VOCABULARY

By Aytan Ismayilzada
1.Man-made environment
Housing Crime

Transport Agriculture

2. Natural environment
Nature Water

Pollution Tourism

Recycling

3. Life and society

Family Free time

Happiness Finance

Health

4. Research and technology

Education Technology

Languages Research

Arts

5. Bonus
Synonyms Top 20 Idioms for speaking
Man-made environment (Cities)

1) Housing

To be affected by changing house prices Sustainable materials

Building maintenance To be environmentally friendly
Landlords and tenants To preserve historical buildings

Mortgage Affluent areas

Private property Sprawling cities
Accommodation Disadvantaged Areas
Green spaces Expensive apartment towers
Overpopulation Overheating

Poor living conditions Vibrant human societies/ communities

Serious health concerns Poverty / homelessness
Rural areas and urban areas Carbon-neutral city
Urban wildlife Infrastructure
Cities eco-system Tumultuous change
Horizontal and vertical housing Facilities
Building/ construction/ architecture/ Amenities
urban design
Housing shortage
Sustainable development
Rural deprivation
Renovation
Economic growth
Residential areas
Migration
Citizens/ inhabitants/ residents / city
dwellers

Close-knit community
Affordable housing
 Electric cars

2) Transport Measures such as Park-and-ride schemes,

cheaper bus fares and charging points for
electric cars were needed alongside a ban
Congestion
Flight-shaming
Alternative fuels
Flight redemption initiatives
Road safety
Increasing tax on flights
Cycle lanes
Overnight train or sleeper buses instead of
Car-share schemes flights
Pedestrians Encourage people to holiday within their
Alternative sources of energy own country rather than abroad

Self-driving cars Increase investment in

To ban private vehicles To allocate funds

A multi-storey car park To be capable of big shifts in social

attitudes
To damage the town's economy
To tackle air pollution and prioritize cycling,
Car-free city center walking and public transport
To cut congestion and air pollution Public transport is highly energy-efficient
To reclaim urban areas for pedestrians and and can use sustainable energy
cyclists Commuting time
The supremacy of the motor car in the Car ownership
minds of the public and planners
To ban diesel vehicles
Improvements in air quality, safety and
noise
Pedestrians and cyclists-friendly bridges

Transport policy
Generational shift in attitudes to smth
The growing number of delivery vehicles
Developing such plans in a fast- changing
society is challenging
 The main causes of crime are poverty,
unemployment and lack of education
3) Crime
Criminal record

Crime prevention To be released from prison

Deterrents Prisons should provide education and

vocational training
The justice / legal system
Rehabilitation programs
To pay a fine
Convicted offence

To serve the sentence

Community service is a better way to
reform the offenders
Ex-prisoners
Reformed offenders
To be involved in crime

To serve a prison sentence Invasion of

privacy

Surveillance systems/cameras
To hack data
Blue-collar crime and white collar-crime
Solving crimes Police forces
Technological advances

Drones can film suspects

Geographical crime areas, sensor systems
and social media can predict when and
where a crime is going to occur
Facial recognition
Criminals/offenders/prisoners
To commit crimes
4) Agriculture

Climate crisis campaigns should help to

reverse the decline in meat eating
The mistreatment of animals bred for food

The livestock sector

Numerous studies in recent years have
shown that a shift to healthy, more plant-
rich diets can deliver important health,
environmental and economic benefits

Human-delivered greenhouse gas

emissions

«Sustainability charge» on meat

Levy= tax
Greenhouse gas emissions, air and water
pollution, losses of wildlife associated with
livestock production
A huge reduction in meat eating is essential
to tackle the climate emergency
Avoiding meat and dairy products is the
single biggest way to reduce people's
environmental impact on the planet
Marketing plant-based food as delicious
and satisfying is one of the alternatives
A proposal to please vegetarian burgers
alongside their meat counterparts instead
of separating them on menus or in
supermarket aisles Intensive farming
Organic food Biodiversity
Fertilizer
Cultivate/ harvest/ yield
Natural Environment clear reasons: education, research and
conservation
5) Nature

Ecological emergency

To start the recovery of the wildlife

Threatened species
Ecosystems
To prevent wildlife habitats from being
destroyed
Pest/predators/prey

Flora and fauna

Deforestation
Wildlife/ Animals
Bred in captivity/ in the wild
Endangered species

Extinct animals
In a world beset by climate change, habitat
Through collective action we can make a
city where wildlife can thrive, and the
natural world can flourish
One solution is rewilding - recreating areas
of natural habitat for plants and animals
that are important to a balanced
ecosystem (it also means repurposing road
verges and maybe even bus stop roofs)

Zoos are outdated relics of a less

enlightened era

Mistreatment of animals
London zoos are well-run and, according to
supporters, justify their existence for three
6) Pollution
Air pollution represents a major danger to
health
Adverse effects on development
Particles in the air are a major and invisible
danger to our health
Vehicle emissions are predominantly to
blame, but domestic heating systems and
industrial pollutants are also factors.
Fossil fuels
Single-use plastic
Non-biodegradable
The longer people are exposed to dirty air,
the bigger is the damage to intelligence
The serious health damage caused by the
pollution particles emitted by traffic and
industry are well known
But the potential health impacts of inhaling
plastic particles from the air, or consuming
them via food and water, are unknown
Plastics can carry toxic chemicals and
harbour harmful microbes
Cutting microplastic pollution requires
changing how plastic is used and disposed
of

Microplastic pollution Compostable and biodegradable plastics

Tiny plastic particles The use of alternatives to plastic are being

adopted by many food and drink
A city is contaminated companies
Renewable energy Compostable packaging
A harder-hitting and better funded Disposable, single-use plastics used for
national strategy that really tackles this packaging food and drink - particularly
issue across the board cigarette butts, plastic drinking bottles,
Global warming plastic caps, food wrappers, grocery bags,
plastic lids, straws
Climate emergency

Climate crisis
Ozone layer depletion Soil erosion
Ecological degradation
Impact of high levels of toxic air
Breathing unsafe air

Polluted air can cause everyone to reduce

their level of education by one year

Air pollution harms cognitive performance

in students
7) Recycling marketing of food products, alternative
medicine and natural medicine.

It's a delusion that by putting mountains of Made from recycled materials Recycling
packaging in the recycling bin our facilities
profligate lifestyle is somehow neutralized Recycling economy
Waste disposal We need corporations - those like Coca-
Landfill Cola, Unilever, Starbucks and Nestle that
continue to churn out / throwaway plastic
Reuse, recycle bottles, cups
To be less responsible shoppers and
disposers of waste
To rethink our approach to recycling (it has
to be a last- ditch option, not a get-out card
(informal))
Consumers' efforts to be eco-friendly
Groundwater Hazardous waste

As municipalities are forced to deal with

their own trash instead of exporting it
In fact, much of this plastic is completely
unrecyclable.
Recycling facilities are separating «mixed
plastics» from those plastics which still
retain value - such as water bottles, laundry
detergent bottles and milk jugs

Landfills
Recycling business
Greenwashing - also called «green sheen»,
is a form of marketing spin in which green
PR (green values) and green marketing are
deceptively used to persuade the public
that an organization's products, aims and
policies are environmentally friendly and
therefore «better»; appeal to nature.
Common examples present in the
8) Water

Marine pollution
Over-fishing

Irrigation
To restrict companies from bottling local
water
Glacier Drought/flood
Water pollution
Dispose of/ get rid of /dump / cleanup /
store / process / recycle waste
Poisonous/ radioactive/ toxic/ harmful/
hazardous/ industrial waste
9) Tourism

Culture shock
Eco-tourism
Sustainability
Carbon footprint

Globalization
Tourism is playing (plays) an increasingly
important role in the global economy
The growth of budget airlines has made
travelling more accessible
The growth of the global tourist industry is
partly due to the rise of digital services
The most recent development in the
industry was a small revolution of online
reviews and online bookings which
reduced prices but increased satisfaction
The number of tourists produced by a
country tends to correlate with its income
and population

Overtourism in Europe's historic cities

Mass tourism
Ecotourism protects the environment and
boosts local economies
Job opportunities increase as more tourists
visit local areas
Life and Society Paternal leave

10) Family

Nature/nurture
Genes/genetic
Environmental factors

Bring up/grow up
To inherit
Inherited/innate vs learned behavior
Innate characteristics
Peer influence

Gender equality
Roles/stereotypes
Bias/discrimination
The pay gap
Under-representation

Equal opportunities
Parental separation is more likely to harm
the mental health of children
Child-free philosophy
To reduce family breakdown rates
Family breakdown has become a political
issue as the government examines whether
to include it as a factor when measuring
child poverty
Parenthood
To have a strong urge to nurture
Maternal leave
11) Happiness A trend of rising life satisfaction
The measure of contentment Anxiety
Mental health ratings

Well-being The deterioration in personal wellbeing

would reflect those worries it suggested
The rat race could have been caused by widespread
Wealth/possessions media coverage of business failures

Basic survival needs The measures of happiness and wellbeing

Optimistic/pessimistic
The happiness levels

To estimate levels of happiness associated

with a range of daily activities, showed that
happiness goes up with increases in income
at the lower end of the scale, but then it
falls with higher incomes
Perhaps «having it all» makes what we do
feel less meaningful
Being rich can lead to time and attention
being directed towards activities that fuel
the attainment of more wealth, such as
longer working hours and longer
commutes, and away from activities that
generate more happiness, such as time
outside and time with family and friends
Nordic nations take top four places in
happiness rankings, with annual study also
charting the decline of the US
«In the Nordic countries in general, we pay
some of the highest taxes in the world, but
there is wide public support for that
because people see them as investments in
quality of life for all. Free healthcare and
university education goes a long way when
it comes to happiness»
Feeling far less satisfied with life
12) Health

Obese / obesity
Diabetes

Sedentary jobs
To subsidize gyms
Life-expectancy
The NHS - national healthcare system
Children's exposure to marketing of fast
food and sugary drinks

Alternative medicine
To boost city's health
Suffer from poor health and live at the
sharp end of the climate crisis
13) Free time

Leisure activities
Recreational activities
Freelance
Main indulgence

Work-life balance
To be engaged in leisure
Climate change, ecological degradation,
migrating populations, conflict, pervasive
inequalities, and predatory commercial
practices threaten the health and future of
children in every country

World Health Organization (WHO)

Mental and physical health
Life-expectancy
Biological clock
Ageing populations

Care social justice, human rights, equality

and democracy for the elderly

Socializing
Spare time
Pathological busyness
To live in a fast-moving society
Gig economy
14) Finance An interplay between digital and physical
In a fast-changing digital world
Consumerism To become more efficient and effective
Greed Economics To acquire skills/customers Innovative
Cashless society solutions

Advertising The adoption of Al

Sponsorship Lead to higher growth of

Celebrity endorsement Financial pressure

Lower (higher) - income households Lead to high unemployment levels

The interest rate Equitable society

Savings accounts To cause redundancies in jobs

Manage the money

Minimalistic lifestyle
To be frugal (informal)

Self-employed
A retirement savings plan
Student loan
Mortgage
Radical changes
Job/workplace
Employee well-being
To dominate workforce
High skill low skill
Soft skills / hard skills

Professional progression
Mental and emotional health
Al - artificial intelligence
Research and To make a significant contribution

Technology Emotional and mental well- being

The applicant's educational, social and
15) Education economic background
To tackle urgent priorities
Public vs private
To improve recruitment and retention of
Curriculum choices teachers
Assessment/evaluation Curriculum Experienced teachers
Degrees/ quaIifications Less-experienced and lower- qualified staff
Technology
Distance learning

Single-sex education
Higher education
Admission
Tuition fees
Accommodation costs

Student loans/debts
The equality gap continues to narrow
Educational background
attainment/achievement/accomplishment
The most advantaged areas applicants

To be highly motivated
Peers
Disadvantaged students
Eligible/ suitable
To improve the attainment of
disadvantaged students
School standards
16) Languages

Mother tongue
Language acquisition

Linguistics
Literacy rates
Minority languages
Age factors
Bilingual benefits

Compulsory study of languages

Languages are an essential part of a broad,
balanced curriculum
They provide an opportunity to
communicate more effectively with others
17) Arts To develop social skills
To promote a country's cultural heritage
Culture / cultural
Creation / creative
Imagination / imaginative
Fiction / fictional

Art / artistic
Poetry/poetic
Music/ musical
Help pupils to understand what it is to be a
global citizen, including the importance of
tolerance and understanding
Gain the knowledge and skills that will
broaden their horizons and set them up for
later life
Dominant languages
Minority languages
Language education is often not just a
matter of mastering a vocabulary and a
grammar, but of immersing oneself in a
culture, a history, a way of life.
Drama / dramatic
Paintings sculpture drawing

Arts: music dance theater film literature

To express ideas and concepts
To learn from art
To encourage creativity
To promote harmony

To express oneself through creativity

Art can teach somebody about culture
18) Technology Potential risks of such technologies should
not be ignored

The digital divide

A technophobe

Artificial intelligence Cyber-crime

Digital literacy
Labour-saving devices
To launch a new version of Artificial
intelligence will have
a positive/negative impact on our lives

The increasing intelligence of technology

Areas that require high levels of
To promote national pride
Admission to galleries
Arts organizations and museums

Public funding
To attract workforce and audience
Accuracy or calculations using large
amounts of data
Improve safety by reducing the likelihood
of human errors
Improve our quality of life
A rise in unemployment as workers in
various industries are replaced by
machines or software programs
Self-driving vehicles
Intelligent technologies gradually take jobs
away from humans
People become deskilled
19) Research

Evidence
Experiment

Evaluation
Hypothesis/theory
Placebo effect
Volunteer Respondent
To carry out a survey/research Inventions

Inventor/invention
Innovation
Discovery
To pioneer/a pioneer
A breakthrough

To coin a phrase
Nuclear technology/ alternative energy/
genetic engineering
Lose their sense of purpose in life
Space tourism / mission / ship / station /
shuttle / travel / exploration
Bio-tech industry/ GM crops/ scientific
advances
Potential dangers / environmental change
Bonus Communities
Nation
20) Synonyms
Population

Children Public

Youngsters
Minors Government

Teenagers City (hall) officials

Juvenile Authorities

Adolescent Council

Youth National government

Young generation International bodies

Younger generation Local government / council

Generation Z
Young adults Advantages disadvantages
Benefits drawbacks/downsides

Old(er) people Positive and negative consequences

The elderly A positive/negative impact

Senior citizens The argument in favour of / against

Retired people A positive measure

Elderly people Essential

Ageing populations Be advantageous / disadvantageous

Significant

People Crucial

Citizens Adverse effect/conditions

Society To deteriorate

Humanity

Individuals
Problems-solutions
Problems – issues
To have a negative/adverse/ detrimental
effect on
To affect something

To deteriorate
Negative consequences
A greater burden/pressure
Difficulties/challenges
To take measures

To tackle the issue

To take a major step towards doing smth
The government should launch new
initiatives, build new hospitals, put
(allocate) more money into the police and
prisons
... should be urgently addressed
To mitigate and improve the current
situation
Societies can take steps to mitigate these
potential problems
A simple solution would be to do smth
To combat something
21) Top 20 idiomatic
expressions (mostly
American, though)
1. To think outside the box
2. to be in the same boat
3. to have big shoes to fill
4. to have the guts
5. Out of this world – fantastic

6. Born and raised

7. To die for - extremely good
8. Phenomenal
9. The place to be - fancy place
10. Craving (noun)/ to crave (verb)

11. Low-key (adj)

12. It's a big deal/it's not a big deal
13. To call in sick
14 ... it clicked
15. Tech savvy
16. To be bored to death
17. Hot-button topic
18. Bread and butter
19. It's a rip-off
20. To splurge on something