissues are classified as:

Connective tissue proper – provides support and protection to the body
Vascular Tissue – aids transportation of nutrients like water, nutrients.
Skeletal Tissue – supports the body and gives proper shape and form

The connective tissues perform the following functions:

- They attach organs and tissues together
- They store fat in the form of adipose tissue
- They help in repairing tissues
- They prevent the organs from the mechanical shocks.
- Adipose Tissues – fatty tissue a connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells.
Areolar
Found under the skin that Insulates the
body and protects organs by serving
as a packaging tissue

Yellow elastic
Forms ligaments, Makes up ligaments
which connect bone to bone
White fibrous- Forms tendon and Makes
up tendons which connect muscles to
bones

White fibrocartilage is Found between

the vertebrae Acts as a shock absorber

Yellow elastic cartilage is found in Ear

lobe and epiglottis, Epiglottis opens and
closes the opening to the trachea
Hyaline cartilage Found between the bone, in the Reduces friction between bones
ribs, ear, as rings in air passages and joints

Bone Found in bone Forms bones making up the

endoskeleton of mammals, giving
shape and support to the body,
Endoskeleton also protects
internal organs and serves for the
attachment of muscles

Blood Found in arteries, capillaries and Transports digested food,

veins hormones and enzymes,
respiratory gases and excretory
waste
Muscle Tissue
- It helps in movement and locomotion - It supports the bones and other
structures - It is responsible for peristalsis and parturition

Classified into Three Types: -

Cardiac – helps in blood circulation & keeps the heart pumping
Smooth – helps in peristalsis & other involuntary function of the body
Skeletal – provide support, help in movement & maintain homeostasis
(digestive system) e.g. pagkurap ng mata

Locomotion – ability of something to transport or more itself from place

to place Peristalsis – movement of food from mouth to digestive tract
Parturition – childbirth / giving birth
NERVE TISSUES
- Makes up the peripheral and the central
nervous system - It possesses the ability to
initiate and transmit the nerve impulse
Main Components:

Neurons
- basic and functional unit of nervous system
that comprises of axon, cell body & dendrites
Neuroglia
- these are special cells found in the brain and
spinal cord. - They provide support to the
neurons and fibers
Neurosecretory cells
- like endocrine system, they secrete chemical
- they release chemicals from the axons
Nerve tissue Location Function

Motor Found between central Carries impulses from the

nervous system and central nervous system to
nervous gland. the effectors (muscle and
glands)

Sensory Found between the sense Carries impulses from the

organs and central sense organs (receptions)
nervous system to the central nervous
system
PLANT AND
ANIMAL
REPRODUCT
ION
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
Is the biological process by which new individual organisms –
-offspring- are produced from their “parents”.
Through reproduction, the generation of species is being
assured

Two Types of Reproduction

1. Sexual Reproduction - Requires two parents and involve the
fusion of two sex cells to form a zygote, - Offspring produced
in this type of reproduction shows variation and is not exact
copy of parents.
2. Asexual Reproduction - Reproduction in which requires only
Asexual Reproduction in Plants

1. Natural Vegetative Reproduction

Vegetative Reproduction
- is the type of reproduction in plants from
its vegetative parts or specialized
reproductive structure.
- Stems, leaves, and roots
- Rhizomes
- Bulb
- Stolon (Runners)
- Tubers
- Corms
2. Artificial Reproduction
Often foster than growing plants from seeds.
Each plant generated is identical and genetically the same as the
parentry and is called clone.

Macro propagation
Some plants are propagated by stem cuttings. The cuttings are
then stimulated the root through the treatment of plant hormone
such as auxin.
Grafting – attaches a piece of stem from one plant to a root or
root bearing stem of another plant.
Stock-provides root
Scion-added piece
Marcotting propagating a new plant
from a branch still attached to the
parent plant, by getting roots to
form on the branch.

Layering technique of plant

propagation where the new plant
remains at least partially attached to
the mother plant while forming new
roots
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Most of the flowering plants
reproduced sexually. The flower
is the reproductive part of the
plant both by male and female
gametes are produced by
flowers.
Pollination
-it is a process of transferring pollen grains from
anther to the stigma
Self-pollination happen in the same flower.
Cross pollination happen in different flower of the
same species and transferred by pollinators.
Fertilization takes place with the help of pollinator.
The fusion of gametes.
Seed dispersal is a mechanism that seed is
transported
Germination is the ability of seed to produce
embryonic root and stem and depends on different
Asexual Reproduction in
Animals
1.Budding - During this time, an
offspring begins its life attached to the
parent. The offspring eventually
breaks off to continue its life as a
separate individual.
2. Binary Fission –
Type of asexual
reproduction that occurs in a
unicellular-organisms -
During this time, one parent
cell replicates its genetic
material and splits or divides
into two identical daughter
3. Fragmentation - Types of
asexual reproduction wherein a
parent organism breaks into
fragment. Each fragment then
grows independently into a
new organism.
4. Regeneration - The process
in which fragment grows as an
individual or new organism.
Sexual Reproduction
Begins with sperms and egg cells which are produced in a
process called meiosis. - These cells referred to as haploid
because they contain half of the number of chromosomes as the
parent. - Haploid sperm + haploid egg = Diploid Zygote
Zygote – technical term of fertilized egg

Sexual Reproduction in Animals occurs in three fundamental

steps:
1. Gametogenesis – production of gametes
2. Spawning or mating – bringing gametes together
3. Fertilization – fusion of gametes
Nerve tissue Location Function

Motor Found between central Carries impulses from the

nervous system and central nervous system to
nervous gland. the effectors (muscle and
glands)

Sensory Found between the sense Carries impulses from the

organs and central sense organs (receptions)
nervous system to the central nervous
system