The Cell Cycle-

Mitosis and Meiosis

Interphase- G1, S, G2
Mitosis or Meiosis
The Cell Cycle
n The sequence of growth and
division of a cell
Interphase = G1, S, G2
n Interphase is when the cell grows,
and the organelles double prior to
the actual splitting of the nucleus.
n 93% of a cell’s life is spent in
interphase.
n Interphase has three parts
u Growth 1 (G1)
u Synthesis (S)

u Growth 2 (G2)
G1, S, G2
n G1 is when organelles double.
u Remember each new cell needs a
complete set of organelles.
n S when DNA is replicated.
u Each cell needs a complete and
identical set of DNA
n G2 Proteins needed for Mitosis are
produced.
Mitosis
n The process by which the cell nucleus divides
into two identical cell nuclei.
n In some Human cells interphases lasts 15.3
hours, while mitosis lasts only .7 hours.
n Occurs in a series of steps
u Prophase
u Metaphase
u Anaphase
u Telophase
« Cytokinesis
Chromosomes
n Must duplicate and separate during
Mitosis
n Structures of the tightly packaged
DNA
n DNA is tangled up into a substance
of chromatin
n The chromatin is packaged on the
chromosome
Chromosomal structure
 Prophase
n Chromosomes now called chromatids because
they doubled to form short thick rods which pair
up and line up in the center of the nucleus.
n A centromere connects the two halves of the
doubled chromatids.
n Spindle fibers begin to form.
u Spindle fiber – a fibrous structure from the
cytoplasm which forms to the centriole.
n Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
n The nuclear membrane breaks down.
Prophase
 Metaphase
n Centromeres of the chromatid pairs line up in the
middle of the cell.
n Metaphase plate- location where the
centromeres line up in the center of the cell.
n By the end of metaphase each chromatid has
attached to spindle fibers.
Metaphase
Anaphase
n The spindle fibers pull the
chromatids apart.
n This separates each one from its
duplicate. These move to opposite
sides of the cell.
n Now there are two identical sets of
chromosomes.
Anaphase
Telophase
n When the chromosomes reach
opposite sides of the cell the
spindle fibers break up.
n The nuclear membrane begins to
reform.
n A furrow begins to develop
between the two sets of
chromosomes.
Telophase
Cytokinesis
n The two identical cells completely
divide and the cell membrane is
completely formed.
Mitosis Movie 1
Mitosis movie 2
 Meiosis
n Diploid (2n) - A cell with two of each kind of
chromosome.
u One chromosome from each parent.
n If two body cells were to combine nuclei, the
number of chromosomes would double.
n In order for sexual reproduction to occur, each
cell involved must reduce its chromosome
number by half.
n Haploid (n)- A cell with one of each kind of
chromosome.
Haploid cells
n Haploid cells are called gametes
n Gametes are either sperm or eggs
n Organism diploid gamete
u Human 46 23
u Pea 14 7
u Fruit fly 8 4
u Dog 78 39
 Homologous chromosomes
n Are paired chromosomes with genes for the
same trait arranged in the same order.
u Ex. Eye color, hair color, height, one may
code for blue, blonde, tall, its homolog may
code for brown, blonde, short
n Homologous chromosomes may have
different alleles on them
n Allele- gene form for each variation of a trait
of an organism.
 Meiosis
n Meiosis is the process of cell division in which
gametes are formed and the number of
chromosomes is halved. So that sexual
reproduction and zygote formation can occur.
n Zygote- Fertilized egg which has a diploid
number of chromosomes.
 Stages of Meiosis
n Interphase-
u Chromosomes replicate
u Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister
chromatids
n Prophase I
u Each Pair of homologous chromosomes come
together to form a tetrad.
u Tetrad- 2 homologous chromosomes come
together and the 4 chromatids overlap.
Crossing over
Tetrads are so tight that non-sister chromatids
from the homologous pair actually exchange
genetic material.
u Crossing over- The exchange of genetic
material by non-sister chromatids during late
prophase I of meiosis.
u Results in a new combination of alleles
 Metaphase I
n Homologous chromosomes line up together in
pairs.
u * In mitosis homologous chromosomes line up in
the middle independently of each other.
Anaphase I
n Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of
each pair.
n Homologous chromosomes separate and move
to opposite ends of the cell.
n Centromeres DO NOT split like they do in
mitosis
n Now each cell will get one chromosome from
each homologous pair.
Telophase I
n Spindle fibers break down
n Chromosomes uncoil
n Cytoplasm divides
n Another cell division is needed because the
number of chromosomes has not been reduced
n After telophase I there maybe a short interphase,
but not always. It is important to note that if a
cell does have a second interphase, there is No
replication of chromosomes.
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
n Is basically just like mitosis, but remember the
chromosomes did not duplicate in interphase II.
n Prophase II
u Chromosomes begin to line up in the middle of the
cell.
u Spindle fibers begin to form

n Metaphase II
u Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
Meiosis II
n Anaphase II
u Centromeres split
u Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite
sides of the cell
n Telophase II
u Nuclei reform
u Spindle fibers disappear

u Cytoplasm divides into two.

n The number of chromosomes in each daughter

cell has now been reduced by half.
Meiosis II
Meiosis Movie 1