NATIONAL SERVICE

TRAINING PROGRAM
(NSTP-CWTS2)
DRRM Awareness & Climate
STUDENT’S ACTIVITY SHEET Change Adaptation (RA 10121)

DRRM Awareness Preparedness and Management Materials:

and
Climate Change Adaptation
References:

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Within the period, the students are expected to

 Articulate the basic concept of disaster risk
reduction and management and climate change
adaptation, the Philippine DRRM Framework and
the CTU DRRM Framework (CLO 2)
 Recognize the disaster risk profile of the
Philippines and in comparison to their own specific
locality: campus and community (CLO 2 & 3)
 Develop mechanisms for a disaster mitigation,
prevention and preparedness including the
COVID-19 health crisis (CLO 2, 3, 4 & 5)

Time Allotment : 3 hours (First Part)

Name: Stanley George B. Alvaro Date: Oct 25, 2022

Course-Major, Yr. & Sec.: BSME 1-NIGHT MIS Code: NSTP 1

Preparation

Instruction: Write your answer in the space provided:

Benjamin Franklin famously advised fire-threatened Philadelphians in 1736 that

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Briefly relate this famous quote to
the phrase “Disaster Risk Reduction”.

This Phrase states that preventing fire is better than fighting it and it is better
to stop something bad before it actually happen, in short its better to be careful
than sorry so we need to be careful in order to avoid it.
Presentation
TOPIC I. DRRM Concepts, Principles, Trends, and Key Terms
(R.A. 10121 and its IRR)

Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act (RA 10121)

RA 10121 provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and

community-based approaches to disaster risk management through the formulation of the
National Disaster Risk Management Framework. It aims to have (a) effective integration
of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies, planning and
programming at all levels – disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability
reduction; (b) development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities
at all levels.

RA 10121 is a paradigm shift in the Philippine DRRM System. It is

 21 years in the making
 Passed thru 7 Congresses
 Passed thru 4 Administrations
 Signed into law on May 27, 2010

8TH CONGRESS (1989-1992) Corazon Aquino

9TH CONGRESS (1992-1995) Fidel V. Ramos
10TH CONGRESS (1995-1998) Fidel V. Ramos
11TH CONGRESS (1998-2001) Joseph Estrada
12TH CONGRESS (2001-2004) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
13TH CONGRESS (2004-2007) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
14TH CONGRESS (2007-2010) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

This shift is from :

PD 1566, June 11, 1978 RA 10121, May 27, 2010

Disaster Relief & Response Disaster Risk Reduction & Management
Reactive Proactive

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) is a systematic process of

using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to
implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the
adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.
 NDRRM Framework and NDRRM Plan was formulated and developed when RA
10121 was enacted on May 27, 2010. The NDRRM Framework serves as the principal
guide to DRRM efforts in the country. This provides for a comprehensive, all-hazards,
multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to DRRM.

Reference: (NDRRM Plan, December 2011:17)

In accordance with the NDRRMF, through the NDRRMP, the country will have
“Safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable
development.”
This will be achieved through the four distinct yet mutually reinforcing priority
areas (also known as 4 Thematic Areas), namely,
(a) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation;
(b) Disaster Preparedness;
(c) Disaster Response; and
(d) Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation.

Each priority area has its own long term goal, which when put together will lead
to the attainment of our country’s over goal/vision in DRRM.
 NDRRM Plan is a road map from 2011 to 2028 on how DRRM shall:
 contribute to gender responsive and rights based sustainable development,
 promote inclusive growth,
 build adaptive communities,
 increase resilience of vulnerable sectors
 optimize disaster mitigation opportunities to promote people welfare and
institutions

Other Salient Features of R.A.10121

 Accreditation, Mobilization, and Protection of Disaster Volunteers, National
Service Reserve Corps (NSRC), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Private
Sector. (Sec.13, R.A.10121, 2010; Sec.11, R.A.9163 & its Rev IRR)
 Integration of DRR Education into School Curricula including the National Service
Training Program (NSTP), SK Program and Training for Public Sector
employees. (Sec.14, R.A.10121, 2010)
 Utilization of National and Local DRRM Funds
 Provisions for Prohibited Acts and Penal Clause

Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005 – 2015 is one of the bases of RA
10121. “Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters, and reducing
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards”.
 Reference: (NDRRM Plan, December 2011:11)

The Sendai Framework (SF) for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is the
roadmap for how we make our communities safer and more resilient to disasters. SF
outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce
existing disaster risks: (i) Understanding disaster risk; (ii) Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk; (iii) Investing in disaster reduction for resilience
and; (iv) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Build Back
Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives,
livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental
assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over the next 15 years.

The Framework was adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015, ten years after the Hyogo
Framework became the global blueprint for disaster risk reduction, so much has changed
about the way we approach disaster risk reduction. Today, our work focuses not only on
disaster preparedness, but on building resilience by helping communities mitigate the
inevitable disasters they will face before, during, and after they strike.
Without a doubt, reducing the risk of disasters and building resilience is critical to
protecting the gains made in sustainable development. As we look towards the post-2015
development agenda, Sendai reminded us that we must make risk-informed investments
if we are to achieve our goal of ending extreme poverty.
Reference: www.unisdr.org
 Sendai Framework in Chart
Reference: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/44983_sendaiframeworksimplifiedchart.pdf

Sendai Framework and the Sustainable Development Goals

Reference: https://www.undrr.org/implementing-sendai-framework/sf-and-sdgs
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can only be achieved through the
implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Sustainable
Development cannot be attained while disasters continue to undermine economic
growth and social progress. No country or sector is immune to the impacts of natural
hazards, many of which are increasing in frequency and intensity due to the impacts of
climate change. While critical, simply preparing for disasters is not enough. To realize
the transformative potential of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
governments and stakeholders have affirmed that disaster risk reduction needs to be at
the core of sustainable development. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030 was the first agreement of the post-2015 development agenda.
(https://www.unisdr.org/files/50438_implementingthesendaiframeworktoach.pdf)

Key Terms (R.A.10121, Sec.3. Definition of Terms):

1. Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society

involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and
impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources. Disasters are often described as a result of the
combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are
present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential
negative consequences, Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease
 and other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being,
together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of services, Social and
economic disruption and environmental degradation.

2. Risks - is the combination of the probability of an event and its negative

consequences.

3. Hazard - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that

may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

4. Vulnerability - the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or

asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability
may arise from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors such
as poor design and construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack
of public information and awareness, limited official recognition of risks and
preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management.

5. Exposure - the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience
hazard events of different magnitudes.

6. Capacity - a combination of all strengths and resources available within a

community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or effects of a
disaster. Capacity may include infrastructure and physical means, institutions,
societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes
such as social relationships, leadership and management. Capacity may also be
described as capability.

7. Resilience - the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards

to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely
and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its
essential basic structures and functions.

8. Climate Change - a change in climate that can’ be identified by changes in the

mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period
typically decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of
human activity.
PRACTICE 1!
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9m6mb-blYM

Direction: Accomplish the Activity Sheet after watching the video. In the first column, give
the action of the Philippine Government in response to the priorities for action mentioned
by Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In the second column, as a youth,
what is your personal response for action.

THE 4 PRIORITIES PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT PERSONAL RESPONSE FOR

FOR ACTION ACTION ACTION
It provides a critical
They enacted the national
knowledge of disaster risk
disaster risk reduction and
so that we can be
management act in 2010
1. Understanding prepared when it comes
Disaster Risk to establish multilevel
and how to protect
disaster risk management
ourselves by natural
system
disasters.

I think strengthening the

They are currently making
disaster risk is a great
the strengthening of
idea to be actually
2. Strengthening disaster risk management
Disaster Risk prepared and reduce big
by making a new
Governance disaster and avoid this
department for disaster
natural disaster in the
risk and resilience
future.

The great time of investing It is very recommendable

in disaster resilience, to invest before the natural
3. Investing in
preparedness, prevention disaster hits so that the
disaster risk
reduction for and mitigation is well people will be prepared
resilience before the natural disaster when it hits.
hits.
 The plans and capabilities The importance of disaster
prepared beforehand are preparedness is that when
activated to be more it hits the people knows
4. Importance of responsible for a rapid and what to do and protect
disaster comprehensive disaster themselves and help
preparedness response capabilities in others in need and
various area of the reduces fear and anxiety.
country.

Key Players in DRRM

o Prevention and Mitigation – DPWH
o Preparedness – DND-OCD, DILG
o Response – DSWD, DILG
o Recovery and Rehabilitation - NEDA

Chairperson
Secretary of National Defense

Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson

Sec. DILG Sec. DSWD Sec. DOST Sec. NEDA
Disaster Preparedness Disaster Response Disaster Prev. & Mitigation Disaster Rehab & Recovery

11 Other Gov’t 2 Gov’t 1 Quasi-Gov’t 4 Leagues & 1

14 Line
Agencies Financial Inst. Agency Union of LGUs
Departments

4 Civil Society 1 Private Org. OCD, Administrator

Orgs. Exec. Dir. NDRRMC

Reference: Section 5, RA 10121 (2010)

The Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
OCD is one of the five (5) bureaus of DND, established on July 1, 1973, that will
act as the Executive Arm and Secretariat of the NDRRMC. OCD leads in coordinating
the activities and functions of the N/RDRRMC member agencies. It shall have the
primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster
risk reduction and management program by providing leadership in the continuous
development of strategic and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters. ( Ses.8,
R.A.10121, 2010)

Network of DRRMCs

1 National DRRMC
17 Regional DRRMCs
81 Provincial DRRMCs
140 City DRRMCs
1,494 Municipal DRRMCs
42,026 Barangay Disaster Committees

DRRMC COORDINATION DURING EMERGENCIES

Local DRRM Offices has to be established in every Province, City and

Municipality, and Barangay, which is rresponsible for setting the direction, development,
implementation and coordination of DRRM programs within their territorial jurisdiction. As
prescribed in Section 12 of R.A. No. 10121, an LDRRM Officer should be appointed or
designated in the LDRRM Office and has Staff responsible for:
 Administration and training
  Research and planning
 Operations and warning

The LDRRMOs and the BDRRMCs shall organize, train and directly supervise the
local emergency response teams and the accredited community disaster volunteers
(ACDVs). (Sec.12, R.A. 10121, 2010). ACDVs include the NSRC, the graduates of NSTP.
(Sec.13, R.A.10121, 2010; Sec.11, R.A.9163 & its Rev IRR).
N/DRRMC OPERATIONS CENTER
• Operates on a 24/7 basis
• Center for DRRM coordination
• Provides DRRM guidelines
• Disseminates reports, alerts and other communications
• Central command and control facility
• Documents and maintains the database of relevant DRRM information

NDRRMC Chairman, NDRRMC

President
of the Philippines

OPCEN INFO Official

Disaster
Reports

FLOW Executive Officer, NDRRMC/

Administrator, OCD DSWD-DROMICS

Media/ Other DOH-HEMS

Stakeholders NDRRMC
SITREPs
AFPCC
NDRRMC Alerts/
Advisories/ DOTC/PCG
SITREPs NDRRMC
NDRRMC-OPCEN/ Response
DILG/PNP/BFP

EOC Agencies DEPED

DPWH
Warning Situation
Alerts/ Reports DENR/EMB
Advisories
DA
HYDRO-
METEOROLOGICAL
PAGASA OCDRCs PNRC
NDRRMC RDRRMCs
GEOPHYSICAL PHIVOLCS, MGB Warning
Advisories/
TERRORISM AFP Situation
Reverse P Reports
SITREPs
EPIDEMICS DOH
C/M
CIVIL
DISTURBANCE
PNP
Surveillance RDRRMC
B
INFESTATION
Agencies Warning
DA Advisorie/

RADIOLOGICAL &
Reverse Lower DRRMCs
SITREPS
NUCLEAR
PNRI
P/C/M/B
 TOPIC II. Hazard and Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines

I. Geographic Location

The Philippines is vulnerable to almost all types of natural hazards

because of its geological and geographic location.

Photo-credit: <engwell.wikispaces.com> Last retrieved on 07 February 2014

II. Pacific Ring of Fire

The Philippines is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire. This area is where two
major tectonic plates (Philippine Sea and Eurasian) meet and is highly-prone to
earthquakes and volanic eruptions. The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of
seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Roughly 90% of
all earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, and the ring is dotted with 75% of all active
volcanoes on earth. This explains the existence of earthquakes, tsunamis and about 300
volcanoes; 23 of them are active in the Philippines.

.
III. Pacific Typhoon belt

The geographic location of the Philippines along the Pacific region near the
Equator is prone to tropical cyclones and storms. These are regions that are located in
the Typhoon Belt. On the average about 20 typhoons enter the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) every year.

According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration 3 Nock-Ten (Nina) (PAGASA), the Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones
due to its geographical location which generally produce heavy rains, flooding of large
areas and also strong winds which result in heavy casualties to human life and destruction
to crops and properties. On average, the country is frequented by 20 tropical cyclones
annually, almost half of which made landfall.

Between 2006-2016, more than half (65%) of the tropical cyclones that entered
the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) made landfall in the country. About 10 were
particularly deadly and destructive in terms of casualties and cost of damages.
(https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/philippines-destructive-tropical-cyclones-2006-2016)
 Reference: https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/philippines-destructive-tropical-cyclones-
2006-2016. Last retrieved on 01September 2020.

Graphical showing of typhoon Haiyan.

(Reference: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/nov/08/typhoon-haiyan-philippines-
tropical-cyclones)

.
 Tracks of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Period from 1948 to 2010
(Source: Japan Meteorological Agency as cited by Godillano,2014)

PRACTICE 2!
1. Locate and enumerate the countries that lie in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
2. Do all of these countries also lie in the Typhoon Belt ?

1. Indonesia, New Zealand, Papa New Guinea, Philippines, Japan, United States,
Chile, Canada, Guatemala, Russia, Peru, Solomon Islands, Mexico and Antarctica

2. Yes, they are

 TOPIC III. Hazard and Disaster Risk Profile

Hazards are eventualities that may cause harm to lives and properties. Risk
is the likelihood that a hazard may cause harm. A hazard becomes a Disaster if
there is a serious damage to the community such that it cannot function as usual
but has to be helped for its normal functioning.
For example, storm is a natural hazard which exposes coastal towns to
risks of storm surges. If the storm gets so strong, as in Yolanda, it becomes a
disaster because it brought forth loses of many lives and damages to crops and
properties of the communities. (Reference:gh.undp.org)

Disasters can be classified into:

A. Natural disasters- These are major disasters caused by the natural processes of
the earth. Examples are typhoons, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.

nectarsunglasses.com

B. Man-made disasters- These are disasters caused by humans. Examples are

house fire caused by faulty wirings, explosion of chemicals, deaths caused by
bombings, etc.
 Reference: ark-of-survival.com
Natural disasters are dictated by natural forces that people have little to no
influence over. These are the disasters people learn to prepare for and survive
because very little can be done to prevent them. Man-made disasters are difficult
to predict, however they are preventable. With a little vigilance, they shouldn’t
occur in the first place. Events such as gas leaks, oil spills, nuclear meltdowns,
and industrial fires transpire through human error and carry grave consequences.
Although the world has seen many natural disasters over time, man-made
disasters continue to grow, with equally tragic results.
(Reference: https://safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/the-tragic-effects-of-man-made-disasters/ )
 Super typhoon “Yolanda” (Haiyan) may go down in history as the deadliest
natural disaster to hit the calamity-prone Philippines, with authorities estimating at
least 10,000 dead on one island alone. Haiyan made landfall in the eastern island
of Samar on Friday, November 8, 2013 and then cut through the central islands,
causing storm surges, strong winds and heavy rain that flattened buildings, toppled
trees and electrical poles and washed away houses and cars. The provincial police
chief in Leyte, one of the hardest-hit islands, estimated that 10,000 had died there.
In Samar, a disaster management official said 300 had died in one town alone with
2,000 still missing.
(Reference: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/524569/10-deadliest-natural-disasters-in-the-
philippines#ixzz6XenDIapV)

Other typhoons also dominate the current list of the 10 deadliest natural
disasters on record in the Philippines, based on government or United Nations
figures:

Reference: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/524569/10-deadliest-natural-disasters-in-the-philippines

TYPES OF HAZARDS

NATURAL HAZARDS are generally labelled into:

I. GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS. A geologic hazard is an extreme natural events in the
crust of the earth that pose a threat to life and property, for example, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal waves) and landslides.

onegeology.org

1. Earthquake Hazards

Earthquakes are the perceptible shakings of the

surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
Earthquakes can be violent enough to toss people around
and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic
activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of
earthquakes experienced over a period of time. right.is

Source: kaunilands.school.nz

2. Volcano Hazards

A Volcanic hazard is the probability that a

volcanic eruption or related geophysical event will
occur in a given geographic area and within a
specified window of time. The risk that can be
associated with a volcanic hazard depends on the
proximity and vulnerability of an asset or a

topnews.net.nz
population of people near to where a volcanic event might occur.

3. Other geological hazards

 Rainfall-induced landslide. Landslides are

often triggered by rainfall, particularly in the
tropical climate of SE Asia which is
characterized by very intense long duration
rainy seasons. Rainfall induced landslides
are usually shallow slips. Though the
volume of slip mass is not very large,
damage to property and infrastructure in
densely populated areas can be quite
(researchgate.net)
serious.

 Sinkhole. A sinkhole is a localized

depression in the surface topography,
usually caused by the collapse of a
subterranean structure such as a cave.
Although rare, large sinkholes that
develop suddenly in populated areas
can lead to the collapse of buildings and
other structures.

(knoxnews.com)

II. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS. These are natural processes or

phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature, which may
cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation. Cyclones, droughts, floods, storm surges,
thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms, sand or dust storms; permafrost and snow
or ice avalanches are some examples of these hazards.
 abc.net.au

1. Typhoon.
Typhoon, hurricane, and tropical cyclone
are different names for the same
phenomenon: a cyclonic storm system that
forms over the oceans. It is caused by
evaporated water that comes off of the
ocean and becomes a storm.

(Source: stuff.co.nz,2008)

2. Thunderstorm.
A thunderstorm is a storm with lightning and thunder. It is produced by a
cumulonimbus cloud, usually producing gusty
winds, heavy rain and sometimes hail.It is
estimated that there are around 1,800
thunderstorms that occur across our planet
every day.
Despite their small size, all thunderstorms
are dangerous. Every thunderstorm
produces lightning, which kills more people
unsplach.com each year than tornadoes.

3. Storm surge.
 A storm surge is a coastal flood or
tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water
commonly associated with low
pressureweather systems (such as
tropical cyclones and strong
extratropical cyclones), the severity of
which is affected by the shallowness
and orientation of the water body
(parade.com
relative to storm path, and the timing of
tides. Most casualties during tropical
cyclones occur as the result of storm
surges.

4. Flood.
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. Floods
can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river
channel, particularly at bends or meanders in
the waterway. Floods often cause damage to
homes and businesses if they are in the
natural flood plains of rivers. Of all the natural
disasters, floods are most frequent and are by
far the worst in terms of total amount of lives
they claim, injuries they cause, and also the
Source: globe-views.com high amount of property damage. Floods not
only cause damage through their water flow,
but also by mud deposits and landslides.

5. Flashflood.
A flash flood occurs when rain is very
heavy and rivers break their banks, or
sewers quickly become overwhelmed,
they often create a sudden and
unexpected flow of water. More wide
spread devastation is caused by broad
scale floods, in which water builds up Source: www.greaterkashmir.com
over a series of weeks.
 6. El niño.
El Niño means The Little Boy, or Christ
Child in Spanish. El Niño was originally
recognized by fishermen off the coast of
South America in the 1600s, with the
appearance of unusually warm water in
the Pacific Ocean. The term El Niño
refers to the large-scale ocean-
atmosphere climate interaction linked to
newsflavor.com
a periodic warming in sea surface
temperatures across the central and
east-central Equatorial Pacific. The
presence of El Niño can significantly
influence weather patterns, ocean conditions, and marine fisheries across large
portions of the globe for an extended period of time.

7. La niña. La Niña episodes represent

periods of below-average sea surface
temperatures across the east-central
Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La
Niña impacts tend to be opposite those
of El Niño impacts. In the tropics, ocean
temperature variations in La Niña also
tend to be opposite those of El Niño.

III. ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS. Hazards relating to, or resulting from the

influence of human beings on nature. Examples of such hazards include: pollution,
deforestation, use of herbicides and pesticides and chemical spillages.These are
long term hazards and are persistent resulting to the deteriorating environmental
condition nowadays including global warming, el niño, and la niña.

Anthropogenic process types are defined as being intentional, non-

malicious human activities. Examples include groundwater abstraction, subsurface
mining, vegetation removal, chemical explosions and infrastructure (loading).
(Reference: https://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/52675) Anthropogenic hazard
results in the form of human intent, negligence, human error and involving a failure
of man-made system.
(Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281502008X )

Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNE)

events refer to the uncontrolled release of chemicals, biological agents or
radioactive contamination into the environment or explosions that cause widespread
damage. These can be caused by accidents or by terrorist acts this may result to
mass casualty situation.
(Reference: https://www.calhospitalprepare.org/cbrne-0)
CBRNE incidents are responded
to under the assumption that they are
intentional and malicious. In the
biological hazard, this involves exposure
to pathogenic microorganisms, toxins
and bioactive substances. Examples are
the bird flu, severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS), Ebola pandemic and
the recent is the COVID-19, which was
named earlier as novel corona virus
2019, shortly known as nCoV-19, which
was traced originally came from a wet
market of Wuhan, China. https://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/images.htm
MAN-MADE HAZARDS

Human-induced hazards may be categorized into:

o Technological hazards – These are
damaging human-induced events
originating from technological or industrial
accidents, dangerous procedures, or
infrastructure failures. Examples are oil
spills that destroy marine life, nuclear
meltdowns, train accidents, and fire
resulting from an explosion whether
Source: nomadmolouges.blogspot.com
industrial or mechanical or even a chemical
spill in a school laboratory.

o Armed conflict - There are dangerous

conflicts between or among armed groups,
tribes or states, causing widespread fear
and destruction. Examples include terrorist
activities, rebel secession, and mass
killings, forcing many people to flee to safe
places.

o Everyday hazards and dangers particularly Source: www.pbcgov.com

to children such as access to items in the home that are labeled as hazardous, open
electrical outlets, small toys that may cause choking in small children, and others.

FIRE HAZARDS
Fires may be natural or man-made, depending on what originally caused the
disaster. Lightning may cause a natural fire or forest fires, but leaked gas or faulty
mechanical equipment is considered a man-made cause.
(Reference: https://safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/the-tragic-effects-of-man-made-disasters/)
Fire Hazard include all types of live flames, causes of sparks, hot objects, and
chemicals that are potential for ignition, or that can aggravate a fire to become large and
uncontrolled. Fire hazards also include all types of potential threats to fire prevention
practices, firefighting, built-in fire safety systems and situations that restrict the escape of
people from an affected building or area in the event of a fire.

The Fire Triangle and the Chemical Reaction

 The fire triangles or combustion triangles are simple models for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fires. The
triangle illustrates the three elements a
fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an
oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire
naturally occurs when the elements are
present and combined in the right
mixture. This means that fire is actually
an event rather than a thing. A fire can
be prevented or extinguished by
removing any one of the elements in the
fire triangle. For example, covering a fire
with a fire blanket removes the oxygen
part of the triangle and can extinguish a Source:ehs.okstate.edu
fire.

The 4 Stages of a Fire

By most standards including the
International Fire Service Training
Association (IFSTA) there are 4 stages of a
fire. These stages are incipient, growth, fully
developed, and decay. The following is a
brief overview of each stage.

1. Incipient – This first stage begins

when heat, oxygen and a fuel source
Source:journeytofirefighter.com
combine and have a chemical reaction
resulting in fire. This is also known as
“ignition” and is usually represented by a very small fire which often (and hopefully)
goes out on its own, before the following stages are reached. Recognizing a fire
in this stage provides your best chance at suppression or escape.

2. Growth– The growth stage is where the structures fire load and oxygen are used
as fuel for the fire. There are numerous factors affecting the growth stage including
where the fire started, what combustibles are near it, ceiling height and the
potential for “thermal layering”. It is during this shortest of the 4 stages when a
deadly “flashover” can occur; potentially trapping, injuring or killing firefighters.
 3. Fully Developed – When the growth stage has reached its max and all
combustible materials have been ignited, a fire is considered fully developed. This
is the hottest phase of a fire and the most dangerous for anybody trapped within.

4. Decay – Usually the longest stage of a fire, the decay stage is characterized by a
significant decrease in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to the fire. Two common
dangers during this stage are first – the existence of non-flaming combustibles,
which can potentially start a new fire if not fully extinguished. Second, there is the
danger of a backdraft when oxygen is reintroduced to a volatile, confined space.

Causes of Fire

Over 80% of fire related deaths happen in the home and in a home without a fire
sprinkler system; these fires can take over a house before anybody has time to do
anything about it. The following are the most common causes of fire at home:

1. Unattended toasters & hotplates, dishes that are not microwave proof,
cookbooks near naked gas flames
2. Electrical cords sometimes chewed by pets and exposed electrical wires
3. Overloaded power strips
4. Malfunctioning electrical appliances
5. Flammable materials placed near something
6. Unattended candle
7. Improper use of wood stove
8. Unattended burning cigarettes
PRACTICE 3!
Instructions :

1. Watch the videos in the given link below.

2. Make a narrative report. (in your narrative report express what you learn by
formulating what to do before, during and after a natural hazard so that the
hazard can be prevented to become a disaster).

Project DINA
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-

Earthquake - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdUp6dPeXJk&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-
#action=share

Tropical Cyclone - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CrbVdmyCCY&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-
&index=2

Fire - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzShqmzFyAE&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-
&index=3

Tsunami - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCj95gqgFT8&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=4

Flood - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXJlUYUlkMs&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=5

Volcanic Eruption - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oylaO8IFQk&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=6

Landslide - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGnRJoON1kI&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-
&index=7

Storm Surge - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubWE5C93-CE&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-
&index=8
 FORMULATE PLAN OR ACTIONS WHAT
NATURAL HAZARDS TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER IN A
NATURAL HAZARD

Before the earthquake, make sure your

home is strong and knows the danger spot in
your area, make sure hanging things are
firmly attached and heavy things must be put
under the cabinet and flammable things also,
and practice the earthquake drill.

During the earthquake, stay calm at all

1. Earthquake
times, do the drop cover and hold technique
and avoid breakable and heavy items.

After the earthquake, if you’re still in a

building come out and go to a open space
area, help the elderly, kids and people with
disability to evacuate be careful of aftershock.

Before the tropical cyclone, examine your

homes and strengthen them especially the
weak spots and prepare foods that are easily
opened like bread, biscuits and canned foods
and store drinkable water that last 3 days and
prepare some emergency survival kit.
2. Tropical Cyclone During the tropical cyclone, stay calm and
listen radios to know the weather condition
evacuate if necessary.

After the tropical cyclone, check the

house for damage and hazardous things that
can harm people.
 Before the fire, put fire extinguisher to
the place that you can easily go and plan an
emergency exit and let the others know.

During the fire, exit the house with your

family and stay calm always and all times,
close the door of the room that is on fire so
3. Fire that the fire will not spread, if your caught on
fire please do the stop, cover and roll to stop
the fire.

After the fire, check yourself and your

family don’t come back to your houses if the
fireman did not notified you.

Before the tsunami, plant trees near the

ocean and put signs that warns about the
tsunami hazard zone to the place that can be
affected, please put directions towards a safe
and high place, plan a tsunami evacuation
plan.

During the tsunami, when the tsunami

4. Tsunami arrive please make a loud noises to warn
people, be alarm when a earthquake comes
because it will bring tsunamis.

After the tsunami, go to higher places

with your emergency survival bags in the
evacuation center please do a headcount to
know your complete.

Before the flood, find out about the

danger or warning system in your area and
5. Flood please make sure that all your family
members knows, make it a habit to know the
news everyday and please store foods, water
 and prepare always your survival kit and
make an evacuation plan.

During the flood, if your houses is in low

places please be alerted to avoid disaster,
please evacuate if necessary or the
government warned you to evacuate.

After the flood, please make sure to

check all the electrical wire and secure that it
will not be on the flood to avoid risk.

Before the volcanic eruption, listen to

news and announcement of the concerned
and if you are notified to evacuate please do it
calmly, before you evacuate make sure that
you have foods, water and emergency
survival kit, make sure that the door and the
windows are closed.

During the volcanic eruption, please

6. Volcanic Eruption cover your nose and mouth ng mask, if there
is rain after the eruption please crossing the
river.
After the volcanic eruption, wait for the
green signal of the authority if you can go
back to your houses, the time when you arrive
home please clean your houses with your
mouth and nose covered with mask to avoid
risk.

Before the landslide, don’t build houses

near a steep, mountain top and soft soil,
7. Landslide please study the emergency exit plan in your
community, the time when there is a heavy
rain or tropical storm please be alerted to sign
 of landslide, evacuate if needed with your
emergency kit

During the landslide, if you’re inside the

house please stay and hide under the table or
strong furniture, if you’re outside please avoid
the way of the landslide at go to a safe place.

After the landslide, stay away from the

landslide area until the locals officials says it
is safe to return to your houses check for the
house foundation if it is okay.

Before the storm surge, plant coconut

trees and other types of trees, don’t build
houses in the no build zone, participate in
drills in your community, make an evacuation
plan and build a evacuation site in high places

8. Storm Surge During the storm surge, focus on the

weather report, avoid moving forward in
flooded areas.

After the storm surge, please go to the

nearest doctor to check you or your family
member is wounded or sick.
 TOPIC IV. Four Thematic Areas of the Philippines

DRRM comprises of four thematic areas, the first two of which are concerned
with activities prior to the disaster and the other two areas on activities during and after
the disaster. It encompasses all the activities that must be undertaken at every stage of
a disaster — before, during and after — focusing on four objectives:
1. To save lives;
2. To reduce human misery;
3. To minimize damage to property and economic loss; and
4. To facilitate recovery and rehabilitation toward development

I. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Disaster mitigation means to reduce the severity of the human and material
damage caused by the disaster. Prevention is to ensure that human action or natural
phenomena do not result in disaster or emergency. Primary prevention is to reduce
– avert – avoid the risk of the event occurring, by getting rid of the hazard or
vulnerability, e.g. to avoid overcrowding, deforestation and to provide services.
Healthier people in a healthy environment will be less vulnerable to most hazards.
E.g. immunizing people against smallpox made them less vulnerable to the virus,
and slowly eradicated the disease.
This includes the following:
 Development of alarm & early warning systems
 Nationwide flood forecasting & monitoring
 Geo-hazard mappings
 Comprehensive land use planning, building & safety standards
 Engineering interventions
 Flood control structures

II. Disaster Preparedness

Disaster Preparedness is “the knowledge and capacities developed by
governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and
individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of
likely, imminent, or current hazard events or conditions.” Examples of preparedness
activities include “contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the
development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information,
and associated training and field exercises” (RA 10121, 2010, Section 3)

This includes the following:

  Contingency planning
 Prepositioning of equipment & supplies
 Enhancement of operation & coordination centers
 Organizing, training & equipping responders
 Organizing & mobilizing community volunteers
 Conduct of disaster trainings & drills

III. Disaster Response

Disaster Response is “the provision of emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce
health impacts, ensure public safety, and meet the basic subsistence needs of
people affected” (RA 10121, 2010 Section 3). Such mechanisms are implemented
during or immediately after a disaster event. Emergency response measures
include search and rescue operations, evacuation center management, relief
operations, and damage needs and capacities assessment.
This includes the following:
 Search, rescue & retrieval operations
 Humanitarian aid, relief and health services
 Provision for temporary shelter, water, sanitation & hygiene
 Financial assistance to calamity victims
 Management of evacuation centers

IV. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

Rehabilitation and Recovery refers to measures taken after a disaster to
“restore or improve the pre-disaster living conditions of a stricken community, while
encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk”
(UNISDR, 2012). It is also about building capacity to strengthen resilience of the
affected community. This phase begins with the assessment of the extent of damage
and identification of needs after the disaster (post-disaster damage and needs
assessment). Actions under this phase include resumption of the provision of basic
services, repair of physical damage and community facilities, revival of economic
activities, and development/improvement of DRRM mechanisms. It focuses on
enabling the affected population to resume more or less normal (pre-disaster)
patterns of life. It may be considered as a transitional phase between immediate
relief and more major, long-term development.

This includes the following:

 • Early recovery & rehabilitation
• Reconstruction of damaged houses & buildings
• Resettlement
• Provision for livelihood
• Restoration & improvement of destroyed facilities

References:
NDRRMC
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/index.php/13-disaster-risk-reduction-and-management-
laws

NDRRM Plan 2011-2028

https://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/41/NDRRM_Plan_2011-2028.pdf

The Philippine DRRM System

https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/announcements/a_plenary_03_philip

pine_drrm_system.pdf

Project DINA
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-

Earthquake - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdUp6dPeXJk&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7p
Qzc4KT0A2J-#action=share

Tropical Cyclone - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CrbVdmyCCY&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7
pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=2

Fire - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzShqmzFyAE&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7
pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=3

Tsunami - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCj95gqgFT8&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7p
Qzc4KT0A2J-&index=4

Flood - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXJlUYUlkMs&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7p
Qzc4KT0A2J-&index=5

Volcanic Eruption - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oylaO8IFQk&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7p
Qzc4KT0A2J-&index=6

Landslide - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGnRJoON1kI&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7
pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=7

Storm Surge - Project DINA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubWE5C93-
CE&list=PLVjyNioxlJokrxT8LU8V7pQzc4KT0A2J-&index=8

Chemical Biological Radiation Nuclear and Explosive Hazards

https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-
Guide/502087/all/Chemical__Biological__Radiation__Nuclear__or_Explosive_Haz
ards

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

https://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/images.htm

Emergency Preparedness
https://www.calhospitalprepare.org/cbrne-0

ScienceDirect –online Journals & Books

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281502008X