RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Danwana Issah Mohammed

Land Management

SDD-UBIDS

Topic:

Poor Land Management Practices In Wa Municipality: Implications For The

Environment, Community And Land Planning.

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INTRODUCTION:

Towns and cities in Ghana are fast expanding with daunting challenges for orderly physical
development the Wa municipal is no exception. As a result of rapid urbanization and the
increasing need for urban infrastructure, there is a pressing need for effective implementation
and management of land use plans. This is because land is one of the important factors of
production and the backbone of every economy in the world as all economic activities take place
in it to spearhead economic development therefore special attention needs to be given to it by
every government and local authorities.

Although land continues to be the main source of livelihood for the majority of its people (Bugri,
2013), many Ghanaians know the economic, social, and cultural importance of land, however,
sustainable Land Management Practices (LMPs) in Wa municipal remain a major challenge and
it is affecting the environment, people in the community, and availability for future land
planning. Some of the challenges that metropolitan and municipal authorities face as cities and
towns grow include sporadic physical development and the inability of authorities to minimize
the negative externalities that come with this rapid expansion while increasing the benefits of
urbanization (Boamah, Gyimah, & Bediako, 2012; Osumanu, 2020). This threatens urban
development and sustainable urbanization (UN-Habitat, 2015).

As a country, it is therefore important to improve the current land management practices by

adopting effective and efficient sustainable LMPs. Hurni (2000) cited in Heyi and Mberengwa
(2012) defines LMPs as all physical activities and practices on the ground that use all their
appropriate technologies and methods to improve and maintain the productive capacity of the
land for present and future use. Ofei, Lengoiboni and Koeva (2017) also define sustainable
LMPs as all human activities that promote efficient and effective management of land and ensure
its sustainability for future generations. The focus here is to mitigate poor land management
issues, like unregulated construction and poor allocation of land resources. Through this process,
the importance of employing suitable approaches for resource conservation and sustainable land
utilization, ensuring the holistic improvement of land management practices.

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Although the Wa municipal assembly has adopted and implemented land-use plans over time,
the increased expansion coupled with the growing population of the municipal, there is a need to
improve and implement rigor plans to be able to take advantage of the opportunities this
expansion for development control sustainable growth (UN-Habitat, 2015). Therefore, for these
land management interventions or practices to be effective and efficient in delivering the
expected results, the people who benefit from the land intervention must be accustomed to the
processes involved in the interventions, the structures in place for carrying out the intervention,
and the outcome of the intervention (de Vries and Chigbu, 2017).

While a significant number of studies have researched issues on land degradation, and
sustainablesustainability of land management practices in different parts of the country . These
works mainly focus on the nature of land degradation, zoning standards, traditional farmers’ land
management practices, soil and water conservation by government and other actors, farmers’
perception on soil fertility change and on causes of land degradation (Issahaku and Abdulai,
2020; Issahaku and Rahaman, 2018; Ubink and Quan, 2008; Jinbaani and Vilhelmsdóttir, 2016;
Issahaku and Abdulai, 2019; Ameyaw et al., 2018; OfeiMatey, Lengoiboni & Koeva, 2017)
where as ; Jinbaani and Vilhelmsdóttir, (2016) examined sustainable land management in the
Upper West region of Ghana, .

the study will explore the concept of “land management practices” for a better understanding of
the best ways to ensure that sustainable land practices and interventions are implemented
responsibly in Wa municipal, allowing a connection to be made between plan preparation,
implementation, and management and serve as a basis for policies and program formulation to
ensure orderly physical growth and sustainable urban development.INTRODUCTION:

Towns and cities in Ghana are fast expanding with daunting challenges for orderly physical
development. Rapid urbanization and the increasing need for urban infrastructure have escalated
the need for effective implementation and management of land use plans. Land is the backbone
of every economy in the world and is given special attention by every government as all
economic activities take place in it to spearhead the economic development. According to
Toulmin and Quan (2000), Land remains one of the most important assets to African economies
serving as a source of income to many, providing food, and employment. Land also has

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economic attributes and social value serving as a place of settlement, providing a location within
which people live and to which they return.

Additionally, LMPs in broader terms can be defined as all activities on the ground that apply
appropriate technologies to improve or maintain the productive capacity of the land for present
and future use (Hurni, 2000 cited in Heyi and Mberengwa, 2012). According to Matey,
Lengoiboni and Koeva (2017), Sustainable land management practices promote efficient and
effective management of land and ensure its sustainability for future generations. This approach
contributes to the prevention of conflicts between different land use types, the adaptation of land
uses to physical and ecological conditions, the lasting protection of land as a natural resource, the
lasting productive use of land and a balanced use that fulfils all social, ecological and economic
requirements. Sustainalbe land management practices also ensures the highest and best use of
land and natural resources. It regulates by specifying here permissible land uses such as
residential, industrial, recreational or commercial may take place (Matey, Lengoiboni And
Koeva, 2017).

Despite the economic, social and cultural importance of land to Ghanaians, Sustainable Land
Management Practices (SLMPs) in Wa municipal still remain a major challenge and it is
affecting the environment, people in the community, and availability for future land planning or
use. As a country, it is therefore important to improve the current land management practices in
the by adopting sustainable LMPs. The primary focus of sustainable land management approach
is to identify solutions that are economically viable, socially acceptable and ecologically sound
solutions at the local level. These solutions aim to encourage participatory land management
practices, addressing essential aspects of effective land planning, such as prevention of soil
erosion and minimizing land degradation. In addition, they focus on mitigating land planning,
like unregulated construction and poor allocation of land resources. Through this process, the
importance of employing suitable approaches for resource conservation and sustainable land
utilization, ensuring the holistic improvement of land management practices.

In Ghana, for instance, these land management interventions are usually carried out by
designated land institutions. Therefore, for any land management intervention or practice to be
effective and efficient in delivering the expected results, the people who benefit from the land
intervention must be to accustomed the processes involved in the interventions, the structures in

3
place for carrying out the intervention, and the outcome of the intervention (de Vries and
Chigbu, 2017).

In Ghana, the growth of cities and towns comes with sporadic physical development in the
context of municipal authorities’ inability to minimize the negative externalities associated with
rapid expansion while increasing the benefits of urbanization (Boamah, Gyimah, & Bediako,
2012; Osumanu, 2020). This threatens urban development and sustainable urbanization (UN-
Habitat, 2015). The unmanaged growth of cities and towns in Ghana has resulted in problems
including the over-stretching of infrastructural facilities and services, scanty shelter, deteriorating
sanitary conditions, chaotic physical developments, and shoddy housing construction
(Satterthwaite, 2014). For well-organized and orderly urban growth, there is a need for land use
plans to direct the expansion in an efficient and sustained manner. Land use plans provide tools
and techniques which are used to guide and manage the orderly growth of cities and towns in a
deliberate way. As a result, municipal authorities have to prepare land use plans to promote
orderly growth and quality environments. Furthermore, completed land use plans come to
nothing if they are not properly implemented to conform to their provisions on the ground.
According to Feitelson et al. (Feitelson et al. 2017), the object of a plan is that its proposals
should be put into practice. The growing problem of violating provisions and proposals in land
use plans in urban areas has been a matter of concern in many developing countries, including
Ghana. Most of the visible problems challenging urban dwellers as a result of violating the
provisions in urban land-use plans include (Boamah, Gyimah, & Bediako, 2012; Cobbinah and
Erdiaw-Kwasie, 2016; Osumanu, 2022). Rising vulnerability of urban populations to disasters,
resulting from the construction of residential units in areas disposed to floods and other
environmental hazards. Insufficient shelter, and inadequately maintained and worsening urban
physical infrastructure, particularly water supply, sanitation, and energy. This phenomenon
creates several disorders in urban governance and environmental management (Osumanu, 2022).
City authority’s attempts to mitigate these challenges necessitate the preparation of land use
plans to guide development in urban areas.

As land-use plans are being implemented over time, coupled with the growing nature of cities,
there is a need to understand the processes of implementation and management of the plans to be
able to take advantage of the opportunities for effective development control mechanisms for

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sustainable city growth (UN-Habitat, 2015). The study will therefore assess the implementation
and management of land use plans in Wa municipal. This will allow a connection to be made
between plan preparation, implementation, and management. Again, it will aid in clarifying
misconceptions and misinformation about land use plans’ implementation and management and
serve as a basis for policies and program formulation to ensure orderly physical growth and
sustainable urban development.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:While a significant number of studies have researched issues on

land degradation, and sustainable of land management practices in different parts of the
country. These works mainly focus on the nature of land degradation, zoning standards,
traditional farmers’ land management practices, soil and water conservation by
government and other actors, farmers’ perception on soil fertility change and on causes of
land degradation (Issahaku and Abdulai, 2020; Issahaku and Rahaman, 2018; Ubink and
Quan, 2008; Jinbaani and Vilhelmsdóttir, 2016; Issahaku and Abdulai, 2019; Ameyaw et
al., 2018; Matey, Lengoiboni & Koeva, 2017) where as Jinbaani and Vilhelmsdóttir (2016)
examined sustainable land management in the Upper West region of Ghana.

In this study, I will explore the concept and praxis of “land management practices” for a better
understanding of the best ways to ensure that sustainable land practices and interventions are
implemented in a responsible way. The study argues that land management interventions need to
be responsible in ways that satisfy people’s needs to resolve the land challenges they experience.
The study, using Wa municipality as a case study, assesses how responsible management
practices impact the environment, people’s livelihoods, and future land use.

In 1950, 30% of the world’s population was urban. In 2014, 54% of the global population lived
in urban areas, and, by 2050, 66% of the population is estimated to be urban (UN, 2018). In
Africa, the rate of urbanization increased from 15% in 1960 to 40% in 2010 and is estimated to
reach 60% in 2050. It is expected that urban populations in Africa will triple in the next 50 years
(UN-Habitat, 2015).

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Ghana, like many African countries, is fast urbanizing as a result of rapid urban growth fueled by
a high birth rate, rural–urban migration, and intensified economic liberalization and globalization
(Owusu, Oteng & Afutu-Kotey, 2012; Osumanu, Nyaaba, & Owusu-Sekyere, 2018). According
to Oloyede (2010), countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and Ghana double their populations every 17
years, with key cities in these countries growing faster by characteristic yearly increases of 10%.
In 2020, Ghana was urbanizing at a rate of 3.26% annually, and 57.35% of the country’s total
population was found in towns and cities (Ghana Statistical Service, 2020). The growth of urban
the population necessitates additional space (land) for residential and other urban infrastructural
development. According to Osumanu et al. (Osumanu, Nyaaba, & Owusu-Sekyere, 2018), as
urban centers grow in size, there is always a high demand for land for different uses and
purposes.

Land use planning promotes efficient and effective management of land and ensures its
sustainability for future generations as well as any conflicts between different land use types
(GIZ, 2012). The changing land use in recent times has become a common global issue due to
anthropogenic activities that have changed the natural landscape either through over-exploitation
or underutilization of the available natural resources, and the Wa municipality in the upper west
region is no exception.

As a result of global expansion, urbanization, and industrialization, land is increasingly

becoming scarce and may not be available for future generations or other economic activities like
agriculture (Castillo et al. 2020; Subdedi, Kristiansen, and Cacho, 2022). While society has made
attempts to develop its cities and urban areas, the process has often left the land degraded.
Environmental Protection Agency (2002) report shows that about 69 percent of the total land
surface is susceptible to soil erosion and degradation largely because of poor land management
practices.

Poor land management practices connote adverse consequences for people and ecological
systems through the exploitation of land resources which may include vegetation, water, soil,
forestry, and wildlife. The problem of poor land management is often exacerbated by human
activities through the increase in population growth and increasing demand for land resources,
especially agricultural lands, forestry, and wildlife. As a result, inappropriate results in of land
degradation, which disturbance the natural vegetation causing environmental disasters, including

6
wildfires and flooding. In Ghana, two-thirds of the degraded land is a consequence of
unsustainable agricultural practices, twice on average, than in other West African countries
(FAO 2000).PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Notable, the growth and expansion of urban areas come with benefits and challenges due to their
enigmatic nature. As a result, towns and cities need land-use plans to direct and promote their
growth in an organized manner to enable a realization of their benefits. An increase in urban
populations from natural growth, net rural–urban migration, and the expansion of urban
economies induce the physical expansion of cities. In 1950, 30% of the world’s population was
urban. In 2014, 54% of the global population lived in urban areas, and, by 2050, 66% of the
population is estimated to be urban (UN, 2018). In Africa, the rate of urbanization increased
from 15% in 1960 to 40% in 2010 and is estimated to reach 60% in 2050. It is expected that
urban populations in Africa will triple in the next 50 years (UN-Habitat, 2015). According to
Oloyede (2010), countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and Ghana double their populations every
17 years, with key cities in these countries growing faster by characteristic yearly increases of
10%. Ghana, like many African countries, is fast urbanizing as a result of rapid urban growth
fueled by a high birth rate, rural–urban migration, and intensified economic liberalization and
globalization (Owusu, Oteng & Afutu-Kotey, 2012; Osumanu, Nyaaba, & Owusu-Sekyere,
2018). In 2020, Ghana was urbanizing at a rate of 3.26% annually and 57.35% of the country’s
total population was found in towns and cities (Ghana Statistical Service, 2020). The growth of
urban the population necessitates additional space (land) for residential and other urban
infrastructural development. According to Osumanu et al. (Osumanu, Nyaaba, & Owusu-
Sekyere, 2018), as urban centers grow in size, there is always a high demand for land for
different uses and purposes.

Land use planning promotes efficient and effective management of land and ensures its
sustainability for future generations as well as any conflicts between different land use types
(GIZ, 2012). The changing land use in recent times is has become a common global issue due to
anthropogenic activities which have changed the natural landscape either through over-
exploitation or underutilization of the available natural resources and the Wa municipality in the
upper west region is no exception. As a result of global expansion, urbanization, and
industrialization, the land is increasingly becoming scarce and may not be available for future

7
 generations or other economic activities like agriculture (Castillo et al. 2020; Subdedi,
Kristiansen, and Cacho, 2022). While society has made attempts to develop it cities and urban
areas, the process has often left the land degraded. EPA (2002) report shows that about 69
percent of the total land surface is susceptible to soil erosion and degradation largely because of
poor land management practices.

Poor land management practices connote adverse consequences for people and ecological
systems through the exploitation of land resources which may include the vegetation, water, soil,
forestry and wildlife. The problem of poor land management is often exacerbated by human
activities through Increase in population growth and increasing demand on land resources,
especially agricultural lands, forestry and wildlife. As a result, Inappropriate results in of land
degradation. which disturbance the natural vegetation causing environmental disasters including
wild fires and flooding. In Ghana, two thirds of the degraded land is a consequence of
unsustainable agricultural practices, twice on average, than in other West African countries
(FAO 2000).

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

i. Main objective

The main objective of the study is to assess the present and future implication implications of the
land management practices adopted within the Wa municipality on the environment,
communities, and its availability for future use.

ii. Specific objectives

a) Identify the Types of land use plans in Wa municipality
b) Assess the effectiveness of current land use planning in addressing urban growth
challenges in the Wa municipality.
c) Examine the factors that affect the implementation and management of urban land use
plans within the municipality.

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 [b)] Factors that affect the implementation and management of urban land use plans
with the municipality.
[c)] Examine the impact of poor implementation of land use plans on the environment,
the community and future planning.

RESEARCHRRESEARCH QUESTIONS:

To achieve the studies study’s objectives, the following research questions will aid in achieving
the studies study’s objectives

a) What are the types of land use plans in Wa municipal?

[b)]
b) What factors affect the implementation and management of urban land use plans in the
municipality?
[c)]
c) What are the consequences of not properly implement implementing the land use
plans on the environment, communities, and future planning?

LITERATURE REVIEW: AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

This section will explore existing literature on land management practices discuss the existing
empirical data and debates debate when it comes to promoting sustainable land management
practices. These will serve as a guide upon which this study will be buildbe built and explore the
weakness weaknesses to better understand how the land management practices adopted impact
the environment, communities and and the ability to be used by future generationgenerations.
Additionally, of land management at the global level, National, and the current state in Wa
municipality will be discussed in detail.

2.1 Sustainable land management (SLM)

Global Perspective

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Heyi and Mberengwa (2012) examined the factors that determine farmers’ decision to use certain
land management practices aimed at achieving sustainable development using descriptive and
inferential statistical instatistics in 24 rural villages in the Etole district, Ethiopia using
household questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, and key informantsinformants
interviews. The study revealvedrevealed thatthat the Education status of farmers,Accessfarmers,
Access to extension services, Training, and Access to credit services has have a positive impact
on land management practices adopted.

In anotherAnother study by Gibbons et al. (2012) examined the land management practices
associated with house loss in wild fireswildfires using a logistic regression model in peri-urban
areas sampling data from using 499 households in the State of Victoria and South-Eastern
Australia. The results indicated that a shift in emphasis from broad-scale fuel-reduction treatment
to intensive fuel treatment close to houses will more effectively mitigate the impact from of
wilfire wildfire on houses and recommends that it is extremely important to manage fuel sources
close to houses when reducing risk to house houses posed by fuel.

National perspective

Ofei, Lengoiboni & Koeva (2017) examine the Compliance with residential building standards in
the context of customary land tenure system in in West Ashiyie, Adentan Municipality, Ghana,
through face-to-face interviews. Findings revealed unclear procedures for obtaining zoning
standards, resulting in ignorance of building regulations. Both local and planning authorities
either delegated or faced logistical challenges, allowing residents to disregard residential
standards. The study suggested that customary authorities may lack the means to ensure proper
alignment with land plans, possibly prioritizing rent generation over adherence to local
plans.Matey, Lengoiboni & Koeva, 2017 examined the Zoning Standards and Compliance in the
Context of Customary Tenure System in a Case Study in West Ashiyie, Adentan Municipality in
Ghana using face to face interviews. Results indicate unclear procedures on where and when to
obtain zoning standards lead to ignorance of the building standards. Also, the both local
authorities and planning authority dealing with land have either left the responsibility to inquire
and implement the zoning regulations to the or are logistically challenges making Residents take
advantage of this shortcoming by not implementing the residential standards. The study
concluded that Customary authorities may not have the techniques to ensure proper alignment of

10
the plots with the plans or their interest may lie entirely on generating rent from their land rather
than emphasis proper alignment of plot boundaries with the local plan, as this study has shown.

This comprehensive literature review provides a backdrop for understanding the implications of
land management practices in our specific context, the Wa Municipality. It illustrates how
factors such as education, access to services, and enforcement mechanisms influence the success
of sustainable land management. Building upon these insights, our research aims to explore the
implications of land management practices in the Wa Municipality and their impact on the
environment, communities, and future land use planning.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As urbanization rapidly transforms towns and cities in Ghana, the need for efficient land
management becomes increasingly crucial. Land is the linchpin of economic activities and
livelihoods, and ensuring its sustainability is vital.

The repercussions of inadequate land management extend from the local environment to
communities and future land availability. Challenges like haphazard development and
unregulated urban expansion threaten urban development and sustainability, leading to
infrastructure deficiencies, housing problems, and environmental degradation.

In the face of rising urbanization, there's an urgent need to enhance current land management
practices through the adoption of sustainable Land Management Practices (LMPs). These
practices aim to improve land's productivity for the present and future. The study investigates
gaps and challenges in the existing land management practices, offering insights into their
impacts on the environment, communities, and future planning in Wa Municipality.

While other studies have addressed land degradation and sustainability, this research explores the
responsible implementation of sustainable land practices. It creates a vital link between planning,
execution, and management, laying the foundation for policies and programs to facilitate orderly
growth and sustainable urban development. This study's relevance extends beyond Wa
Municipality, offering lessons for regions facing similar challenges tied to rapid urbanization and
its environmental, social, and economic consequences. The findings of this study can inform

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policies and strategies to promote sustainable urban development, address land degradation
issues, and contribute to the overall well-being of communities in Ghana and similar urbanizing
regions.

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

The research will utilize a mixed-method approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative
methods, and will implement a multi-stage sampling procedure to collect primary data through
the administration of questionnaires and interviews. This study will use a Multi-stage sampling
procedure to collect the primary data through questionnaire administration. The sample size will
be determined based on statistical considerations and the research objectives. Key The study will
involve interviews with key informants, including a Municipal planner responsible for physical
planning, an engineer responsible for monitoring and enforcing zoning regulations and building
standards, an Assembly representative representing residents and land rights holders at the
Municipality, and two customary authorities who allocate land rights to individuals.informants
i.e. a Municipal planner (responsible for physical planning); engineer (responsible for monitoring
and enforcement of zoning regulations and building standards); Assembly representative
(represents residents/land rights holders at the Municipality) and two customary authorities
(landlords, they allocate land rights to individuals) were also interviewed. the planner and the
engineer will be interviewed to gather insights into the planning and permitting process, as well
as the monitoring and enforcement of land use regulations, including any associated challenges
and limitations. Furthermore, the customary authorities will also be interviewed to understand
their pivotal role in the implementation of zoning regulations. The planner and the engineer
provided information on the planning and permitting process, monitoring and enforcement of the
regulations, challenges and limitations. The Assembly representative was interviewed on
awareness program and challenges faced. Customary authorities were interviewed on their role
in the implementation of the zoning regulations. These key informants were purposively selected
as they are in a better position to discuss the zoning standards and enforcement, and programs for

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creating awareness.. In the data analysis phase, the research will employ computer programs,
including Excel and the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), to analyze the obtained
data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used to extract meaningful insights from
the collected data. Additionally, ethical considerations, including informed consent and data
confidentiality, will be strictly adhered to in the research process to ensure the protection of
participants' rights and privacy.The data analysis tools included the use of the computer
programs Excel and Statistical Package for Social scientists (SPSS). Data obtained were
analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

STUDY AREA

Wa Municipality is one of the eleven District/Municipalities that make up the Upper West
Region (UWR) of Ghana (however, during the 2010 Population and Housing Census period,
there were nine Districts/Municipalities in the region). Wa District was upgraded to Wa
Municipality in 2004 with Legislative Instrument (LI) 1800 pursuant to the policy of
decentralization which started in 1988. Under section 10 of the Local Government Act 1993 (Act
426), the Assembly exercises deliberative, legislative, and executive functions in the
Municipality (Wa Municipal Assembly, 2012).

The Wa Municipality shares administrative boundaries with Nadowli District to the north, Wa
East District to the east and the west, and the south Wa- West District. It lies within latitudes
1º40’N to 2º45’N and longitudes 9º32’W to 10º20’W. Wa Municipality has its capital as Wa,
which also serves as the regional capital of the Upper West Region. It has a land area of
approximately 579.86 square kilometers, which is about 6.4% of the Region. The Assembly is
empowered as the highest political and administrative body charged with the responsibility of
facilitating the implementation of national policies (Wa Municipal Assembly, 2012). ). Figure 1
presents a map depicting the Wa Municipality boundaries and selected major towns.In this book,
we study the area of peri-urban Kumasi to examine the regulation of customary tenure systems
and the functioning of customary law. Peri-urban areas form tenure hotspots where property
relations are subject to intense contestation and where access to wealth and authority undergo
rapid change. The peri-urban area is most appropriately thought of as an interface zone,
approximating a continuum from rural to urban. It is characterized as having a rural basis with

13
strong urban influences, easy access to markets, services and other inputs, ready supplies of labor
but relative shortages of land and risks from pollution and urban growth (Edusah and Simon
2001; Simon et al. 2001). Due to expansion of urban centers and population growth, periurban
areas witness a high demand for residential and sometimes commercial land, which triggers
struggles over the rights to convert farmland, cultivated by community members, and to sell it
for other purposes. Since traditional authorities maintain a strong position with regard to land,
they play a prominent role in these conversions. Peri-urban Kumasi, the zone around the capital
of the Ashanti Region, is a case in point. Kumasi, a bustling city and an important transportation
hub, houses the still vibrant royal court of the Asantehene,11 the powerful king of all Asante. Its
population has grown by 4.2% annually since 1960, to 1,400,000 at present. This has led to the
abovementioned pressure on land in the peri-urban area. Increasingly farmland is being
converted into mainly residential, but also commercial and industrial, land, especially alongside
the major roads to Kumasi, where access to the city is easy and where electricity is available.
Many peripheral villages have now become fully encapsulated by Kumasi.

Figure 1: Wa Municipality showing selected communities

Source: Adapted from Ghana Statistical Service

REFERENCE
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Responsible Land Management: The Basis for Evaluating Customary Land Management in
Dormaa Ahenkro, in Ghana. Presented at the 2018 World Bank Conference on Land and
Poverty, Washington DC.

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Bink, J. M., & Quan, J. (2008). How to Combine Tradition and Modernity? Regulating
Customary Land Management in Ghana. Land Use Policy. DOI:
10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.06.002.
Bugri, J. T. (2013). Issues and Options for Improved Land Sector Governance in Ghana:
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Gibbons, P., van Bommel, L., Gill, A., Cary, G., Driscoll, D., Bradstock, R., Knight, E., Moritz,
M., Stephens, S., & Lindenmayer, D. (2012). Land Management Practices Associated with
House Loss in Wildfires. PloS One, 7(e29212). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029212
Heyi, D. D., & Mberengwa, I. (2012). Determinants of Farmers' Land Management Practices:
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Issahaku, G., & Abdulai, A. (2019). Sustainable Land Management Practices and Technical and
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104502
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Forgotten Solution to Land Degradation, Communication Failure, or a Non-Priority Option?
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