CELL

CYCLE
CELL CYCLE
- series of events that
takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides
INTERPHASE
A cell spends most of its time
in this phase, and during this
time it grows, replicates its
chromosomes, and prepares
for cell division.
 G1 stage
❑decision-making
❑the stage where the cell
is preparing to divide.
 S phase
❑S stands for DNA
synthesis.
❑where the cell copies all
the DNA.
 G2 stage
❑where it organizes and
condenses the genetic
material, or starts to condense
the genetic material, and
prepares to divide
 M phase
❑the cell divides its copied DNA and
cytoplasm to make two new cells.
❑It involves two distinct division-
related processes: mitosis and
cytokinesis.
 mitosis
❑where the cell actually
partitions the two copies of the
genetic material into the two
daughter cells
 mitosis
❑Mitosis takes place in five
stages: prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.
 mitosis
➢PROPHASE
- the first phase of mitosis
- The chromosomes start to
condense
- The mitotic spindle begins to form
- The nucleolus disappear
 mitosis
➢PROMETAPHASE
- the second phase of mitosis
- the mitotic spindle begins to capture and
organize the chromosomes
- the chromosomes become even more
compact.
- The nuclear envelope breaks down,
releasing the chromosomes.
 mitosis
➢METAPHASE
- the third phase of mitosis
- the spindle has captured all the
chromosomes and lined them up at
the middle of the cell, ready to divide.
- All the chromosomes align at the
metaphase plate
 mitosis
➢ANAPHASE
- the fourth phase of mitosis
- the sister chromatids separate
from each other and are pulled
towards opposite ends of the cell.
 mitosis
➢TELOPHASE
- the fifth and final phase of mitosis
- the cell is nearly done dividing
- The mitotic spindle is broken down into
its building blocks.
- Two new nuclei form, one for each set of
chromosomes.
 Cytokinesis
❑the division of the cytoplasm to
form two new cells
❑overlaps with the final stages of
mitosis
In animal cells, cytokinesis is
contractile, pinching the cell in two
like a coin purse with a drawstring.
The “drawstring” is a band of
filaments made of a protein called
actin, and the pinch crease is known
as the cleavage furrow.
Plant cells can’t be divided like this
because they have a cell wall and
are too stiff. Instead, a structure
called the cell plate forms down
the middle of the cell, splitting it
into two daughter cells separated
by a new wall.
 Cytokinesis
❑When cytokinesis finishes, we end up with two new
cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes
identical to those of the mother cell.
❑The daughter cells can now begin their own cellular
“lives,” and – depending on what they decide to be
when they grow up – may undergo mitosis
themselves, repeating the cycle
 Meiosis
❑Exclusive for gametes
❑a process where a single cell
divides twice to produce four cells
containing half the original
amount of genetic information.
 Meiosis
❑consist of two sets of cell division
▪MEIOSIS I & MEIOSIS II
❑Resulting of four daughter cells
each with half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell
 meiosis
❑PROPHASE I
- The nuclear envelope
disintegrates.
- Chromosomes begin to condense.
- Spindle fibers appear.
 meiosis
❑METAPHASE I
- The homologous chromosomes
align at the equatorial plate
ensuring genetic diversity among
offspring.
 meiosis
❑ANAPHASE I
- The homologous chromosomes
are pulled towards the opposite
poles.
 meiosis
❑TELOPHASE I
- Spindle fibers disappear.
- Nuclear envelope is reformed.
 meiosis
❑PROPHASE II
- The chromatin condenses into
chromosomes.
- Nuclear envelope disintegrates.
- Centrosomes migrate to either poles.
- Spindle fibers are reformed.
 meiosis
❑METAPHASE II
- The chromosomes align along the
equatorial plate. On the contrary,
the chromosomes in metaphase I
were in homologous pairs.
 meiosis
❑ANAPHASE II
- Sister chromatids are pulled
to the opposite poles.
 meiosis
❑TELOPHASE II
- Nuclear envelope
redevelops and the
spindle fibers disappear.
 ANY
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