Summary

Air and Atmospheric Pressure

Pascal’s Law
INDUSTRIAL PNEUMATIC
THEORY Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
IMM2450 FLUID POWER I Guy-Lussac’s Law
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
Bernoulli’s Principle

Composition of Air Atmospheric Pressure

The air we breathe is Composition by Volume Does air have Weight?
springy, squashy and Nitrogen 78.09% N2
fluid in substance Oxygen 20.95% O2
Argon 0.93% Ar Yes!

We take it for granted
Others 0.03%
that wherever there is Atmospheric pressure is
space it will be filled the weight of air above
with air us.

Air is composed
mainly of nitrogen and
oxygen
 Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure

It gets less as we How do we weigh air to determine atmospheric
climb a mountain, pressure?
more as we descend
A physicist named Torricelli invented a device known that
into a mine measures atmospheric pressure – it is called a

The pressure value Barometer
is also influenced by
changing weather
conditions

Mercury Barometer Atmosphere and Vacuum

A glass tube is filled with mercury
The power of
and then inverted into a pan of atmospheric pressure is
mercury. When observed at sea apparent in industry
level the atmospheric pressure where pick and place
will support 29.92” of mercury or 29.92” Hg
suction cups and
29.92” Hg. vacuum forming
Atmospheric
The conversion factor of Inches Pressure machines are used
Mercury to P.S.I is 0.491.
Air is removed from one
Therefore, atmospheric pressure side allowing
at sea level is 29.92” Hg or (29.92 atmospheric pressure
x 0.491) 14.7 psi on the other to do the
work
 Industrial Compressed Air Industrial compressed air
Industrial compressed air is found in two scales: 174.7 160
Extended
Industrial
164.7 150
1. Gauge Pressure 154.7 140
range
144.7 130 Typical

Pressure scale begins but does not include 134.7 120 Industrial

Absolute pressure psia

atmospheric pressure 124.7 110 range

Gauge pressure psig

114.7 100
2. Absolute Pressure 104.7
94.7
90
80 Low
range

Pressure scale includes atmospheric pressure 84.7 70
74.7 90
64.7 50
54.7 40
44.7 30
34.7 20
24.7 10
14.7 0 Atmosphere
0 Full vacuum

Pressure
PSI – Pounds per Square Inch
1 psi is equal to one pound of force being applied to one
square inch of area
1 lb The Gas Laws

1”
1”
 Force Transmission Force Transmission
Force applied through a Solid Force applied through a Solid
• Results in a force being transmitted through the solid • Results in a force being transmitted through the solid
in the same direction. in the same direction.

Force Transmission Force Transmission

Force applied to a confined Fluid Pascal’s Law is what causes a folded fire hose to
• Results in a force being transmitted through the fluid in expand and unwind.
all directions acting perpendicularly to all surfaces.
• This is known as Pascal’s Law
 Force Transmission Force Transmission
Pascal’s Law also means that the shape of the container
has no effect on pressure and therefore fluid will always
find it’s own level.

Pascal’s Vases

The Gas Laws

For any given mass of air the variable properties are
pressure, volume and temperature.

By assuming one of the three variables to be held at
a constant value, we will look at the relationship
between the other two for each case Boyle’s Law

Constant temperature P.V = constant

V

Constant pressure = constant
T
P

Constant volume = constant
T
 Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law
Pressure P Pressure P

16 16
14 14
When temperature is held 12
When temperature is held 12

constant the product of the 10 constant the product of the 10

absolute pressure and 8

6
absolute pressure and 8
6
volume will remain the same. 4 volume will remain the same. 4
2 2

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Volume V 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Volume V

P1V1 = P2V2 when T constant P1V1 = P2V2 when T constant

Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law

Pressure P Pressure P

16 16
14 14
When temperature is held 12
When temperature is held 12

constant the product of the 10 constant the product of the 10

absolute pressure and 8

6
absolute pressure and 8
6
volume will remain the same. 4 volume will remain the same. 4
2 2

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Volume V 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Volume V

P1V1 = P2V2 when T constant P1V1 = P2V2 when T constant

 Boyle’s Law Boyles Law
Pressure P

16
14
When temperature is held 12

constant the product of the 10

absolute pressure and 8

6
volume will remain the same. 4
2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Volume V

P1V1 = P2V2 when T constant

Charles’ Law
Temperature
Celsius
100

When pressure is held 80

60
constant the volume will 40
Charles’ Law change proportional to that 20 293K
of the absolute temperature 0
-20
change. -40

-60
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 Volume

V1 V2
=
T1(K) T2(K)
When P constant
 Charles’ Law Charles’ Law
Temperature Temperature
Celsius Celsius
100 100
366.25K
When pressure is held 80 When pressure is held 80
60 60
constant the volume will 40
constant the volume will 40
change proportional to that 20 change proportional to that 20

of the absolute temperature 0

of the absolute temperature 0
-20 -20
change. -40 change. -40
219.75K
-60 -60
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 Volume 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 Volume

V1 V2 V1 V2
= =
T1(K) T2(K) T1(K) T2(K)
When P constant When P constant

Charles’ Law Charles’ Law

Temperature
Celsius
100
366.25K
When pressure is held 80
60
constant the volume will 40
change proportional to that 20 293K
of the absolute temperature 0
-20
change. -40
219.75K
-60
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 Volume

V1 V2
=
T1(K) T2(K)
When P constant
 Guy-Lussac’s Law
Temperature
Celsius
100
80
When the volume is held 60

constant the pressure will 40

Guy-Lussac’s Law 20
change proportionally to the 0 4
6
8
10

12

absolute temperature. -20 2

0 bar 16
14

-40
bar absolute
-60
0 5 10 15 20

P1 P2
=
T1(K) T2(K)
When V constant

Guy-Lussac’s Law Guy-Lussac’s Law

Temperature Temperature
Celsius Celsius
100 100
80 80
When the volume is held 60 When the volume is held 60

constant the pressure will 40

constant the pressure will 40

20 20
change proportionally to the 0 4
6
8
10

12
change proportionally to the 0 4
6
8
10

12

absolute temperature. -20 2

0 bar 16
14
absolute temperature. -20 2

0 bar 16
14

-40 -40
bar absolute bar absolute
-60 -60
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

P1 P2
=
T1(K) T2(K)
When V constant
 Guy-Lussac’s Law The General Gas Law
Temperature
Celsius
100 The general gas law is a combination of Boyle’s law and
80
Charles’ (Guy-Lussac’s) law where pressure, volume
When the volume is held 60
40 and temperature may all vary between states of a given
constant the pressure will
20 mass of gas but their relationship result in a constant
change proportionally to the 6
8
10

0 4 12

value.
absolute temperature. -20 2

0 bar 16
14

-40
bar absolute
-60
0 5 10 15
P1 .V1 P2 .V2
= = constant
T1 T2

Flow Units

Flow is measured as a 1 cubic foot
volume of free air per unit of 1 litre or
cubic decimetre
time

Popular units are :
Flow of Compressed Air
Litres or cubic decimetres
per second
l/s or dm3/s

Cubic metres per minute
m3/m

Standard cubic feet per
minute (same as cubic feet
of free air) scfm

The maximum velocity in an 1 cubic metre
air system is the speed of or 1000 dm3

sound
 Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
Fluids like to flow in lamina. When they are force out of
In straight sections of their lamina turbulence is the result. Turbulence is
pipe or tubing fluid flows energy loss (pressure loss) and should be avoided for
in layers or lamina efficiency.
What causes turbulence?
•Pipe restrictions
Every surface has a certain
amount of friction, or •Elbows and bends
resistance to flow. Therefore,
flow is fastest in the center.

Flow and Pressure Relationship Bernoulli’s Principal

Bernoulli’s principle states that as the velocity of a fluid

increases the pressure of the fluid decreases.
 8 8
6 10 6 10 8 8
6 10 6 10
4 12 4 12

4 12 4 12

A C
2 14 2 14

bar 16 8 bar 16
0 0
6 10 14 8 14
2 2
6 10
4 12

bar 16 bar 16
0 0

B
4 12
2 14

0 bar 16
2 14

bar 16
0

Flow
Increases

Summary
Air and Atmospheric Pressure
Pascal’s Law
Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
Guy-Lussac’s Law
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
Bernoulli’s Principle