Hindawi

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

Volume 2022, Article ID 6361098, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6361098

Research Article
Maintenance and Management Technology of Medical Imaging
Equipment Based on Deep Learning

Bin Liu , Lingli Tong, Yanmei Liu, and Zhizhang Guo

Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, Jinan 250021, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Bin Liu; sddyykdx2022@163.com

Received 5 May 2022; Accepted 31 May 2022; Published 1 July 2022

Academic Editor: Mohammad Farukh Hashmi

Copyright © 2022 Bin Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Medical equipment maintenance in modern hospital management is an emerging marginal discipline which is one of the
important branches of hospital management with the dual function of management and technology. The good or bad man-
agement of medical equipment directly affects the quality of hospital work. With the development of science and technology, the
scale of hospitals continues to expand and develop; hospitals are equipped with more and more medical equipment and its
technical content is getting higher and higher, which makes the medical equipment management and maintenance practitioners
more demanding. However, the situation of existing medical equipment management and maintenance personnel is not op-
timistic. For this reason, this paper designs a good database structure, which can effectively reduce data redundancy and better
avoid the problems that may occur during the database operation. As a reference guideline for database design, the three database
paradigms can be studied and understood in depth to help software designers design more “robust” databases, enabling effective
maintenance and management of medical imaging equipment.

1. Introduction large number of job-hopping; many people have switched to

As the trend of engineering, intelligence, and networking of
medical diagnosis and treatment technology becomes more
and more obvious, the proportion of medical equipment in
medical and health care expenditure is also increasing [1].
The personnel engaged in medical equipment management
and maintenance should also be improved year by year and
the quality requirements of these personnel are getting
higher and higher, but the actual situation is that their status
in the hospital is not clear, they are mostly under the
auxiliary departments or logistics departments, and the
trend of being weakened and marginalized weakened the
role of medical equipment management and maintenance in
the overall medical activities [2]. Some hospitals even cancel
the medical equipment management department to engage
in the marketization and socialization of medical equipment
maintenance, which makes medical equipment management
and maintenance can not meet the clinical needs in terms of
timeliness or economy, resulting in a shortage of medical
equipment management and maintenance personnel and a
become agents of major foreign medical equipment com-
panies [3].
As the degree of integration increases, the complexity of
the equipment also increases, while the localization rate of
medical equipment is not high, so we are limited in the field
of medical equipment [4, 5]. Technology is monopolized
coupled with large equipment by the manufacturer’s war-
ranty, does not provide drawings, sets the password,
maintenance technology blockade, and so on, and causes the
rate of self-repair of equipment to decline. Especially for
some high-grade precision equipment to buy a warranty has
become a trend. Medical equipment maintenance surface is
increasingly narrow plus a variety of different types of
equipment whose professional division is too fine; existing
technical personnel can only solve some basic maintenance
of equipment [6]. Due to the obvious lack of technical
personnel, many people are working in several jobs; it is
difficult to do fine and is specialized also in making medical
equipment management and maintenance personnel work
under increased pressure; in addition, relatively low
2 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
treatment promotion is hopeless; career prospects are
generally not favored [7–9].
2. Related Work
In order to achieve more and better research results in the
field of imaging using deep learning techniques and put
them into clinical applications as early as possible, based on
the model and characteristics of deep learning, researchers
are first required to have a large amount of medical image
annotation data, while a traditional manual annotation is too
time-consuming and laborious, the accuracy of automatic
annotation [10] is not yet up to the requirement of deep
learning techniques for high accuracy of datasets, and the
results are annotated by traditional methods. The traditional
medical image annotation methods and results are therefore
not suitable for use in deep learning research methods [11].
In terms of medical image annotation tools, although there
are many software systems for medical image processing
from well-known large companies in the medical field, such
as Neusoft Medical, Heiner Medizin, and Siemens at home
and abroad, no company or enterprise has yet developed a
perfect annotation system for deep learning technology in
medical image annotation as a new research hotspot com-
bined with the field of imaging. Although some image an-
notation widgets exist, they all have a single function and do
not have the functions of acquiring medical big data, data
storage, data statistics, annotation of many types and for-
mats of medical images, and their visualization [12].
Therefore, how to extract a large number of different kinds of
medical image data from different hospital PACS system
databases, store, manage, report, browse, and annotate the
images and annotation file formats that can be directly used
for deep learning, and then provide a large number of da-
tabases for the research progress of deep learning technology
in the medical field is the primary problem that is commonly
faced and urgently needed to be solved by experts and
scholars who apply deep learning technology to the medical
field [13–18].
3. Overall System Design
3.1. Overall Architecture Design. Based on the research at the
hospital site and the analysis of the current needs in the field
of medical image research, the design of this project divides
the overall system architecture into the following three
levels: interface layer, functional layer, and data exchange
layer, as shown in Figure 1. As the name implies, the in-
terface layer is the common system operation interface,
which can be seen directly by the user when starting the
software system [19]. The design of the interface layer
generally follows the following principles: to ensure the
perfection of the functions while making full use of the
interface space, consistent background color, neat typog-
raphy, different font sizes, and prominent functional
modules, so that the interface looks beautiful and generous
as a whole, comfortable for the user to use, and easy to
operate; the functional layer is mainly used to receive and
implement requests for various functions on the interface,
Data migration Data storage
Interface layer
module module
Data statistics Data annotation
module module
Functional layer
Data exchange layer
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the entire system architecture.
and to minimize the overall. The data exchange layer is
mainly used to complete the data connection and exchange
between the database and the client, which is responsible for
the data exchange between the whole system and the da-
tabase, and the design of the data exchange layer needs to
comply with the following principles: to ensure that the
system can connect to the requested database when needed
and perform common database operations such as adding,
deleting, changing, and checking the corresponding data-
base table data, and to require that the system can be
connected to the database when needed. It is also required
that the operation process should not affect other database
table data and be accurate [20].
3.2. Database Design. A well-designed database structure
can effectively reduce data redundancy and better avoid
possible problems during database operations. As a refer-
ence guideline for database design, an in-depth study and
understanding of the three paradigms can help software
designers to design a more “robust” database.
Based on this, the database table design in this project
strictly follows the basic principles of the three paradigms.
The First Paradigm (1NF). Atomicity, as a typical feature of
the first paradigm, determines that each field in a database
table is a single attribute and cannot be subdivided; i.e., no
more than one value can appear in the same column, as
shown in Table 1, which satisfies this paradigm, and Table 2,
which does not satisfy this paradigm.
The Second Paradigm (2NF). The second paradigm is based
on the first paradigm, which means that the second para-
digm is satisfied only if the first paradigm is satisfied first.
The column used as the unique identifier for each instance in
this paradigm table is called the primary key or primary
keyword. This column with a unique identifier ensures the
uniqueness of the data rows in the table and avoids the
situation where some field values will depend on some of the
fields to exist, thus doing away with partial dependencies. If,
because there are multiple primary keys in the table, some of
the fields are completely dependent on the primary key,
while the rest of the fields are partially dependent on one of
the primary keys, the situation of partial dependency will
arise. At this time, in order to make the table structure
conform to the second paradigm, we split the table and use
the split primary key as the unique primary key of each new
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
Table 1: Example of the first paradigm.
Field 2 3
Data 2 3
Table 2: Example of not satisfying the first paradigm.
Field 2 3
Data 2 3.1 3.2
table, respectively, so that the new tables all become fully
dependent, which can satisfy the second paradigm.
The Third Paradigm (3NF). Satisfying the third paradigm
presupposes that the second paradigm is satisfied first. This
paradigm requires that all fields in the table other than the
primary key depend directly on the primary key, and there
can be no passing dependencies. By passing dependency, we
mean that nonprimary key column 1 depends on non-
primary key column 2, while nonprimary key column 2
depends on the primary key. Since the fields that generate
pass dependency are redundant fields, the design of the third
paradigm eliminates the pass dependency while better
avoiding data redundancy. Similar to the second paradigm,
when a pass dependency occurs, it can also be solved by
using relational decomposition, where the field in the
original table where the pass dependency occurs is taken out
and put into a new table, and the primary key of the new
table is set to the dependent field in the original table, at
which time the field is treated as a foreign key of the original
table.
According to the design architecture of the whole sys-
tem, the database relationship diagrams used for each
functional module are drawn separately using the entity-
connection diagram as shown in Figure 2.
As shown in Figures 3–5, the database tables of each
module are designed according to the relationship diagram;
the patient information table to save the migrated data, the
Bucket table to manage the cloud storage files, and the
annotation table to manage and save the information related
to the data to be annotated and annotated, etc., are created,
respectively.
The first step is to design the database tables for the data
migration module. The database table of this module con-
tains the record and storage of basic information about
patients, examination, and diagnosis report information and
examination and diagnosis image information. According to
the field research, in order to meet the demand of each
department for patient information, the basic information of
patients, examination and diagnosis reports, and image
information are usually stored in different database tables, so
for the operation process of this system, if the basic infor-
mation of patients and diagnosis reports and image infor-
mation are also stored in different database tables when
designing.
Finally, the database table of the image annotation
module is designed to record and store the image files and
XML files generated after the annotation, as well as the
3
information of each annotated patient. The fields in the
4
annotation information table mainly include ImaNum,
XmlNum, AnnotationDoctor, AnnotationFlag, DicomPath,
4
XmlPath, PNGPath, path (PngPath), and other basic patient
information corresponding to this data. Among them, the
image number and XML file number are the primary keys of
the table, which represent the unique numbers of the saved
4 images and generated XML files after annotation, and are
4 automatically generated during the annotation process, and
the two numbers correspond to each other; since the whole
annotation process requires the participation of at least three
expert physicians, the annotation expert field is used to
record the annotation physicians of each data. The DICOM
file path, XML file path, and PNG file path are used to record
the location where each image data is saved on the server
after annotation. [21–23]
3.3. Data Exchange Layer Design. The data exchange layer is
responsible for the connection between the system and the
database and the system’s operation on the database, which
is designed to be implemented through ADO (ActiveX Data
Objects). As an object-oriented programming interface, it is
not only a powerful programming model for data access but
also the simplest, most direct, and efficient way to manip-
ulate the databases currently supported by Microsoft. In
addition, this method provides a lot of convenience for
programmers due to its ease of use, speed, low memory
consumption, and other advantages.
ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) contains the following
objects: Connection, Command, Field, Parameter, Record,
Recordset, Property, Error, Stream, and so on. Error, Stream
objects, etc. The object model is shown in Figure 6.
The specific steps of using ADO to operate the database
are as follows:
(1) First, add a reference to the ADO dynamic library file
and initialize the library environment
(2) Second, connect the system to the database through
the Connection object
(3) Then, the corresponding SQL statement is operated
by the Command object, and the data set of the
execution result is obtained by the Recordset object
(4) Finally, the database connection is disconnected and
the corresponding objects are released
The DataManager class in the program design contains
the operations related to the whole system and the database.
The SqlConnection object for establishing database con-
nection is created in the constructor of the DataManager
class, and the configuration information in the set.ini
configuration file is read, including the IP address of the
specified database, the name of the database, the database
user name, and the database login password, to connect to
the specified database. The main functions contained in the
DataManager class are RunSqlCommand, GetDS, etc.
Among them, the Run SQL Command function is mainly
responsible for executing the SQL statements passed as
parameters in the database connected to the program, more
4 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

System user

Encrypted Decryption
Read Write in
upload Download

Patient information
Inspection Inspection
time results

date of Age type image

ID
birth
Gender position

Figure 2: Data migration module of the entity-linkage diagram.

System user

Encrypted Decryption
Read Write in
upload Download

Image data

Sequence
Image path
image

Figure 3: Entity-linkage diagram of the data storage module.

System user

Query Statistical display

Patient information

particular
year Lesion site
time
type
age keyword

Figure 4: Entity-linkage diagram of data statistics module.

commonly used to execute database update and delete
statements, etc.; the main function of the Get DS function is
to obtain the information stored in the database in the form
of data sets. It is mainly used when the system performs
query operations. First, edit the corresponding SQL state-
ment; second, create a new DataManager class object; sec-
ond, import the SQL statement to be executed into the
corresponding function; finally, use the function executed by
the object to realize the operation of the specified database
information.
4. Maintenance of Medical Imaging Equipment
Medical imaging equipment is a large and valuable piece of
precision medical equipment, especially X-ray imaging
means such as CR, CT, and other imaging pieces of
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 5

System user

Query Access Tagging preservation

Patient Image
Label file
information information

Name/ Tag Nodule

Age Xm1 file
ID information length
Image
Nodule file
Gender Type Size
coordinates

Inspection Check what Slice Inspection

time you see thickness number

Check Diagnostic Slice serial

image results number number

Figure 5: Entity-linkage diagram of the data annotation module.

Connection

Errors Errors

Command

Parameter Parameter

Recordset

Fields Fields

Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the ADO object model.

equipment. With the development of science and technol-
ogy, medical imaging equipment has developed into a set of
computers, electronics, mechanical optics, materials science
and other technologies, complex structure, a wide range of
functions, and high prices of large expensive precision
medical equipment. In clinical applications ensuring that the
imaging equipment is in good condition is the basis for the
accuracy of patient diagnosis; therefore, it is very important
to strengthen the daily maintenance of imaging equipment.
The maintenance of medical imaging equipment includes
proper use, daily maintenance, and a regular overhaul.
4.1. Compliance with Operating Procedures. In order to
ensure the normal operation of CR and CT, a set of operating
procedures are arranged according to their structure and
performance characteristics. Due to the differences in the
structure of the equipment, the operating procedures are not
the same. The operating procedures are generally as follows:
(1) Before operating the equipment, first of all, we
should first check whether the console instruments
switch in the normal position [24–26].
(2) Turn on the power switch, power on, and the
equipment is in the warm-up process.
(3) According to the specific needs of fluoroscopy or
camera, select the appropriate technical parameters.
In the selection of camera exposure conditions
should pay attention to the m A, kV, and exposure
time selection order; we generally should first choose
the m A value, then choose the kV value, and do not
first choose the kV value, after the m A value.
6 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
(4) In the operation of the foot control switch or a
manual switch, the action should be rapid, and the
force should be balanced and appropriate.
(5) Finish using the equipment, turn off the machine, set
the regulator to the lowest position, and finally turn
off the main power supply.
4.2. Routine Maintenance of Medical Imaging Equipment.
Daily maintenance work includes careful operation, keeping
the machine room dry, good cleaning and hygiene, paying
attention to safety inspection, and other aspects.
Preventing excessive force and strong vibration, espe-
cially X-ray tube, spot film frame, etc., should be more
careful when moving to prevent damage to X-ray tube and
other precision fragile devices due to collision.
4.3. Doing a Good Job of Cleaning and Sanitation to Keep the
Equipment Clean. Preventing dust from entering the inte-
rior of the equipment is an important part of daily main-
tenance. Entering dust into the interior of the equipment for
a long time, but not removed, will make some components
have poor contact, such as poor contact between the relay
contacts, etc., and also make some components have short
circuits, such as autotransformer interturn short circuit.
Adhere to the daily work and first clean the equipment and
indoor treatment. Dust removal is best to use a dust collector
and try not to use a wet cloth to wipe [27–29].
Antivibration. X-ray tubes in transport and use should pay
special attention to antivibration and antitouch. As the
anode is heavy and work anode will generate a lot of heat, so
transport and use should be flat or let the anode face down.
Attention to the Exposure Interval. X-ray machines in the
continuous work should be necessary intervals to make
cooling and the surface temperature of the tube sleeve more
than 50–60°C.
Observation Window. X-ray tube sleeve maintains a suffi-
cient amount of insulating oil, often through the window to
observe whether the tube sleeve Air bubbles exist and if there
should be timely replenishment of oil exhaust. Observe
whether the X-ray tube focuses on the center of the window;
otherwise, it will affect the results of photography.
Glow. The exposure, such as an X-ray tube, emits a very faint
glow, due to some electron impact on the glass wall. The
outline of the fluorescence must be distinguished from the
ionization discharge phenomenon that occurs due to poor
vacuum. The former occurs in the glass wall; kV increases
and weakens; the latter increases with kV and is enhanced.
The weak fluorescence of the glass tube wall does not affect
the normal use of the X-ray tube. However, a mild glow
discharge is a precursor to X-ray tube damage.
Listen to the sound: when the high voltage occurs, if
there is a discharge sound, it should immediately stop
working and repair [30].
5. System Applications
5.1. Operation Parameter Monitoring. The system provides
real-time monitoring of the operating parameters of the
important components of the equipment, including the
number of exposures of the bulb, bulb temperature, cooling
oil temperature, liquid helium level and pressure, cold head
temperature, temperature, and humidity of the machine
room. It also sets up thresholds and notifies the equipment
security personnel in time if the thresholds are exceeded. The
following is a description of several important monitoring
parameters.
5.1.1. CT Bulb Tube Temperature. The spherical tube is one
of the core components of CT, which consists of a tube core,
tube sleeve, and supporting oil circulation cooling system,
where the tube core includes a rotating anode, cathode, and
rotating shaft bearing. When the cathode electron beam
bombards the focal point on the anode target surface, about
99% of the heat energy and 1% of the ray energy will be
generated, so the spherical tube will generate a lot of heat.
Once the bulb overheats, it can lead to high voltage fires,
filament volatilization, and other malfunction phenomena.
Therefore, real-time monitoring of the tube temperature and
the correct and reasonable use of the tube not only can
obtain high-quality images but also can extend the life of the
tube (Figure 7).
5.1.2. Scanning Rack Temperature. X-ray exposure will
generate a lot of heat, due to the vacuum environment inside
the core and heat in the form of radiation to the outer wall of
the core, through the cooling of oil to absorb heat; cooling oil is
cooled by the radiator. Scanning rack temperature can reflect
the bulb tube cooling, thermal efficiency, most CT high load
operating hours, the scanning rack temperature of 32∼36°C,
and the scanning rack alarm temperature of 40°C; see Figure 2.
5.1.3. Liquid Helium Levels and Pressures. The magnetic
field of a superconducting type magnet is established by
passing current to the superconducting coil in a super-
conducting environment to generate a strong magnetic field
[14]. Maintaining a strong magnetic field for a long time is
required to keep the superconducting coil in an ultralow
temperature environment (superconducting coil operating
temperature of 4.2 K). Maintaining an ultralow temperature
environment requires liquid helium as a refrigerant, and the
superconducting coil is immersed in a container filled with
liquid helium. Under normal conditions, the liquid helium
pressure ranges from 3.8 to 4.2 psi (1 psi � 6.89476 kPa) and
the liquid helium capacity should be greater than 60% (50%
is the limit). If the liquid helium pressure exceeds the normal
value or if the liquid helium capacity is less than the limit
value, there is a risk of loss of excess (Figure 8).
5.1.4. Machine Room Temperature and Humidity. Under
normal circumstances, the scanning room temperature
should be controlled at 20∼25°C; too high and too low
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 7

800 25.0

700 22.5

Scanning frame temperature

600 20.0

500 17.5
temperature

400 15.0

300 12.5

200 10.0

100 7.5

0 5.0

0 20 40 60 80 100 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
time time
(a) (b)

Figure 7: CT bulb tube temperature and scan frame temperature profile.

16
80
14
Liquid nitrogen pressure

70 12
Liquid nitrogen level

60 10

8
50
6
40 4

30 2

0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 0 2 4 6 8 10
time time
(a) (b)

Figure 8: MR liquid helium level and pressure profile.

temperatures will affect the uniformity and stability of the experience, maintenance manuals, existing knowledge re-
magnet temperature center frequency, which will also lead to lated to imaging equipment, and knowledge mined from
the magnet temperature control system not to work prop- logs, and through log mining, association rules between
erly. Scanning room humidity is generally controlled at faults are generated and updated into the fault diagnosis
about 50% to 60%; too high humidity will cause the gradual data. Table 3 shows the 3.0 T MRI remote fault diagnosis
oxidation and corrosion of components; too low humidity table of our hospital.
will cause an electrostatic phenomenon, resulting in the fact
that a large amount of dust adsorption can not dissipate heat,
causing a crash. 5.3. Fine Management of Operation and Use. Real-time
statistics show the number of daily scans, scanning time,
5.2. Remote Troubleshooting. By establishing a fault diag- number of examinations, scanning mode and parts, etc., and
nosis database, when the system acquires fault codes, the best generate monthly reports in PDF format. The report is
confidence solution is matched from the database by a mainly divided into two parts; the first part is through a
hybrid algorithm based on constraints and division asso- comprehensive analysis of monthly scanning data and dy-
ciation rules and fed back to the engineer. The database is namic comparison with historical data, from the operational
used to store the knowledge related to the repair and efficiency of each part of the decision indicators for in-depth
maintenance of imaging equipment and its corresponding analysis, multiangle display imaging equipment monthly
set of fault phenomena, which comes from expert workload, and equipment usage. The second part is a
8 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
Table 3: 3.0 T MR remote troubleshooting table.
2019.9.15 08: The communication error of the sickbed drawing motor occurred twice
Risk
00:03 on September 14, 2019
2019.09.15 08: The resistance value of gradient coolant is low, which occurred twice on
Risk
00:03 September 14, 2019
2019.09.15 08: HEC detected that the pressure of the gradient water cooling pipeline Check gradient coolant shutdown and
Risk
00:04 was too low, which occurred twice on September 14, 201909
comprehensive analysis of the operating data of the
equipment, including a comprehensive analysis of the
monthly scanning calendar, scanning volume distribution,
scanning time distribution, utilization rate and scanning
efficiency, scanning coils and scanning parts, and a multi-
faceted, multiangle comparison and display of the operating
efficiency of the equipment.
6. Conclusions
The best maintenance of the correct use of medical imaging
equipment, good routine, and regular maintenance of
medical imaging equipment can avoid most of the failures,
greatly extending the life of the equipment; a well-designed
database structure can effectively reduce data redundancy
and better avoid the database operation process and
problems may appear. As a reference guide for database
design, three database examples can be studied and un-
derstood in depth to help software designers design a more
“robust” database. There should be effective maintenance
and management of medical imaging equipment. Engineers
engaged in overhaul work should have the appropriate
professional knowledge and certain work experience;
overhaul should be done well in advance and then in ac-
cordance with the plan to do a good job in advance of the
overhaul plan, and then gradually check according to the
plan to avoid “blind” overhaul without a plan and overhaul
tool specifications to complete, disassemble the wire to
number, and disassemble the screws and nuts to be placed in
a safe location; pay attention to their own effective pro-
tection and maintenance and equipment, and damaged parts
should be replaced in a timely manner.
Data Availability
The experimental data used to support the findings of this
study are available from the corresponding author upon
request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
regarding this work.
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