CELL CYCLE

➢ Growth
◊ Permanent increase in size and accompanied by cell division and
differentiation to form tissues and organs.
➢ Cell Cycle
◊ is the process a cell undertakes to replicate all of its material
and divide into two identical cells.
◊ It includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
◊ It is important because
○ make it possible for organisms
○ to replace cells that are old or damaged
○ to produce new cells
➢ Chromosomes
◊ Are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid or (DNA)
➢ DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
◊ It carries or stores our genetic material.
◊ A double Helix
➢ Cancer
◊ It is caused by uncontrolled division of cells.
➢ Nucleosomes
◊ DNA wrapped in protein

➢ Chromatin
◊ is a thread like strand it will be looped or condensed until it
made a bundle which will be chromosomes.

2 MAIN PHASES IN CELL CYCLE

◊ Interphase
◊ Mitotic

➢ Interphase
◊ Resting stage or non-dividing stage.
◊ It absorbs nutrients and building up protoplasm.
◊ Chromosomes appear as long thin threads called chromatin.
◊ Chromatin threads cannot be distinguished individually at this
stage.
◊ Centrioles divide during interphase in ANIMAL CELL.

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CELL CYCLE /INTERPHASE
STAGES OF INTERPHASE
◊ G1 Phase
◊ rapid growth and replication of organelles.
◊ results in the growth of the cell due to active protein
synthesis and imbibition of materials. Cell organelles are
duplicated, and centrioles are replicated.
◊ Organelles replicate because they can be worn out.

◊ S Phase
◊ is characterized by chromosome duplication as a result of
DNA replication. Each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) is
replicated by the cell
◊ G2 Phase
◊ the cell continues to grow, and asters, spindle fibers, and
other materials needed for cell division are formed.
◊ Replication of centrioles is also completed.
◊ During this stage, the cell double-checks the duplicated
chromosomes for any error so it can make the needed
repair before the actual cell division.

➢ Mitotic Phase
◊ a cell reproduces
◊ each pair is called a duplicated chromosomes

STAGES OF MITOTIC PHASE

◊ Mitosis
◊ Cytokinesis

➢ Mitosis
◊ Somatic cells
◊ A form of nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei
containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent
nucleus.
◊ Daughter nuclei are genetically identical

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CELL CYCLE/ MITOSIS
STAGES OF MITOSIS
◊ Prophase
○ Formation of chromosome ; condensing of chromatin to
become chromosomes. ; coiling and condensing of chromatin
to become chromosomes.
○ Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids
attached at the centromere.
○ DNA is distinguishable in this stage since it is chromatin.
○ Chromosomes are now visible under a microscope.
○ Asters form around the centrioles in an animal cell.
○ Asters are made up of microtubules.
○ Spindle forms with spindle fibers extending from one pole of
the cell to the other.
□ Early Prophase
 The mitotic spindle starts to form, the
chromosomes start to condense, and the nucleolus
disappears.
 In early prophase, the cell starts to break down
some structures and build others up, setting the
stage for division of the chromosomes.
 centrioles will move at the opposite poles of nucleus
 aster: short strand of microtubules
 spindle fiber: elongated made up of microtubules
 nucleus will start to breakdown
□ Late Prophase
 The nuclear envelope breaks down and the
chromosomes are fully condensed.
 In late prophase sometimes also called
prometaphase
 The mitotic spindle begins to capture and organize
the chromosomes. The chromosomes become even
more condensed, so they are very compact.
◊ Metaphase
○ Chromosomes line up in single file at the middle of the cell.
○ Centromere is the region that has protein where spindle
fiber will connect.
○ Animal cell has centriole in the metaphase. Plant doesn't
have.

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CELL CYCLE/MITOSIS
◊ Anaphase
○ sister chromatids separate.
○ spindle fiber is the cause while sister chromatids separate
because spindle fibers begin to shorten.
○ the cell begins to lengthen.
◊ Telophase
○ a nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin
○ the chromosome begin to unwind.
○ spindle fibers begin to break down.
○ two identical nuclei form.

➢ Cytokinesis
◊ division of cytoplasm
○ IN ANIMAL: this forms a crease called furrow in the
middle of the cell.
○ IN PLANT: cell plate will be formed.
○ Cell plate is made up from vesicles join together

*OTHER INFO:
◊ Counting of chromosomes: 1 chromosomes consist of 2 sister
chromatids
◊ If there are 10 chromosomes , the daughter chromosomes will
be 10 as well.
◊ Daughter chromosomes are the chromatids that are separated
during anaphase.
◊ Daughter cell are the genetically identical cells formed when a
cell undergoes cell division or mitosis.
◊ Centrioles are absent in plant cell.
◊ Neurons don't undergo cell division when it's mature.
◊ DNA need to be replicated because 2 cells should have same
copy of material.

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REPRODUCTION
➢ Reproduction
◊ Production of new organisms
➢ Fertilization
◊ Occurs when the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with nucleus of
the female gamete to form a zygote.
➢ Zygote
◊ It is the fertilized egg.
➢ Embryo
◊ It is formed when the zygote divides by mitosis to form an
embryo.
➢ Gametes
◊ Are reproductive cells that contain half the number of
chromosomes as the normal body cells.
➢ n
◊ Represents the number of set of chromosomes.
➢ Diploid number
◊ Number of chromosomes in the normal body cell.
◊ Complete set of chromosomes.
◊ Represented by 2n
➢ Haploid number
◊ Half diploid.
◊ Half set of chromosomes.
◊ Represented by n
*Humans have 46 DNA molecules therefore humans have 46 chromosomes,
therefore 2n=46 and n=23.
➢ Paternal
◊ Father's chromosomes.
➢ Maternal
◊ Mother's chromosomes.

2 TYPES OF CELLS
◊ Somatic cells (Diploid cells)
○ Undergo mitosis
○ cells in the body
◊ Sex cells (Haploid cells)
○ Undergo Meiosis
○ Gametes

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MEIOSIS/ MEIOSIS I
➢ Meiosis
◊ Is a form of nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei
containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent
nucleus.
◊ Also known as reduction division.
◊ This is called reduction division because each of the daughter
cells produced contains half the number of chromosomes as the
parent cell.
◊ A production that produces reproductive cells.
◊ A genetic recombination.
◊ Produces 4 daughter cells wherein all daughter cells are unique
and not identical with the parent cell.
◊ It always starts with diploid cell
➢ Male sex chromosome: XY
➢ Female sex chromosome: XX
➢ Homologous Chromosomes
◊ Couple chromosomes/pair chromosome
◊ Pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
◊ Chromosomes will pair if:
 Has the same length, genes, gene position, location of
centromere.
➢ Synapsis
◊ It is the fusion of homologous chromosomes.

2 DIVISION OF MEIOSIS
◊ Meiosis I
◊ Meiosis II

STAGES OF MEIOSIS I
◊ Interphase I
○ Chromatin threads replicate, producing two identical sister
chromatids attached at the centromere. It is not visible
under the microscope.
○ The pair of centrioles divides.

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MEIOSIS I/ MEIOSIS II
◊ Prophase I
○ Chromatin threads condense, coil and shorten to become
chromosomes.
○ Chromosomes are now visible under the light microscope.
○ The homologous chromosomes condense and pair up, forming a
tetrad.
○ Crossing over or synapsis can occur during the latter part of this
stage.
○ Chromatids of homologous chromosomes may cross and twist
around one another in chiasma (plural: chiasmata).
○ Crossing over or exchange of genetic material. It produces new
combination of alleles along the chromosomes.
◊ Metaphase I
○ homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate, and spindle
fibers attach to the kinetochore of their centromeres.
◊ Anaphase I
○ Homologous pairs separate with sister chromatids.
○ Spindle fibers shorten
○ Each chromosome here is still made up of two chromatids
◊ Telophase I
○ two daughter haploid cells are formed
◊ Cytokinesis I
○ divides the cell into two, each containing half the chromosome
number of the parent cell.
○ Each haploid cell then undergoes another series of divisions
in Meiosis II.

STAGES IN MEIOSIS II
◊ Prophase II
○ The chromosomes condense, and centrioles replicate and
move to opposite poles.
○ Nuclear envelope disappears.
○ Spindle fibers appear.
◊ Metaphase II
○ chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

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MEIOSIS II
◊ Anaphase II
○ The centromeres divide.
○ Sister chromatids separate to become daughter
chromosomes.
◊ Telophase II
○ Spindle fibers disappear.
○ Nuclear envelopes form around the two daughter
chromosomes at each pole.
○ A nucleolus reforms.
◊ Cytokinesis II
○ Cleavage of cytoplasm results in four daughter cells being
produced, each with half the number of chromosomes as the
parent cell.

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