Original Article

Proc IMechE Part C:

J Mechanical Engineering Science
Optimization and evaluation of dry and 0(0) 1–17
! IMechE 2020

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on machinability of AISI 4140 using DOI: 10.1177/0954406220939609

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Taguchi design and ANOVA

Hüseyin Gürbüz1 and Yunus Emre Gönülaçar2

Abstract
In this work, it is aimed to study the effects of dry machining and minimum quantity lubrication application on machin-
ability in turning AISI 4140 steel by utilizing different cutting parameters. Also, this study contains effects and optimization
of cutting conditions (dry and minimum quantity lubricating), feed rate, and cutting speed on surface roughness (Ra) and
main cutting forces (Fc) determined by employing the Taguchi method. At the end of experiments, it was established that
compared to dry machining operations, minimum quantity lubricating significantly reduced cutting tool wear, while Fc and
Ra decreased in general. Analyses of variance, regression analysis, signal-to-noise ratio, and orthogonal array were
employed to analyze the effects and contributions of independent variables on dependent variables. The optimum
levels of the dependent variables for reducing Fc and Ra using signal-to-noise rates were established. According to
signal-to-noise ratios, minimum quantity lubricating had a more important effect on Fc and Ra than dry machining. The
optimal conditions for Fc and Ra were at 0.16 mm/rev feed rate, 125 m/min cutting speed at minimum quantity lubricat-
ing. Analysis of variance results demonstrated that the feed rate is the most influential independent variable on Fc (93.976
%) and Ra (89.352 %). Validation test results exhibited that the Taguchi method and regression analysis were highly
achieved methods in the optimization of independent variables for dependent variables. Taguchi optimization technique
and regression analysis obtained from Fc (R2Tag: ¼ 0.972 and R2Rag: ¼ 0.997) and Ra (R2Tag: ¼ 0.985 and R2Rag: ¼ 0.996)
measurements match really well with the experimental data.

Keywords
Minimum quantity lubricating and dry machining, machinability, Taguchi method, ANOVA, optimization

Date received: 10 April 2020; accepted: 13 June 2020

Introduction cutting fluid used in the machining industry plays a

Quenched and tempered steels are steels that exhibit
high toughness property in the tensile strength at the
end of the tempering process, and which are efficient
to harden in terms of carbon amount in its chemical
compound. The most widely used steel is AISI 4140
that has the most prevalent use of quenched and tem-
pered steel utilized in the manufacturing and automo-
tive industry.1 This steel is widely used in the
manufacturing of mechanical parts such as shaft,
gear, ball-bearing, bolt, coupling, cutting tool, and
tool holder.2–4 During machining of this material,
high temperatures in the cutting area occur owing to
the friction between workpiece and cutting tool, and
this negatively affects the surface quality of the work-
piece and the cutting tool life.2 The most prevalent
method applied in the manufacturing industry to pre-
vent the negative effects of the high temperatures in
cutting area is to employ the cutting fluid. Because the
significant role in the cooling interface of cutting tool
and workpiece and in removing chips occurring in the
cutting area during manufacturing.5 Thus, low tem-
perature and friction in the interface of cutting tool–
chip helps to increase the surface quality and cutting
tool life.6 Neverthless, cutting fluids lead to some
negative consequences during the production process
besides the advantages mentioned above. Particularly,
due to negative influences of the machining cost,
1
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
2
Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, Siirt
University, Siirt, Turkey
Corresponding author:
Hüseyin Gürbüz, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman 72060, Turkey.
Email: hüseyin.gurbuz@batman.edu.tr
2 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)
health of operator, and environment, application of
cutting fluids has become a big problem.2,7 Thereby,
in chip removal operations, some options are sought
in order to minimize cutting fluids and avoid using
them. Some of these options are minimum quantity
lubrication (MQL) and dry cutting methods.8 Dry
cutting method, in which cutting fluid is not used,
has been popular lately because it decreases pollution.
Yet, the machining of difficult-to-cut workpieces
under dry conditions is very hard because this process
causes more adhesion and friction between workpiece
and cutting tool. This leads to a rise in the tool wear
and waste and high manufacturing cost.9 To cope up
with the problems encountered in dry machining,
MQL method is becoming forefront in which a min-
imum quantity cutting fluid is used.8 In the MQL
method, minimum vegetable oil, which is sprayed
onto the cutting area and which is compressed by
means of air, is mostly sufficient to reduce the friction
between cutting tool–workpiece and cutting tool–chip
interface by penetrating deeply into the parts.10–12 In
this way, in cutting tool–workpiece and cutting tool–
chip interactions, positive changes occur and thus
high temperatures in the cutting area are prevented.
So, workpiece quality is increased by reducing the
cutting tool wear.2 Many researchers have attempted
to investigate the effects of dry machining and MQL
use in the turning processes,7,8,11,13–24 and these
attempts have been going on.
Saini et al. conducted and compared dry machining
and MQL application in terms of Fc in the machining
of the AISI 4340 steel, and as a result, they established
that MQL decreased Fc compared with dry cutting.
Also, they reported that Fc increased once the feed
rate was increased and it tended to decrease once the
cutting speed was increased.13 In a similar study in
which AISI 1045 steel was used, Rahim et al. stated
that MQL application decreased Fc compared to dry
cutting, and that Fc increased once the feed rate
increased and it decreased once the cutting speed
increased.7 Yazid et al. in the turning of Inconel
718, compared MQL and dry cutting in terms of sur-
face integrity. As a result, they said that MQL
decreased Ra according to dry cutting, and Ra
values decreased when the cutting speed increased.11
Gunjal and Patil, in the turning process of the AISI
4340 material, showed that MQL application was
more effective compared to dry machining, and that
the cutting speed had no obvious effect on Ra.14 In a
similar study conducted by Fratila and Caizar15 by
utilizing AISI 1045, they found out that MQL and
dry machining gave similar results in the context of
Ra, and that Ra fell when the cutting speed was
increased. Liu et al., in turning of the Ti–6Al–4 V
material, compared MQL application and dry cutting
in the context of cutting tool wear and as a result, they
reported that they obtained less wear with MQL
application when compared with dry cutting.16
Similarly, Chinchanikar and Choudhury, in turning
of the AISI 4340 steel, reported that MQL developed
tool life compared with dry cutting.17 In another
study conducted by Abhang and Hameedullah, they
compared MQL and dry cutting in the context of Fc
and Ra. In conclusion, they stated that MQL reduced
Fc and Ra compared to dry cutting. Furthermore,
they established that both Fc and Ra increased once
the feed rate increased and they decreased once the
cutting speed increased.18 Das et al., in their study,
performed turning on AISI 4340, and compared
MQL application and dry cutting in the context of
Ra and cutting tool wear. Consequently, they
reported that MQL application decreased Ra and cut-
ting tool wear compared to dry cutting and Ra
increased when the feed rate increased.19 In the end
of a similar study carried out by utilizing AISI 420B
martensitic stainless steel by Bruni et al., they declared
MQL did not provide any advantages when compared
with dry cutting in the context of the cutting tool wear
and Ra.20 In the study performed by Khan and Dhar,
they compared dry cutting and MQL application in
turning of AISI 1060 in the context of Fc, Ra, and
tool wear. At the end of the investigation, it was
reported that MQL reduced tool wear, Ra, and Fc
when compared with dry cutting.21 In a similar
study carried out by Dhar et al. by using the AISI
1040 steel, they stated that MQL application reduced
Fc, tool wear, and Ra compared to dry machining.
Besides, they stressed that Fc decreased when the cut-
ting speed increased.8 Likewise, Ali et al. in turning of
medium carbon steel, reported that MQL application
gave a better result in the context of tool wear, Fc,
and Ra compared with dry cutting. Besides, they said
that both Fc and Ra increased once the feed rate
increased and they decreased once the cutting speed
increased.22 Autret and Liang in their study where
they turned high carbon steel, stated that MQL did
not exhibit any significant differences in terms of Fc
compared to dry cutting while it reduced Ra and tool
wear.23 Nicolodi et al. examined the Ra, Fc, and cut-
ting tool wear caused by hard turning of AISI 4140
steel with S’-type mixed ceramic tools. According to
the results of their experiments, they found that the
highest feed rate and the cutting speed had a signifi-
cant effect on crater and flank wear of the cutting tool.
In addition, the authors have demonstrated that the
most effective parameter on Ra formed on machined
surfaces is the feed rate.24
The conventional experimental design methods,
which are used for various machining operations are
too sophisticated and difficult to use. In addition,
increasing the number of cutting parameters used in
the machining experiments increases the number of
experiments. However, as an experimental design
technique, the Taguchi method is not only practical
to use but also beneficial to decrease the number of
experiments significantly by utilizing orthogonal
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar
arrays. At the same time, it tries to reduce the effects
of the independent variables on the dependent vari-
ables. Therefore, many investigators have employed
the Taguchi method for optimizing machinability par-
ameters of various workpieces at different machining
operations.25–34 Kıvak applied regression analysis and
Taguchi method in his study to assess the milling of
GX120Mn14 steel with chemical vapor deposition
and physical vapor deposition coated cutting tools.
As a result, it is shown that feed rate is the most
important parameter influencing Ra and Taguchi
method is a highly achieved method in optimization
of machining parameters to obtain minimum Ra.
Also the author reported that measured values and
estimated values are very approximate to each
other.25 Kuntoğlu and Sağlam carried out experi-
ments and optimization of Fc and cutting tool wear
during turning of AISI 1050 material using above
mentioned method. They found out that feed rate
has the most important impact on Fc, while cutting
speed and tool tip have an impact on tool wear
according to analysis of variance (ANOVA) results.
And also they obtained the smallest tool wear value
under the most appropriate cutting conditions as
T2 ¼ P25, f2 ¼ 0.214 mm/rev, Vc1 ¼ 135 m/min.26 Das
et al. employed ANOVA to investigate the sign-
iEcance of machining parameters on the dependent
variables, and selected orthogonal array of Taguchi
(L27) for experimental design. The authors developed
a mathematical model with regression analysis for
each dependent variable. Higher R-Sq values
obtained from the models showed appropriate rela-
tionship between experimented and predicted
values.27 A similar study was conducted by Zaman
and Dhar, who used Taguchi orthogonal array (L18)
and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for experimental
design and optimization, respectively. Authors
revealed that the confirmation test was applicable to
compare experimental results with predicted values by
using the Taguchi optimization method.28
Viswanathan et al. employed the Taguchi method in
order to optimize machining parameters in the turn-
ing of Mg alloy with MQL and dry cutting. They
found out in the results of optimization that the
most appropriate combinations were ap ¼ 0.5 mm,
f ¼ 0.10 mm/rev, and Vc ¼ 40 m/min for tool wear
and cutting temperature under MQL conditions.29
Kumar et al. examined the Fc and Ra caused by
hard turning of AISI H13 die tool steel with different
grades of CBN cutting tools. In machined surfaces,
CBN-I cutting tool achieved better surface quality
and lower Fc than those of CBN-II and CBN-III cut-
ting tools. They obtained optimum cutting conditions
for Fc and surface roughness corresponding to CBN-I
cutting tools as Vc ¼ 180 m/min, f ¼ 0.05 mm/rev,
ap ¼ 0.08 mm, and workpiece hardness ¼ 45 HRC.30
Debnath et al. utilized the Taguchi method to see
the impact of machining parameters and coolant
3
Fuid conditions on tool wear and Ra in the turning
process. They found out that the depth of cut (35.8%)
and the cutting speed (43.1%) were the most effective
parameters having an influence on tool wear, while
the cutting speed and the depth of cut displayed too
small effect on Ra. Nevertheless, while the feed rate
had the lowest effect on tool wear, the implementation
of coolant fluid (13.7%) exhibited a significant contri-
bution.31 Selvarej et al. optimized the cutting param-
eters by employing ANOVA and (S/N) ratio for Ra,
tool wear, and Fc. They revealed that while cutting
speed turned out to be a more important variable
influencing the cutting tool wear, the feed rate was a
more significant variable having an impact on Fc and
Ra. They also found that the estimated values were
closer to experimental results within 8% deviations.32
Elbah et al., in the turning of AISI 4140 steel with
coated mixed ceramic tools, made statistical and
experimental comparisons of dry, wet, and MQL
machining. As a result of the experiments, they
found that machining with MQL gives better results
in terms of Fc compared to dry and wet machining.
According to ANOVA results, the most important
parameter on surface roughness was the feed rate,
while it was the depth of cut for the cutting force
components. According to the regression analysis,
the authors revealed that the experimental results
and the estimation results appeared to be close to
each other.33 Abbas et al., in the turning process,
investigated the effect of nanofluid MQL on power
consumption and Ra. As a result of statistical and
experimental researches, they found that nanofluid
MQL has a significant effect on the minimum Ra
and power consumption. They obtained optimum
results in cutting parameters Vc ¼ 116 m/min,
ap ¼ 0.25 mm, and f ¼ 0.06 mm/rev.34
When the studies in the literature are examined, it
is seen that researchers have tried to investigate the
AISI 4140 turning. Still, there is a gap in determining
the exact effect of cutting conditions and machining
parameters on the machinability criteria of the AISI
4140 because the material is known for its difficult
machining properties and, therefore, a proper selec-
tion of machining and cutting parameters must be
employed to reduce the time and cost of experimental
work. Unlike the literature, this study was carried out
to demonstrate how AISI 4140 can be machined at
high cutting parameters and under hard conditions
with an uncoated cutting tool. Also, ANOVA, regres-
sion analysis, S/N ratio, validation tests, and orthog-
onal array were employed to analyze the effects and
contributions of independent variables on dependent
variables in the machining of AISI 4140, which is not
used altogether as a whole in one study in the litera-
ture. Therefore, this research study has been con-
ducted. The aim of this study is to investigate the
effect and correlation of cutting parameters (Vc and
f) and machining parameters (dry and MQL) on the
4 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)
machinability criteria (Fc, Ra, and Vb) of the AISI
4140 steel and their relations with each other both
experimentally and statistically. This experimental
and statistical analysis study is not only a good
source of information for the researchers who will
carry out a study in the field of AISI 4140 machin-
ability, but also it provides great convenience in terms
of better and concrete data for those who want to gain
knowledge in this field.
Experimental methods and data analysis
Workpiece material, cutting insert, and tool holder
In this investigation, turning experiments were rea-
lized after samples in dimensions of 300 mm length
and 50 mm diameter were prepared from the AISI
4140 steel material. The surface of the material was
turned by CNC lathe at depth of cut 0.5 mm in case of
possible external surface hardening, thus the undesir-
able effects and irregularities on the outer surfaces
were eliminated. The chemical composition and hard-
ness value of workpiece based on the values of the
certificate of the relevant company are given in
Table 1. The cutting inserts utilized in experiments
were uncoated cutting tool in SNMG 120408MS
form and had the quality of UTI20T/P30. This cutting
tool geometry properties are given below: clearance
angle: 0 , rake angle: 15 , corner radius: 0.8 mm,
side cutting edge angle (lead angle): 75 . As tool
holder, PSBNR 2525M12, appropriate for these cut-
ting insert, was used.
Cutting experiments and parameters
JohnFord TC35 brand CNC turning lathe was used
for turning experiments. Their compatibility with ISO
3685 conditions and the suggestions of manufacturer
of cutting tools company (Mitsubishi) were taken into
consideration in the determination of cutting param-
eters. Cutting parameters used in machining experi-
ments are shown in Table 2.
The cutting parameters employed in the experi-
ments were determined by taking into consideration
the Mitsubishi manufacturing company’s data pro-
posed for the AISI 4140 material group and based
on the interval recommended for the tool radius of
0.8 mm in ISO 3685.35,36 In order to create the same
conditions in all experiments, new (unused) cutting
tools were used in each experiment.
Table 1. Chemical composition and hardness value of workpiece (quenched and tempered).
%C % Mn % Si
0.38–0.45 0.60–0.90 0.40 (max)
% Ni % Mo % Cu
0.30 (max) 0.15–0.30 0.30 (max)
Cutting tool wear
In cutting tool wear experiments performed under
MQL and dry machining conditions, constant chip
removal volume was taken as reference; and cutting
parameters, 2.5 mm as depth of cut, 0.16 mm/rev feed
rate, and 125 m/min cutting speed were used. In this
study, flank wear (VB) was determined depending on
the material removal volume. Cutting length of
180 mm was machined for the tool wear. Depending
on the workpiece machining length, the material
removal volume was selected from 125,000 mm3 to
500,000 mm3. Flank wear (VB) was taken as a refer-
ence for the tool wear measurement because, in gen-
eral, the life of a worn carbide insert is evaluated with
real machining time when the flank wear average
value reaches at a restricting value of 0.3 mm. In the
literature, flank wear (VB) is measured depending on
the machining time and the material removal volume.
Flank wear (VB) is utilized as the cutting tool wear
criterion according to the ISO 3685 standard.
According to this standard, a wear amount of
0.3 mm on the tool flank face is discussed in this art-
icle as the value of the cutting tool life.36
Minimum quantity lubrication
Basic model of UFB20 of SKF brand was used as the
MQL unit in the experiments. As MQL lubricant,
SKF Company suggests two types of oil to be used
for UFB20-Basic MQL. These are ‘‘Lubrioil’’ for
steel-type materials and ‘‘LubriFluid-F100’’ for alu-
minum materials. Since the material used in the tests
is the AISI 4140 steel type, oil in Lubrioil type was
utilized according to DIN 51562. MQL oil was
applied to the cutting area through two nozzles.
Table 2. Cutting parameters employed in machining
experiments.
Parameters Values
Cutting speed (Vc) 75, 100, 125 m/min
Feed rate (f) 0.16, 0.25, 0.5 mm/rev
Depth of cut (ap) 2.5 mm
MQL flow rate (Q) 1.7 mL/min
Pressure (PMQL) 3 bar
Nozzle distance (mm) 10 mm
MQL: minimum quantity lubrication.
%P %S % Cr
0.025 (max) 0.020–0.035 0.90–1.20
% Sn % Ti Jominy test 50 Hardness
0.050 (max) 0.050 (max) 34–45 HRC
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar
System pressure and MQL oil flow rate was kept con-
stant as 3 bar and 1.7 mL/min, respectively. Lubrioil
brand oil, convenient for MQL application and
machining of steel materials was used and its proper-
ties are given in Table 3.
Double nozzles were used in the experiments. In
order to provide the same conditions in the machin-
ability tests, the nozzles were set fixed at a distance of
10 mm so that they could penetrate into the inter-
action zone of the workpiece and the cutting tool.
Measurement of Fc and Ra
In measurement of Fc values obtained during cutting
experiments, a KISTLER 925b-type dynamometer
with quartz crystal based having Kistler Type 5070A
Multichannel Charge was used. Fc values were mea-
sured at a cutting length of 30 mm during turning
AISI 4140. At the end of the turning experiments,
Ra values having occurred on the surface of the work-
piece was measured utilizing a device named as Mahr
Perthometer-M1 portable device. Ra value as a
roughness measurement parameter based on the ISO
4287 standard was considered for the surface analysis
of machined workpieces.37 In the measurement of Ra
values, arithmetic mean values were calculated in
three different spots 0.8 mm of cut-off length for
Table 3. Properties of Lubrioil.
Density Viscosity Ignition Yield
(20 C) (40 C) temperature point Color
0.92 g/cm3 47 mm2/s 265 C 27 C Yellow
Figure 1. Experimental set up.
MQL: minimum quanity lubrication.
5
5.6 mm from length of all workpieces’ surfaces
machined.
Measurement of cutting tool wear
At the end of cutting tool wear experiments, average
flank wear (VB) having occurred on the cutting tools
was examined. Utilizing Mitutoyo TM optical micro-
scope, average flank wear having occurred on the cut-
ting tools was examined and wear mechanisms having
occurred on the cutting tools was determined by using
the JEOL JSM-6060LV scanning electron microscope
(SEM). The turning experimental frame work is given
in Figure 1 schematically.
Taguchi method and experimental design
As an experimental design technique, the Taguchi
method is beneficial for minimizing the experiments’
number significantly by employing orthogonal arrays
and at the same time, it uses effort to lessen the
impacts of the independent variable on the dependent
variable. That is because Taguchi experimental design
is largely employed to establish the experiments’
number directly affecting labor cost of the machining
operation and time consumption.26,38 Three-type
equations of quality characteristics are employed to
establish the S/N ratio: (1) the smaller is the better
characteristic, (2) nominal is the best characteristic,
and (3) the larger is the better characteristic in
Taguchi-based optimization techniques. The optimal
level of the applied parameter is the highest value of
S/N ratio given by the Taguchi method for each of the
categories.39
6 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)

In the present work, the aim is to obtain the lowest The fact that the Fc is high may lead to temperature
values of Fc and Ra, which are very crucial for increase, early cutting tool wear, and significant mech-
improving the surface quality, saving cutting energy anical loads on the surface of the workpiece.22 Feed
consumed by the machine, and lowering production rates and the impacts of the changes in cutting speeds
costs. Therefore, for computing S/N ratio, the ‘‘lower- on Fc values are exhibited in Figures 2 and 3 in MQL
the-better’’ equation was employed and represented in and dry turning conditions of the AISI 4140 steel.
equation (1) When looked at graphics in Figure 2, it is seen that
" !# Fc values increases when the feed rate increases. This
X
n exhibits parallelism with studies in the litera-
S=N ¼ 10 log 1=n y2i ð1Þ ture.7,13,18,22,40–43 With the rise in the feed rate, the
ði¼1Þ resistance of the workpiece material also increases
against rupture, which increases the chip cross-sec-
where yi is the measured value and n is the number of tional area, so higher Fc values are needed for the
experimental observations.25 For analyzing the chip removal.13 When the graphics in Figure. 3 are
experimental data, independent variable and their examined, it is seen that Fc values tend to decrease
levels were selected and defined for cutting conditions when the cutting speed increases. Similar results are
(Dry and MQL), feed rate (f), and cutting speed (Vc) encountered in the literature.7,8,13,18,42,44,45 The
as given in Table 4. increase in the cutting speed provides positive changes
The most appropriate L18 (21  32), orthogonal in the interaction of cutting tools/chips; and this leads
array, was chosen to estimate the impacts of machin- to a reduction in friction between interfaces of cutting
ing parameters and establish the optimum machining tools/chips, so main cutting forces decrease.8 While
parameters for the machining of AISI 4140. In order the highest Fc value was obtained at 0.5 mm/rev
to conduct the experiments, L18 full factorial with a feed rate, and 75 m/min cutting speed, the lowest Fc
mixed-level design is presented in Table 5. value was obtained at 0.16 mm/rev feed rate and
125 m/min cutting speed. When the graphics in
Figures 2 and 3 are examined, in MQL application,
Analysis of variance it is seen that generally, lower Fc values were obtained
The main objective of ANOVA is to find out which compared to dry machining. MQL, compared with
independent variables have a considerable effect on dry cutting, decreased the friction in interaction
the dependent variables. p-Value demonstrates the between cutting tool–chip to the lowest level due to
statistical importance of independent variables. Each the effect of lubricant and reduced the temperature in
independent variable in the ANOVA table will be the cutting area as a result of which cutting tool edges
evaluated to be statistically important if its p-value maintained their sharpness and Fc values decreased.18
is less than 0.05 since each ANOVA table is formu-
lated with a significance level of 5%. That is, the final
column of each ANOVA table demonstrates the per- Table 5. Taguchi mixed-level design L18 (21  32).
centage contribution of the independent variable to
Number of Cutting conditions Cutting speed Feed rate
the dependent variables.26,27,39 In ANOVA results,
experiment (Variable A) (Variable B) (Variable C)
the highest influence of independent variables has
the highest percent contribution to dependent 1 CC1 V1 f1
variables. 2 CC1 V1 f2
3 CC1 V1 f3
4 CC1 V2 f1
Results and discussions 5 CC1 V2 f2
Main cutting force 6 CC1 V2 f3
7 CC1 V3 f1
Fc is one of the most important criteria due to its
8 CC1 V3 f2
influence on cutting tool life and product quality.8
9 CC1 V3 f3
10 CC2 V1 f1
11 CC2 V1 f2
Table 4. Turning variables used in the Taguchi method and
12 CC2 V1 f3
their levels.
13 CC2 V2 f1
Parameters Symbol Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 14 CC2 V2 f2
Cutting conditions (CC) A Dry MQL 15 CC2 V2 f3
Cutting speed (Vc) (m/min) B 75 100 125 16 CC2 V3 f1
Feed rate (f) (mm/rev) C 0.16 0.25 0.50 17 CC2 V3 f2
18 CC2 V3 f3
MQL: minimum quantity lubrication.
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar 7

(a) (b)
DRY MQL DRY MQL
3500
3500

Main cutting force, Fc (N)

Main cutting force, Fc (N)
3000
3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500 1500

1000 1000

500 500

0 0
0.16 0.25 0.5 0.16 0.25 0.5
Feed rate, f (mm/rev) Feed rate, f (mm/rev)

(c)
DRY MQL
3000
Main cutting force, Fc (N)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0.16 0.25 0.5
Feed rate, f (mm/rev)

Figure 2. Impacts of feed rate and machining conditions on Fc values in various cutting speeds: (a) 75 m/min; (b) 100 m/min;
(c) 125 m/min.
MQL: minimum quantity lubrication.

(a) (b)
DRY MQL DRY MQL
1800
1400
Main cutting force, Fc (N)

1600
Main cutting force, Fc (N)

1200 1400
1000 1200
800 1000
800
600
600
400 400
200 200
0 0
75 100 125 75 100 125
Cutting speed, Vc (m/min) Cutting speed, Vc (m/min)

(c)
DRY MQL
3500
Main cutting force, Fc (N)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
75 100 125
Cutting speed, Vc (m/min)

Figure 3. Impacts of cutting speeds and machining conditions on Fc values in various feed rates.
MQL: minimum quantity lubrication.
8 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)
However, when the graphics in Figure 3 are investi-
gated, the differences between the Fc values obtained
in dry cutting and MQL application with the increase
in the cutting speed reduced and thus, results close to
each other were obtained. And it is seen that in some
experiments, better results were obtained with dry
machining. The reason for this is the penetration of
lubricant, used in MQL application, into the cutting
area becomes difficult with the increase in the cutting
speed.44
Cutting tool wear
One of the most significant parameters for the total
machining cost and process planning is the cutting
tool wear.46 It is a natural phenomenon that cutting
tools wear during machining in time and this leads to
damage in cutting tools.21 Cutting tools may be des-
troyed with plastic deformations, brittle fracture, or
gradual wear. The carbide tools, which have sufficient
resistance, hot hardness, and toughness, are generally
damaged with gradual wear. In the gradual wear pro-
cess, cutting tools are exposed to flank wear on the
clearance surface and crater wear on the rake surface
due to constant interaction and friction. Among the
wears mentioned above, flank wear on the cutting tool
is the most significant one since it increases the prob-
lems related with main cutting forces. Therefore, it is
necessary that attempts be made to reduce the average
flank wear (VB) as much as possible.8 In Figure 4, the
measurement of the average flank wear of the cutting
tool is given.
Cutting tool wear experiments were carried out
under both MQL and dry cutting conditions utilizing
2.5 mm depth of cut, 125 m/min cutting speed, and
0.16 mm/rev feed rate, and average flank wear
amounts occurring in cutting tools were examined
with the help of optical microscope. The change
according to the chip removal volume of average
flank wear amounts occurring in cutting tools for
both MQL and dry machining is given in Figure 5
graphically. When Figure 5 is examined, it is under-
stood that when the chip removal increases, the aver-
age flank wear increases as well. In addition, when
Figure 5 is observed, at the end of 500,000 mm3
Figure 4. Measurement of flank wear.47
chip removal volume, it is seen that flank wear in
dry machining was measured as 0.2 mm and in
MQL application it was measured as 0.15 mm. It is
understood that MQL application reduced the cutting
tool average flank wear when compared with dry cut-
ting. This may indicate that MQL reduces the flank
temperature of cutting tool compared to dry machin-
ing. Thanks to this advantage, MQL application kept
cutting tool hardness; thus, it reduced adhesion and
diffusion wears, which are very sensitive to abrasion
wear and heat. As a result of this, flank wear turned
out to be lower.8
After cutting tool wear experiments, in order to
establish wear mechanisms occurring on the cutting
tools, SEM images of cutting tools were taken and
evaluated. When the images in Figure 6 are examined,
it is possible to see that abrasive wear lines occurred
on the flank surface because hard particles in the
workpiece rubbed on the cutting tool surface, and as
a result of this, it is understood that flank wear
occurred. Along the cutting tool edge where cutting
process occurred, abrasion traces are shaped in cut-
ting direction in the form of parallel grooves are cre-
ated as a consequence of abrasive wear can easily
seen. In addition, when the images in Figure 6 are
examined, it is understood that in dry machining,
severe adhesion occurred in association with high
temperature and ineffective heat distribution in the
cutting area; and built-up edge (BUE) in connection
with high friction occurred.16 In MQL application, on
the other hand, these negative consequences are pre-
vented due to the great deal decrease in the friction in
the cutting area.48
Surface roughness
Ra, which has a crucial effect on assessing the surface
quality of a product machined in manufacturing
industry, is not only an indicator of quality but also
it is the last phase in controlling the machining per-
formance and enterprise costs. Many factors such as
0.25
Average flank wear, VB (mm)
DRY MQL
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
125000 250000 375000 500000
Chip removal volume (mm³)
Figure 5. Change in VB values according to the chip removal
volume under MQL and dry machining.
MQL: minimum quantity lubrication.
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar
Figure 6. SEM and optical microscope images of cutting tool edges to cutting conditions: (a) dry machining; (b) MQL application.
BUE: built-up edge.
machining parameters, cutting tool geometry, BUE,
workpiece, and cutting fluid affect Ra.49 Since surface
quality is an important criterion in terms of machin-
ability, it is important that Ra values be controlled
during workpiece machining and that it be low as
much as possible.21,22 The impact of feed rate and
cutting speed on Ra values under dry machining
and MQL conditions are given graphically in
Figures 7 and 8. When the graphics in Figure 7 are
investigated, it is seen that Ra values rises when the
feed rate increases. It is a frequently encountered case
that with the rise in the feed rate, Ra values increases
as well.18,22,50–56 This can be explained by theoretical
equation of ideal Ra given below57
Ra ¼ ð0:0321xf 2 Þ=r" ð2Þ
where Ra is the average surface roughness, f is the
feed rate, and r" is the radius of the cutting tool
nose. When equation (2) is examined, it is easily
seen that the surface roughness and the feed rate are
proportional to each other and the rise in the feed rate
increases the Ra value as well. On observing Figure 8,
it is established that in general, while the cutting
speed increases, Ra values decrease. In the literature,
it is mentioned that the rise in the cutting speed
decreases Ra values in many studies per-
formed.6,12,15,18,22,42,51,53,56,58 That is why, the increase
in the cutting speed increases the heat, as a result of
9
which plastic deformation and chip flow are facili-
tated.58 However, when the graphics in Figure 8 are
observed, it is seen that Ra values do not exhibit a
regular reduction tendency according to the increase
in the cutting speed and that there are irregular
changes in Ra values according to the increase in
the cutting speed. The fact that continuous chip
formed in some experiments exhibits more uncon-
trolled behavior with the increase in the cutting
speed, and causes deformation on the workpiece sur-
face leads to irregular changes in the values of the
surface roughness.52
While the highest Ra value was attained at 0.5 mm/
rev feed rate and 125 m/min cutting speed, the lowest
Ra value was attained at 0.16 mm/rev feed rate and
100 m/min cutting speed. When the graphics in
Figures 7 and 8 are examined, it is seen that MQL
application reduced Ra values in general compared to
dry machining. The reason for this is that MQL appli-
cation reduces the temperature in the cutting area as a
result of decreasing the friction forces in the interfaces
between cutting tool–workpiece and cutting tool–chip
and by this way decreases the damage.18 However,
when the graphics in Figures 7 and 8 are examined,
it is seen that dry machining gives lower Ra values
compared to MQL application in some experiments.
And the reason for this is that unwanted long formed
chip types occurring during experiments wrap round
the workpiece (Figure 9) and prevent the lubricant to
10 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)

(a) (b)
DRY MQL DRY MQL
10

Surface roughness, Ra (µm)

10
Surface roughness, Ra (µm)

9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0.16 0.25 0.5 0.16 0.25 0.5
Feed rate, f (mm/rev) Feed rate, f (mm/rev)

(c)
DRY MQL
10
Surface roughness, Ra (µm)

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.16 0.25 0.5
Feed rate, f (mm/rev)

Figure 7. Impacts of feed rate and machining conditions on Ra values at various cutting speeds.

(a) (b)
DRY MQL DRY MQL
4
Surface roughness, Ra (µm)

3.5
Surface roughness, Ra (µm)

3.5
3
3
2.5
2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5

0 0
75 100 125 75 100 125
Cutting speed, Vc (m/min) Cutting speed, Vc (m/min)

(c) DRY MQL

9.4
Surface roughness, Ra (µm)

9.2

8.8

8.6

8.4

8.2

8
75 100 125
Cutting speed, Vc (m/min)

Figure 8. Impacts of cutting speed and machining conditions on Ra values in various feed rates: (a) 0.16 mm/rev; (b) 0.25 mm/rev;
(c) 0.50 mm/rev.
MQL: minimum quality lubrication.
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar 11

Figure 9. Image of long form chip types occurring in some experiments winding around the workpiece: (a) Vc ¼ 75 m/min and
f ¼ 0.50 mm/rev; (b) Vc ¼ 125 m/min and f ¼ 0.25 mm/rev; (c) Vc ¼ 100 m/min and f ¼ 0.50 mm/rev.

Cutting Conditions Cutting Speed Feed Rate

-60
Cutting Conditions Cutting Speed Feed Rate
-61
-5
Mean of SN ratios

-62
-7
Mean of SN ratios

-63
-64 -9
-65 -11
-66 -13
-67
-15
-68
-17
-69
-19
DRY MQL 75 100 125 0.16 0.25 0.50
DRY MQL 75 100 125 0.16 0.25 0.50

Figure 10. Effect of machining parameters on S/N ratio for Fc

(N) values. Figure 11. Effect of machining parameters on S/N ratio for
Ra (mm) values.

penetrate the interface
workpiece.10
Experimental results’ statistical analyses
and discussion
Analyses of S/N, ANOVA, regression analysis, and
confirmation tests were employed to analyze the
effects and contributions of independent variables
on dependent variables obtained from experimental
results.
Analysis of S/N ratio for Fc and Ra
Signal-to-noise ratio is the most crucial criterion for
analyzing the experimental data in the Taguchi
method. Table 6 exhibits S/N ratio values for evalu-
ations of Fc and Ra values. As a result of turning tests
and Taguchi method, the average values of Fc and
Ra, and S/N ratio were calculated as 1771.173 (N)
and 4.520 (mm); and 64.175 (dB) and 10.714
(dB), respectively.
of cutting tool and Optimal levels of each independent variable (cut-
ting conditions, cutting speed, feed rate) for optimal
Fc and Ra values carried out with a ‘‘S/N ratio table’’
are given in Table 7. The level values of independent
variables for Fc and Ra found by employing the
Taguchi technique are shown in graphical forms in
Figures 10 and 11.
The effects of the independent variables attained
with the Taguchi method on the alterations of Fc
and Ra values verifying the results achieved from
the experimental studies are demonstrated in Figures
10 and 11. To minimize Fc and Ra values, optimal
values of the cutting conditions, feed rate, and cutting
speed, which are independent variables, can easily be
defined from these graphs. The most appropriate level
for each independent variable was established with
respect to the highest S/N ratio in the independent
variable. After finding this result, S/N ratios and
levels for the independent variables presenting the
best Fc value were determined as cutting conditions
(S/N ¼ 63.58, Level 2), cutting speed (S/N ¼ 63.43,
Level 3), and feed rate (S/N ¼ 60.33, Level 1).
Likewise, S/N ratios and levels for the independent
12 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)

Table 6. Results of experimental and S/N ratio values for Fc and Ra.

Independent variables Surface

Experiment Main cutting S/N ratio roughness S/N ratio
no. Cutting conditions (CC) Cutting speed (Vc) Feed rate (f) force Fc (N) for Fc (dB) Ra (mm) for Ra (dB)

1 Dry 75 0.16 1209.75 61.654 2.729 8.719

2 Dry 75 0.25 1697.97 64.599 3.157 9.985
3 Dry 75 0.5 3328.35 70.445 8.770 18.860
4 Dry 100 0.16 1170.84 61.370 2.882 9.193
5 Dry 100 0.25 1667.27 64.440 3.506 10.897
6 Dry 100 0.5 3167.59 70.015 8.888 18.976
7 Dry 125 0.16 952.03 59.573 1.533 3.711
8 Dry 125 0.25 1355.11 62.640 2.504 7.974
9 Dry 125 0.5 2559.73 68.164 9.162 19.240
10 MQL 75 0.16 1014.12 60.122 1.090 0.749
11 MQL 75 0.25 1401.91 62.934 2.633 8.408
12 MQL 75 0.5 2624.19 68.380 9.138 19.217
13 MQL 100 0.16 970.73 59.742 1.081 0.679
14 MQL 100 0.25 1366.62 62.713 2.580 8.231
15 MQL 100 0.5 2552.87 68.141 8.938 19.025
16 MQL 125 0.16 944.22 59.502 1.232 1.815
17 MQL 125 0.25 1347.8 62.593 2.537 8.086
18 MQL 125 0.5 2550.01 68.131 9.008 19.093
Total mean values 1771.173 64.175 4.520 10.714
MQL: minimum quality lubrication.

Table 7. S/N ratio table for Fc and Ra.

Independent Variables

Cutting Cutting Feed Cutting Cutting Feed

Levels conditions (A) speed (B) rate (C) conditions (A) speed (B) rate (C)

Level 1 Main cutting 64.77 64.69 60.33 Surface 11.951 10.990 4.144
Level 2 forces (Fc) 63.58 64.40 63.32 roughness (Ra) 9.478 11.167 8.930
Level 3 63.43 68.88 9.986 19.068
Delta 1.18 1.26 8.55 2.473 1.181 14.924
Rank 3 2 1 2 3 1

variables giving the best Ra value were determined as
cutting conditions (S/N ¼ 9.478, Level 2), cutting
speed (S/N ¼ 9.986, Level 3), and feed rate
(S/N ¼ 4.144, Level 1). As a result, in terms of
machining conditions, an optimum Fc and Ra
values were obtained with MQL (A2), at a feed rate
(C1) of 0.16 mm/rev and at a cutting speed (B3) of
125 m/min as seen in Figures 10 and 11. According
to S/N ratios, MQL is more important than dry cut-
ting on the Fc and Ra as seen in Figures 10 and 11.
ANOVA results for Fc and Ra values
Another crucial analysis for understanding of the sig-
nificance of cutting parameters and conditions in this
study is ANOVA for Fc and Ra values. The ANOVA
results for the Fc and Ra values are shown in Table 8.
Each independent variable in the ANOVA table is
considered to be crucial provided that the variable’s
p-value appears to be lower than 0.05 since each
p-value in the ANOVA table is calculated with a
5% significance level. The contribution column in
the ANOVA table demonstrates the contribution
rate of independent variables to the dependent
variables.25,26,39
Table 8 demonstrates the p-value of each independ-
ent variable contribution establishing the degree of
influence on the dependent variable. On examining
Table 8, the p-values of the independent variables
on the Fc were found as cutting conditions (0.000),
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar 13

feed rate (0.000), and cutting speed (0.002), respect-
ively. p-Values showed that cutting conditions
(0.000 < 0.05), feed rate (0.000 < 0.05), and cutting
speed (0.002 < 0.05) have an important effect on the
Fc. According to ANOVA results, the p-values of the
independent variables on Ra were revealed as cutting
conditions (0.025), feed rate (0.000), and cutting speed
(0.577), respectively (Table 8). This showed that while
the cutting conditions (0.025 < 0.05) and feed rate
(0.000 < 0.05) were more effective on the Ra values,
the cutting speed (0.577 > 0.05) was not effective on
them. ANOVA analysis was performed at 5% signifi-
cance and level 95% confidence level. As well as
p-values, the importance of independent variables on
dependent variables in ANOVA was established after
comparing each independent variable’s F values.
According to Table 8, the F values’ percentages of
the independent variables on Fc were found as the
cutting condition (2.616%), cutting speed (2.161%),
and feed rate (93.976%), respectively. These results
displayed that the most effective independent variable
influencing the Fc values was the feed rate (93.976%).
According to ANOVA results, the F values’ percent-
ages of the independent variables on Ra were found as
cutting conditions (3.527%), cutting speed (0.624%),
and feed rate (89.352%), respectively. Therefore, the
most important independent variable on Ra values
was feed rate (89.352%). The error percent was
found to be rather low at 1.248% and 6.497% for
Fc and Ra values, respectively.
Regression analysis for Fc and Ra
Regression analyses were applied to predict
experimental results. Fc and Ra values obtained
from turning experimental were mathematically mod-
eled with the help of quadratic equations for regres-
sion analyses. In these quadratic mathematical
models, the dependent variables are Fc and Ra;
however, the independent variables are feed rate (f),
cutting speed (Vc), and cutting conditions (CC).
Regression analysis was employed in achieving esti-
mated quadratic equations for Fc and Ra values.
Also, the quadratic mathematical models are utilized
for conErmation experiments in this study. The pre-
dictive quadratic equations attained with the help of
multi-linear regression model of Fc and Ra values are
as follows
Fc ¼ 882 þ 160CC þ 23:2Vc þ 11639F
 0:108Vc2 þ 1556F2  1:41CCVc
 3957CCF  61:3VcF þ 30:4CCVcF
R  Sq ¼ 99:7% R  Sqðadj Þ ¼ 99:3% ð3Þ
Ra ¼ 8:76  5:71CC  0:0180Vc  28:6F
 0:000301Vc2 þ 37:8F2 þ 0:0408CCVc
þ 14CCF þ 0:196VcF  0:104CCVF
R  Sq ¼ 99:6% R  Sqðadj Þ ¼ 99:2% ð4Þ
where Fc and Ra show the predictive quadratic equa-
tions of Fc and Ra values, respectively. For Fc and
Ra, R2 values of the quadratic equations attained by
multi-linear regression model were computed to be
99.7% and 99.6%, respectively. Consequently, this
regression model was proved to be successful in pre-
dicting Fc and Ra values.
Confirmation experiment for Fc and Ra
Confirmation tests for Fc and Ra values were applied
to check the relations between predicted and experi-
mental results and errors. Comparison results of esti-
mated values of Fc and Ra gathered from optimum
parameters with actual experimental results using
Taguchi optimization technique are as given in
Table 9. The level of independent variables selected

Table 8. Results of ANOVA for Fc and Ra values.

Degrees of Sum of Mean

Source of variance freedom squares square F ratio p Remarks Contribution (%)

Main cutting forces

Cutting conditions 1 6.291 6.291 25.16 0.000 Significant 2.616
Cutting speed 2 5.196 2.598 10.39 0.002 Significant 2.161
Feed rate 2 226.000 113.000 451.91 0.000 Significant 93.976
Error 12 3.001 0.250 1.248
Total 17 240.488 100
Surface roughness
Cutting conditions 1 27.510 27.510 6.52 0.025 Significant 3.527
Cutting speed 2 4.864 2.432 0.58 0.577 Not Significant 0.624
Feed rate 2 696.835 348.417 82.51 0.000 Significant 89.352
Residual error 12 50.671 4.223 6.497
Total 17 779.880 100
14 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)

Table 9. Confirmation test results and estimated values by regression analyses and Taguchi method.

For Taguchi method For regression equations

Level Exp. Pred. Error (%) Exp. Calc. Error (%)

Main cutting forces (Fc)

A1 B2 C2 (random1) 1667.27 1647.38 1.19 1667.27 1711.68 2.66
A1 B1 C3 (random2) 3328.35 3035.12 8.81 3328.35 3281.57 1.40
A2 B1 C3 (random3) 2624.19 2775.55 5.77 2624.19 2658.18 1.29
A2 B3 C1 (optimum) 944.22 760.81 19.42 944.22 962.20 1.90
Surface roughness (mm)
A1 B2 C2 (random1) 3.5068 3.2168 8.26 3.5068 3.7007 5.54
A2 B1 C3 (random2) 8.77 9.32141 6.29 8.77 8.903 1.52
A2 B1 C3 (random3) 9.1377 8.77761 3.94 9.1377 9.19715 0.65
A2 B3 C1 (optimum) 1.2323 1.2949 5 1.2323 1.2635 2.53

Figure 12. Comparison of experimental values with Taguchi optimization technique for Fc and Ra.

Figure 13. Comparison of experimental values with the quadratic regression model for Fc and Ra.

randomly for comparisons of the prediction
results and experimental results is shown in Table 9.
Taguchi method and regression analyses demon-
strated that the predicted results have very approxi-
mate values with the experimental values attained for
various combinations of independent variables. The
percentage of error calculated for Fc and Ra is
within the permissible limits. In the literature, error
values should be smaller than 20% so that statistical
analyses can be reliable.25,59–61 Thus, confirmation
tests administered for regression equation and
Taguchi method show reliable results.
The comparisons of experimentally measured
values and predicted values which were obtained by
Taguchi optimization technique and regression
analysis are exhibited in Figures 12 and 13. When
Gürbüz and Gönülaçar
Figures 12 and 13 analyzed, there is a quite good con-
formity between experimental and predicted values.
R2 values obtained by Taguchi optimization tech-
nique for Fc and Ra were found to be 0.972% and
0.985%, respectively. Also, R2 values obtained by the
regression analysis for Fc and Ra were found to be
0.997% and 0.996%, respectively. As a result,
Taguchi optimization technique and regression ana-
lysis were shown to be successful for the prediction of
Fc and Ra values.
Conclusions
In this paper, the effects of MQL and dry machining
application on machinability in turning of AISI 4140
steel were investigated. Also, Taguchi method was
employed to establish the optimizations and contribu-
tions of independent variables on dependent vari-
ables. Statistical analyses of experimental results and
the results obtained at the end of the turning experi-
ments conducted in different machining parameters
are summarized as follows:
. It is revealed that Fc increased with the feed rate
increase; and Fc tended to decrease with the cutting
speed increase. It is established that MQL applica-
tion reduced Fc in general compared to dry
machining.
. It was found that the flank wear amount was
approximately 0.05 mm lower in the MQL applica-
tion when compared with dry machining.
According to results, Ra increased with the
increase in the feed rate in both dry machining
and MQL application. It is seen that MQL appli-
cation decreased Ra in general compared to dry
machining.
. The dependent variables’ optimum levels were
established to minimize Fc (760.85 N) and Ra
(1.2949) values by employing S/N ratios. The opti-
mal conditions for Fc and Ra values were obtained
at A2 B3 C1 (Cc ¼ MQL, V ¼ 125 m/min, and
f ¼ 0.16 mm/rev).
. According to S/N ratios, MQL turned out to be a
more important independent variable than dry
machining on Fc and Ra values. ANOVA results
exhibited that the feed rate is the most crucial inde-
pendent variable on Fc (93.976%) and surface
roughness (89.352%).
. R2 values obtained by Taguchi optimization tech-
nique for both Fc and Ra were found to be 0.972%
and 0.985%, respectively. Taguchi optimization
technique was found to be successful in predicting
Fc and Ra values.
. Quadratic regression models obtained from Fc
(R2 ¼ 0.997) and Ra (R2 ¼ 0.996) measurements
match very well with the experimental data.
. Validation tests were performed to compare the
Taguchi optimization technique and quadratic
regression model with experimental values.
15
Results have shown a close relationship between
predicted and experimental results for Fc and Ra.
. From the experimental and statically analyses
results, it was observed that Taguchi established
that optimum machining conditions significantly
reduced the Fc and Ra during the machining of
AISI 4140. Thus, it offered concrete data for man-
ufacturing industries and for those who want to
gain knowledge in this field, so that they could
use these optimum machining conditions for
improving the machinability of AISI 4140 under
the above conditions.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of
this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial
support for the research, authorship, and/or publication
of this article: The authors thank BTUBAP (Batman
University Scientific Research Projects Unit) for their finan-
cial support to this research with project no 2017-
GRADUATE-2.
ORCID iDs
Hüseyin Gürbüz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-172X
Yunus Emre Gönülaçar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
1565-8564
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Appendix
Notation
ap depth of cut (mm)
Fc main cutting forces (N)
f feed rate (mm/rev)
PMQL pressure (bar)
Q MQL flow rate (mL/min)
Ra surface roughness (mm)
R2 correlation coefficient square
n number of experimental observations
r" radius of cutting tool nose
Vc cutting speed (m/min)
VB average flank wear (mm)
yi measured value