Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Mobile Crane Accidents in Construction .................................................... 1

2. Contextual Background of Mobile Crane Accidents ......................................................... 1
3. Problem Statement for Mobile Crane Accidents Research .............................................. 2
3.1. Problem Statement: Enhancing Mobile Crane Safety in the Construction Industry .. 2
3.2. Sub-Problem Statement for Mobile Crane Accidents .................................................... 2
4. Hypotheses of the Mobile Crane Accidents Research Proposal ....................................... 3
5. Delimitations of the Study .................................................................................................... 3
6. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................... 4
7. Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... 5
8. Assumptions........................................................................................................................... 5
9. The Significance of the Study................................................................................................. 5
10. Aim and Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................... 6
10.1. Aim of the Research ......................................................................................................... 6
10.2. Key Objectives: ................................................................................................................. 6
11. Preliminary Literature Review ............................................................................................. 7
11.1. Introduction to Mobile Crane Safety and Research Significance........................... 7
11.2. Technological Advancements in Crane Safety ......................................................... 7
11.3. Frameworks and Systems for Enhanced Crane Operation Safety ......................... 8
11.4. Innovations and Future Directions in Crane Safety .............................................. 10
12. References ...............................................................................................................................11
1. Introduction to Mobile Crane Accidents in Construction

Although safety measures and rules are in place, mobile crane accidents remain a vital issue in the
construction industry (Kamwale et al., 2023; Kargar et al., 2022). Firstly, no standard classification
or pattern recognition scheme for CADs is widely accepted. Research indicates that mobile crane
fatalities indicate that human errors and machine problems contribute significantly to accidents,
mainly affecting riggers (Selleck et al., 2022; Skiba, 2020). Therefore, this emphasises the need
for an all-encompassing measure to minimise these accidents.

The focus shall be on improving mobile crane safety in several key areas. The first is to develop
an organised educational process for mobile crane workers. Improved training can substantially
reduce human-caused accidents (Kamwale et al., 2023; Kargar et al., 2022). More rigorous safety
inspections and overseeing cranes and workplaces are necessary to strictly adhere to the safety
standards (Selleck et al., 2022; Kamwale et al., 2023). In addition, investing in the development
of high-end human-error-resistant equipment will also reduce the chances of accidents.

In order to better understand mobile crane accidents, conducting detailed standardised accident
reporting is crucial within the construction industry for detecting patterns and building
preventative measures (Yang and Jin, 2023; Manzoor et al., 2022).

2. Contextual Background of Mobile Crane Accidents

Mobile crane accidents in the construction industry are considered one of the critical challenges.
They mostly happen due to human mistakes or equipment problems (Kim and Kang, 2022).
Mitigating the identified risks would necessitate the complete training of crane operation staff,
including lifting managers, slingers, and signallers (Kamwale et al., 2023; Skiba, 2020; Kargar et
al., 2022). Therefore, this training must raise awareness and comprehension of the crane security
problems related to human errors.

Equally important are enhanced safety inspections and rigorous maintenance protocols (Manzoor
et al., 2022; Kim and Kang, 2022). Using high-tech, error-reducing equipment and installing
modern safety systems will significantly enhance the quality of the entire crane work. Standardised
accident reports in the construction industry are essential for recognising the root cause of
accidents and developing reasonable safety procedures (Yang and Jin, 2023; Kim and Kang, 2022;
Salah et al., 2021). There must be continuous research and development in crane safety equipment
to overcome some of the limitations with the current safety devices, especially the ones that occur
because of human error (Kamwale et al., 2023; Kim and Kim, 2020).

Crane accidents that are not reportable require rigorous reporting practices and elaborate safety
predictions (Kargar et al., 2022; Li et al., 2013; Fahruzi et al., 2022). Thousands of surveys and
proper analyses allow us to detect possible dangers and implement preventive approaches to safety
(Skiba, 2020; Kargar et al., 2022; Yang and Jin, 2023). Safety requires ongoing training and
educating of Crane operation staff. It entails training on load capacities, handling, and visibility
during operations (Yao et al., 2018; Yang and Jin, 2023; Kim and Kang, 2022). As such, constant
training creates a safety-conscious attitude towards accidents.

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3. Problem Statement for Mobile Crane Accidents Research

3.1. Problem Statement: Enhancing Mobile Crane Safety in the Construction Industry

This research focuses on mobile crane accidents during construction, where the risks to workers'
safety and financial stability are highlighted, among others. This paper analyses why these
accidents occur and the importance of enhanced safety practices. Research indicates that inspectors
must have adequate specialised crane safety expertise, calling for thorough training of all crane
personnel (Manzoor et al., 2022; Kim and Kang, 2022; Kamwale et al., 2023).

It also underscores the importance of real-time safety help and how they can address human
mistakes when operating a crane. It also suggests using modern technologies, such as operator
assistance systems equipped with Lidar and 3D modelling, to improve safety.

The study looks for ways of ensuring the safety of mobile cranes, creating an active environment
where safe practices need implementation, improved training, and strict laws. These efforts aim to
increase safety standards and enhance the safety culture when working with a crane.

3.2. Sub-Problem Statement for Mobile Crane Accidents

The sub-problems will examine how mobile crane safety is addressed regarding improved
operators' visibility, enhanced personnel training, and integration of technological approaches for
a safer operation.

1. Improving Crane Operator Visibility: The research indicates that applying ergonomics
human model during crane cabin design will improve the crane manoeuvrability and the
crane operator visibility, which is very important regarding proximity hazards (Yang and
Jin, 2023; Li et al., 2013).
2. Enhancing Training and Qualifications: The proposal takes into consideration the effect of
inadequate crane personnel training, which leads to accidents (Luo, 2022; Zhou et al., 2019;
Kim and Kang, 2022; Yang and Jin, 202
3. Leveraging Technological Solutions: In the study, the incorporation of robotics cranes, as
well as augmented reality (AR), would be recommended in order to enhance visibility and
situational awareness, therefore ensuring safer and more practical activities during a crane
operation (Kamwale et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2021).
4. Real-time Proactive Safety Assistance Systems: Development of real-time safety system
emphasising promotes the safety of lifting operations by reducing human errors (Fahruzia
et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021; Yang and Jin, 2023; Kargar et al., 2022).

This study aims to increase the safety standards, lower the accident rate and improve the
performance standards of mobile cranes for the benefit of safe construction practice.

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4. Hypotheses of the Mobile Crane Accidents Research Proposal

This research on mobile crane accidents formulates hypotheses aimed at enhancing crane safety
through innovative approaches:

1. Enhanced Human-Technology Collaboration Hypothesis: This is presumed to yield greater

human technology coordination in crane operation, leading to a significant reduction in
accident rate due to human errors (Manzoor et al., 2022; Kim and Kang, 2022; Yang and
Jin, 2023). However, this is due to the complex nature of crane operations, which implies
that operators/equipment must work together (Kamwale et al., 2023; Li et al., 2013).
2. Real-time Safety Assistance Systems Hypothesis: It is anticipated that installing natural-
time safety systems will improve crane operations in terms of safety and efficiency (Kargar
et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021; Yang and Jin, 2023). The assumption involves a
combination of lift site modelling to enhance system efficiency (Li et al. 2013; Selleck et
al. 2022).
3. Advanced Sensory Systems and Hazard Analysis Tools Hypothesis: It is assumed that the
use of modern sensory and crash analysis while performing cranes reduces risks (Manzoor
et al., 2022); Kim and Kang (2022); Yang and Jin (2023) and Zhang et al. (2021).

5. Delimitations of the Study

The paper explores the intricacies of designing and implementing higher-level safety systems and
hazard assessments for mobile cranes in site construction. Recognition that site safety support
needs to be in real-time and tailored to dynamic environments with specific caution for diversities.

1. Integration of Advanced Systems:

- This study would need the integration of sensory technologies, lift site modelling
and hazard analysis aimed at improving crane safety.
- To reduce risk, continuous monitoring of crane clearance would be emphasised as
important.
2. Iterative Development and Evaluation:
- This calls for continuous improvement and review of the safety assistance system.
3. Challenges in System Integration:
- This study recognises the challenge that comes with the integration of highly
sophisticated systems on cranes that are especially common within dynamic
construction sites.
- Solving these problems requires robust algorithms and considerable computing
power.
4. Field Testing and Refinement:
- It emphasises widespread field testing and ongoing improvement in its safety
assistance system.
- These include, among other things, real-time crane motion reconstruction and
proactive warning.

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6. Definition of Terms

1. Real-time Safety Assistance: The capability to provide immediate and proactive safety
support to crane operators during lifting operations, employing technologies that analyse
potential risks in real-time and offer timely warnings and assistance.
2. Pro-active Safety Assistance: The approach of preemptive actions to address potential
safety hazards before they cause harm, especially in crane operations.
3. Real-time Location Data Collection and Visualisation Technology: The technology used
for gathering and visually representing location data in real-time aids immediate decision-
making and analysis.
4. A Multi-Agent System is a system where multiple autonomous entities (agents) work
together towards a common objective. In crane safety, it involves intelligent assistance like
alarms and adaptive path planning to improve construction safety.
5. Path Planning and Replanning Algorithms: Algorithms designed to determine and adapt
the most efficient path for crane movements to avoid potential hazards.
6. Human Error Mitigation: Strategies and technologies aimed at reducing or eliminating
errors caused by human operators during crane lifting operations.
7. Collision Hazard Analysis: The assessment and analysis of potential collision risks during
crane operations, focusing on preventing collisions of crane parts or loads with
obstructions.
8. 3D Reconstruction: Based on sensor data, creating a three-dimensional model of a physical
object or environment is used in crane safety to reconstruct crane poses in real-time.
9. Sensor Fusion: Integrating data from multiple sensors to comprehensively understand the
crane's operational environment, enhancing real-time hazard detection and collision
avoidance.
10. Real-Time Automated Anti-Collision System: A system utilising real-time data acquisition
and analysis to prevent collisions between cranes and obstacles, enhancing operational
safety.
11. Ultra-Wideband Technology: This advanced technology enables real-time monitoring of
crane operations to identify and analyse potential hazards and collision risks accurately.
12. Virtual Reality Systems: interactive and immersive systems that simulate crane operations
in a virtual environment, allowing operators to assess potential hazards and optimise
decision-making for safer operations.
13. Ergonomic Human Models: Models used in designing crane cabins and control systems to
optimise operator comfort, visibility, and safety, reducing the risk of accidents caused by
human error or poor visibility.
14. Building Information Modelling (BIM): A digital representation of a facility's physical and
functional characteristics, used in crane safety for planning and visualising crane paths and
operations in the context of the construction site.
15. Tele-Operated Cranes: Operators can remotely control cranes through advanced
communication systems, managing crane operations from a distance and reducing the risk
of accidents in hazardous environments.

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7. Acronyms

1. AI - Artificial Intelligence
2. AR - Augmented Reality
3. BIM - Building Information Modelling
4. CAD - Computer-Aided Design
5. CNC - Computer Numerical Control
6. GPS - Global Positioning System
7. GUI - Graphical User Interface
8. HMI - Human-Machine Interface
9. IoT - Internet of Things
10. LIDAR - Light Detection and Ranging
11. OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
12. PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
13. RFID - Radio-Frequency Identification
14. Sensor Fusion
15. UWB - Ultra-Wideband
16. VR - Virtual Reality
17. 3D - Three-Dimensional

8. Assumptions

The central idea behind this research on mobile crane safety in the construction industry lies in
several crucial assumptions that help improve overall functioning. The base is the premise that in
real-time, crane movement will be reconstructed accurately to provide proactive safety assistance
and visualisation of hazards. The study is expected to successfully incorporate in-depth 3D site
geometric data into advanced sensing, motion planning kinematics, and relevant engineering
constraints to optimise operation/s scheduled for cranes. Such integrated systems are expected to
provide a sound basis for an informed decision-making process and reduce the possibility of
accidents on the part of crane operators. This requires an integrated safety management system for
crane navigation, with sophisticated machine learning techniques and risk assessment tools on top
of real-time imaging. In addition, the research assumes the appropriate utilisation of RFID
technology for increased security concerning lift operations. It expects greater operator focus and
perception thanks to real-time support.

Moreover, this process necessitates proven testing and evaluation of the prototype safety system,
including its precision, response speed, and friendliness. Advanced robotics motion planning is
also included. In a nutshell, the paper relies on the efficiency of a live safety support system in
warning a pilot and averting an accident, thereby constituting a tremendous stride in crane
operations' security.

9. The Significance of the Study

Mobile Crane Accident Study is essential to enhance safety and production efficiency in the
construction sector (Kamwale et al., 2023; Fahruzi et al., 2022; Li et al., 2013). This paper offers

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a novel safety-conscious path-planning technique for single crane lifting scenarios to conduct
secure, non-conflicting operations (Yang and Jin, 2023; Kim and Kang, 2022). An innovative
solution is that of Fang at el. (2018) devised a real-time proactive safety assistance system using
point cloud data for dynamic hazard analysis, which would warn the operator about unsafe
conditions, thus reducing lift errors.

Therefore, the study provides a new approach to defining security in crane operation by
incorporating real-time locating systems, path planning algorithms and multi-agent
communications. Mobile apps and cloud-based databases add to this as well. Furthermore,
emphasis on the usability of the crane cabin's interface design emphasises that modern systems
should be simple to respond quickly to safety warnings (Yang and Jin, 2023; Zhang et al., 2021).

The study highlights the importance of evaluating and enhancing these safety systems, with field
tests serving as integral elements in improving operation (Kamwale et al., 2023; Yang and Jin,
2023; Li et al., 2013); The Mobile Crane Accident Study enhances overall construction safety by
incorporation of advanced technology, friendly interfaces and efficient machines setting new
industry precedent.

10. Aim and Objectives of the Study

10.1. Aim of the Research

This research aims to significantly enhance safety on mobile crane jobs in the building sector. This
will be achieved through a multifaceted approach that includes:

10.2. Key Objectives:

1. Developing a Comprehensive Safety Framework: A wide-ranging approach toward

developing a safety system comprising live assistance, intelligent sensors, and anticipation
approach toward mobile crane hazards.
2. Integrating Diverse Technologies: Combining multiple existing technologies for enhanced
safety systems for mobile cranes.
3. Advancing Sensor Systems: Developing intelligent, advanced sensor systems to track those
activities better.
4. Implementing Proactive Hazard Analysis: Real-time warning system of hazards with
specific mobile crane operators' alerts.
5. Conducting Extensive Field Testing: Thoroughly stress these systems with real-world
applications of a mobile crane to examine efficacy, purpose, and suitability.
6. Analysing and Refining Safety Measures: Constantly evaluating the efficiency of applied
security systems and improvements.
7. Establishing Comprehensive Management Systems: Effectively developing centralised
platforms for tracking and controlling mobile crane operations.
8. Enhancing Operator Training and Awareness: Crane operator training programs and
enhancements in operational awareness.

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Enhancing safety in mobile crane operation in construction entails integrating technological
breakthroughs and improved personnel training and control mechanisms.

11. Preliminary Literature Review

Incidents involving mobile cranes are a safety concern for the construction sector, presenting
accidents which can be costly in terms of finances. Several scholarly works examine various
aspects of crane safety and highlight the need for all safety measures to address possible dangers
in entirety. Mobile cranes play a significant role in construction activities; thus, a critical review
of the available literature on mobile crane accidents needs to be done.

11.1. Introduction to Mobile Crane Safety and Research Significance

Swuste et al. (2013) researched tower crane safety issues with several causes of accidents.
Specifically, this research emphasises human factors such as negligence of operation, inadequate
training and worker tiredness. In addition, Kargar et al. (2022) explain why crane operators should
use real-time safety assistance to minimise the likelihood of these human errors during lifting
operations. Similarly, Zhang et al. (2021) postulated a real-time proactive safety assistance system
for mobile crane lifting operations. It offers real-time 3D reconstruction of the positioning of a
crane, a model of site conditions for the lifting process and analysis of collision hazards. The device
provides advanced alerts to crane operators. This has excellent potential for the exact
reconstruction of crane motion and early risk mitigation assistance. Every movement made by the
individual parts is crucial not only for the equilibrium of the load but also for the enterprise's
security. For instance, Gharaie et al. (2015), Kim and Kang (2022), Fahruzi et al., (2022) and Yang
and Jin (2023) point out the complex interaction herein. Moreover, statistics from the US provided
by Yang and Jin (2023) also show a high risk of crashes, many dead workers, and crash accidents
year after year. Scholars indicate there is a growing desire for real-time safety assistance to avoid
accidents due to impaired vision, improve operator attention, and reduce human error in lifting
operations.

Li et al. (2013) and Kim and Kim (2020) state that a crane lifting plan is essential, i.e., choosing
the crane site correctly and lifting path optimisation for maximum efficiency with minimum
accident risk. In most cases, many experienced lift coordinators have used their intuitions and
knowledge to locate cranes during traditional lifts. For example, new simulation technologies and
optimisation algorithms can support manual crane location settings with the help they offer to
determine the positions. Guo et al. (2021) emphasised that robotic motion planning can be applied
in automating lift planning, ensuring collision-free movement and optimising lifts' path.

11.2. Technological Advancements in Crane Safety

The study done by Hu et al. (2021) has a significant effect on mobile crane safety. Crane path
planning models have been developed by researchers, giving hope and enhancing safety and
efficiency while eliminating an overwhelming burden on operator. As expected, safety-conscious
path-planning strategy is consistent with current efforts to promote real-time safety assurance in
crane applications. Safety enhancement, efficiency improvement, and decreased artificial errors
with the help of real-time safety assistant systems, preemptive hazard investigation, and optimised

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waypoint planning can be traced as evolving themes (Guo et al., 2021). Fang et al. (2018) made a
significant step by proposing a framework that combines sensors with point cloud data to measure
important crane component movements and model lift site conditions. This framework aims to
identify and warn a crane operator about collision risk before it occurs, avoiding injury or loss of
life.

Research now focuses on the design of on-site automatic lifting routes, lift simulators and
operating administration. This field has been addressed by Kim and Kang (2022), Zhang et al.
(2021), (Guo et al., 2021). And Yang and Jin (2023). Recently, as mentioned by Zhang et al. (2021),
hazards related to cargo lifting must be taken care of while enhancing the working efficacy and
safety of the cranes' performances. Yang and Jin (2023) note that crane-related spatial conflicts
entail static blockages, mobile movements of the crane, and evolving external conditions.
Researchers such as Yang and Jin (2023) and Kim and Kang (2022) have presented active safety
assistant systems that prioritise sensory systems, site model lifts, hazard analysis, and visualisation.
These systems' reconstruction accuracy, latency, and usability have also been evaluated in
telescopic boom mobile cranes.

Site geometric information should be precise and exhaustive for effective crane lifting planning,
according to Kim and Kang (2022. However, new technologies have brought a disruptive change
in this traditionally experienced approach to lift path development (Yang and Jin, 2023; Kim and
Kang, 2022). As pointed out by Fahruzi et al. (2022) and Kim and Kang (2022), this approach
mitigates risks of collision and hazardous dangers. As asserted by Lee et al. (2020) and Kargar et
al. (2022), this has dramatically enhanced crane operation safety and efficiency.

Recent research emphasises the design of modern algorithms or systems that will accelerate
planning and show a possible path for lifts and collision detection. The research into using robotic
methods to plan crane motions and simulate crane lifts could lead to enhancements in safety and
production. Combining a real-time safety assistant system with new technologies has helped
increase the safety levels related to crane operation.

11.3. Frameworks and Systems for Enhanced Crane Operation Safety

Zhang et al. (2021) highlight the significance of enhancing real-time proactive safety assistance
for mobile crane lifting operations. According to Fang et al. (2018), using graphic user interfaces
(GUI) in mobile crane cabins has increased the safety and efficiency of their operation. The crane
operator can see these interfaces, which are visual indicators of hazards and collision risk. Yang
and Jin (2023) state that these interfaces facilitate preemptive safety measures. Lifting operations
involve various movements of the cranes that can be captured for analysis purposes through
comparisons of the actual motions and reconstructions as established in research performed (Zhang
et al., 2021).

As reported by Selleck et al. (2022) and Kamwhale et al. (2023), modern-day technologies on
safety assistance systems at worksites have highly enhanced security and efficiency during mobile
crane operations. As cited in Kim and Kang (2022) and Zhang et al. (2021), a mobile crane cabin
equipped with advanced sensors and analysis algorithms is a big step towards safe crane operation.
Research by Kim and Kang (2022) and Yang and Jin (2023) on real-time hazard analysis and

8
utilisation of 3D information has revolutionised traditional methods of resolving space conflicts
arising in cranes. Accurate and timely data provision to operators significantly reduces collision
risks and dangers. The study by Zhang et al. (2021) related to immediate proactive safety aid for
crane movement concerning people's mistakes and the development of security conditions at crane
use is one of the fundamental movements for reducing human errors and promoting security
conditions for crane use. Yang and Jin (2023) showcase how real-time reconstruction of crane
poses and automated modelling of lift site conditions allow for proactive collision risk analysis
and early warning signals to the operators. This highlights the need for an intelligent safety
assistance system with 3D reconstruction, point cloud data, and hazard analysis algorithms.

Moreover, new technologies for controlling collision risks in mobile cranes have also been
developed, according to the studies conducted by Yang and Jin (2023). According to Li, Wang,
and Li et al. (2013), proposals for crane-hoisted anti-collision systems using environment-based
or real-time scene reconstructions have been promising toward preventing work injuries among
crane operators or others. The role of real-time safety assistance systems in crane operation is
crucial as the construction industry develops. Modern applications, including 3D reconstructions
and hazard analysis algorithms, can radically change crane lifting functions' safety features and
performance. As Zhang et al. (2021) reported, a technology-based approach has reduced manual
and subjective errors in lift planning during crane lift planning. This is a significant step forward
for streamlining the lift path planning process, allowing automatic modelling and updating of as-
is lift site conditions on point cloud data. Minimisation of unnecessary manual lifting at the start
of work reduces the time wasted and increases crane productivity.

The progress of live anti-collision systems for mobile cranes develops a safe on-site lift area during
operations dependent on the position and form of static hindrances. For instance, Chen et al. (2022)
pointed out that safety management and preventing accidents are crucial research and operational
concerns. According to Wang et al. (2022), a real-time pro-active safety assistance system is
necessary because the interactions are complex. The framework proposed by Fang et al. (2018)
leverages a sensor system to capture the essential movements of crane components, while point
cloud data are used to model-lift sites. The GUI warns of collision risk in real time. The main
stages of traditionally developed crane lift plan included crane positioning and lifting path
planning. This is a manual process that may be demanding and error prone as well. Simulation
technologies, as well as optimisation algorithms, are used in crane location planning. It is also
shown that robotic motion planning techniques can be applied to automate lift path planning.
Moreover, Ren and Wu's (2015) real-time tracking and autonomous anti-collision system, as well
as Hwang's (2015) utilisation of ultra-wideband technology, can further contribute to preventive
measures towards collision prevention and real-time hazard analysis to operators, thus enhancing
overall safety during lifting operations.

Besides these improvements, Fang et al. (2018) proposed a new framework for real-time proactive
safety assistance, and Yang and Jin (2023) operational assistance system proved effective in
making overall crane operations safe. In conjunction with path planning algorithms and multi-
agent communication, real-time location systems could be a key to new intelligent assistance for
operators and workers that will transform construction safety. The application of point data for
modelling lift site conditions as well as for recording crucially important movements of crane parts
is, indeed, a considerable measure of progress in construction safety. New developments in these

9
technologies are not limited to assisting crane operators in real-time, they also present an
opportunity to rectify human mistakes while lifting.

11.4. Innovations and Future Directions in Crane Safety

Research indicates technology is crucial in improving safety when planning a crane lift. Park and
Kim (2013) provide a case for using real-time location data collection and visualisation technology
to improve construction safety and activity monitoring. Using crane lifting as a case study provided
a novel perspective on safety issues in operations through the development of a prototype safety
management and visualisation system that will incorporate BIM, location tracking, and gaming
technologies (Luo, 2022). In addition, building a multi-agent system as one component of a
comprehensive initiative to enhance construction safety is a positive step ahead. This system
provides intelligent assistance by employing live location systems, plan and re-plan algorithms,
and multi-agent communications and negotiations. Luo (2022) states the system is active; it alerts
the operator or workers directly in real-time when any potential collision is detected and retraces.

In addition, the proposed improvements in real-time proactive safety assistance by Fang et al.
(2018) and the practical system architecture for an operator-assistance system by Yang and Jin
(2023) can contribute to a higher level of safety during the lifting process, reducing error
likelihood. Fang et al. (2018) state that a simple example is the use of a GUI in a mobile crane
cabin. This simple tool allows the crane operator to observe and visualise possible hazards during
lifting. According to Manzoor et al., (2022), and Selleck et al., (2022) this process allows for a
comparison between actual crane motion and one that is reconstructed, enabling an understanding
of how good the system is at predicting such occurrences. Real-time feedback also allows the
operator to monitor the condition of lifts, and it can warn about probable collisions and improve
general security.

Fang et al.'s (2018) error reconstruction for the lift implies the difficulty in measuring errors as it
demonstrates the need to reconstruct cranes' motions accurately. Crane accidents in the
construction industry emphasise the importance of proper safety and safety technologies. This is
illustrated by the literature as it highlights the criticality of crane lift planning for effective and safe
construction projects. Pooladvand et al. (2021) examine how to use lifting survey data and crane
route planning system to improve lift planning and safety in an integrated way. Likewise, some
research, including works of Yilmaz and Tosun (2018), Yang and Jin (2023), Kim and Kim (2020),
and Kargar et al. (2022), recommend using VR-based environments to examine various options of
technology application for different issues.

According to Wang et al. (2022), the current study of collision risk control for mobile cranes and
proposal for an anti-collision system, in which information on the location of environmental
obstacles is used, shows a pro-active way to avoid accidents. However, it must be noted that this
is just part of an overall crane safety regime. Furthermore, the study of comparable technologies,
such as RFID, for early warning systems in construction safety is vital (Antwi-Afari et al., 2019).
Another study by Zhang et al. (2021) suggested a safety management and visualisation system
incorporating BIM, location tracking, AR, and gaming technology as new ways to change the
construction industry's safety management systems.

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