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Analysis of effect of plastic waste content and dry process temperature on

mechanical properties of asphalt using numerical method

Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · December 2021

DOI: 10.1063/5.0071730

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Analysis of effect of plastic waste content
and dry process temperature on mechanical
properties of asphalt using numerical
method
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2384, 060004 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0071730
Published Online: 30 December 2021

Azrul Kiromil Enri Auni, Zulkifli, Lizda Johar Mawarani, et al.

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© 2021 Author(s).
 Analysis of Effect of Plastic Waste Content and Dry Process
Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Using
Numerical Method
Azrul Kiromil Enri Auni1, a) Zulkifli1, b) Lizda Johar Mawarani1, c) Machsus2, d)
Rachmad Basuki2, e)
1 Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industral Technology and System Engineering, Institut
Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember6XUDED\D,QGRQHVLD
2
Department of Civil Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Vocational, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
6XUDED\D,QGRQHVLD
a)
Corresponding author: kiromil.azrul@gmail.com
b)
zulab@ep.its.ac.id
c)
lizda@ep.its.ac.id
d)
machsusfawzy@gmail.com
e)
rabas@ce.its.ac.id

Abstract. One way to overcome environmental problems due to plastic waste is to use plastic waste as a mixture of asphalt
used to increase its durability and toughness. The analysis of the characteristics of asphalt mixtures with plastic waste was
conducted using numerical methods and from it the optimum mixture composition can be obtained. The mechanical
characteristics taken into account are stability, vertical deformation (flow), and Marshall Quotient (MQ). Based on the
results of the study, the higher the amount of plastic added, the stability, flow, and MQ will increase, but air void in the
asphalt mixture decreases. It affects the increasing of the softening temperature maintaining the level of strength and
hardness of asphalt. Optimum plastic content of 5,36% affects the optimal stability, flow, and MQ, each of which is of
2340,65 kg, 5,60 mm, and 546,48 kg/mm. All the three values have met 2018 Bina Marga standards.

INTRODUCTION
Non-biodegradable plastics pose a major problem for environment over a long period of time. One way to
overcome this is by using plastic waste in asphalt mixture [1]. It can increase the durability and toughness of the
asphalt [2]. The potential plastics are polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene which can be found in plastic
bottles, food packaging, and bottle caps [3]. The use of 10% plastic waste in asphalt mixture can improve stability,
double tensile, and compressive strength by 64%, 18%, and 75%, respectively, compared to the ordinary one [2].
About 5-10% polymers help also in improving fatigue life and other desirable properties of bituminous mixtures,
resulting in an environmentally friendly process [3]. Plastic content of 7,43% in the asphalt gives an effect on
increasing the stability of 42,56%, also flow (vertical deformation) of 89,91%. Those will affect the resistance of
asphalt on the highway [4].
Relationship between asphalt, strength, and volumetric response can be seen by response surface method (RSM)
[5] to analyze characteristics of the asphalt mixture, including in finding the optimum content of the mixture [6]. In
Moghaddam's study (2015), RSM was used to analyze the Marshall and volumetric characteristics of asphalt mixture
with polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The results indicate a high fitness level, which is 0,9, with the optimum asphalt
and PET content were 5,88% and 0,18%, respectively [7]. The asphalt has a significant effect on the asphalt
volumetric. The average error for all responses is less than 5%, so that the predicted value is valid with the experiment
[8]. Although bar-chart is conventional method to search the optimum asphalt and plastic content [9] [10], RSM is
effective for finding the optimum asphalt content [8] and can review the characteristic response of the asphalt mixture

The 4th International Conference on Materials and Metallurgical Engineering and Technology (ICOMMET) 2020
AIP Conf. Proc. 2384, 060004-1–060004-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0071730
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4174-3/$30.00

060004-1
at once. Besides, numerical method might belong to RSM in optimization [11] [12]. In this study, the search for the
optimum content and the analysis of the characteristics of asphalt mixture has been conducted using numerical
methods with RSM as an alternative method of understanding the characteristics of the asphalt mixture.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Provisions for the Properties of Asphalt Mixture

The properties of polymer-modified asphalt have been issued by referring to 2018 Bina Marga Standards [13]. In
this study, the polymer used is low-density polyethylene (LDPE). There are several parameters to be the part of the
nature of the asphalt mixture, that is void in mix (VIM) or air void, void in mineral aggregate (VMA), and void in
filled with aggregate (VFA) as volumetric, and stability, flow, and Marshall Quotient (MQ) as mechanical parameters.
They will be the main focus of this study. Stability is the maximum load that can be imposed on the asphalt. Flow
means vertical deformation of the asphalt after subjected to a load. High flow implies on being more able to accept
deformation due to loads, while lower flow indicates the mixture has a high void. MQ is the ratio between stability
and flow to measure the stiffness of the mixture. Besides, softening temperature (TL) is the parameter to see the asphalt
sensitivity to environmental changes [10]. The higher TL means a lower temperature susceptibility [6].

Simulation Stages
Input dan Plotting Data

The obtained data is secondary from the research conducted by the Department of Civil Infrastructure Engineering,
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. Then, it is imported into MATLAB to plot and see the graphic
patterns formed. The data include plastic waste and asphalt content, VIM, VMA, VFA, stability, flow, MQ, and TL.

Start A

Determining Factorization of
polynomial matrix coefficient
mathematical
(A=LLT)
equation

Arranging normal Decomposition of

equation matrix equation
(Aa=LLTa=b)
Converting normal
equation in matrix
(Aa=b)
LTa=y Ly=b

Determining the Determining the matrix

coefficient matrix of the right-side result Mathematical
of normal equation of normal equation model
equation

A Finish

FIGURE 1 Method of composing mathematical model equations

Mathematical Model Formulation and Fitness in Modelling and Experimental Value

The mathematical model was prepared based on experimental data using the least squares method, referring to
figure 1. The difference of the sum of squares between the experimental and modeling data was maintained in such a
way that the difference is minimum, so the normal equation can be obtained and made in the form of matrix to then

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factorize by means of matrix decomposition to get mathematical model [14]. Fitness in modeling and experimental
value was arranged to calculate the validation of the model by referring to the R2 value (R-squares) used to check the
degree of correlation of the model [15].

Data Visualization in Graph and Determination of the Optimum Plastic Content

Data visualization was made in three dimensions representing volumetric and plastic content analysis to
mechanical parameters. Optimum plastic content in asphalt mixture was conducted by numerical optimization [16].
Analyzing the graphics using RSM was aimed to identify an interaction to another one on its response that can be
applied to asphalt mixture [17]. It will be a more intact picture in analyzing the mechanical characteristics of asphalt.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Experiment Data and Mathematic Model of Asphalt Mixture with Plastic Waste
Experiments data from asphalt mixture after added with plastic waste can be shown in table 5 below. There are
parameter values that did not meet Bina Marga 2018 standards, namely VIM at plastic content 6–10%, stability at 0%
and 4% plastic content, and flow at plastic content of 6 and 10%. The mathematical model equation for each parameter
with respect to plastic content were represented in table 2.

TABLE 1 Data for asphalt mixture with plastic waste

Bina Marga
Plastic Content (%)
Parameter Standard 2018
0 2 4 6 8 10 Min Max
VIM (%) 4,24 4,17 4,91 5,4 6,14 6,21 3 5
VMA (%) 16,13 16,98 16,74 17,28 18,03 18,26 13 NONE
VFA (%) 73,84 75,26 70,72 67,77 66,01 65,98 65 NONE
Stability (kg) 2107,11 2268,98 2239,83 2738,66 2703,6 3181,8 2250 NONE
Flow (mm) 5,53 5,655 5,415 6,19 5,893 6,52 3 6
MQ (kg/mm) 387,16 486,54 431,77 460,15 482,57 482,57 250 NONE
TL (oC) 55,75 73,25 78,5 95,25 97,75 100 48 NONE

TABLE 2 Mathematical model equation for bounds of three-dimensional graph

Asphalt volumetrics Mechanical Characteristics
7 p  33 p  2120, 2
2
stabilitas (4)
Equations

ܸ‫ = ܯܫ‬0,0031‫݌‬ଶ + 0,2009 ‫ ݌‬+ 4,0593 (1)

0, 0102 p  0, 0099 p  5, 5431
2
flow (5)
0, 0038 p  0,1665 p  16, 2636
2
VMA (2)
0, 829 p  11, 8245 p  51, 0149 p  395, 7433 (6)
3 2
MQ
0, 0173 p  1,1728 p  75,1604
2
VFA (3)
0, 3895 p  8, 3451 p  55, 9732
2
TL (7)

p is plastic content. R2 from (1)–(7), respectively, is 0,9428, 0,9163, 0,8777, 0,9222, 0,73137, 0,8560, and 0,9758.
(1)–(6) were used to determine bounds of plastic content in three-dimensional graphics considering table 1, which had
minimum and maximum for each parameter. The result could be seen in table 3. For (7), it could be seen that increasing
plastic content would increase the TL. Thus, the greater the plastic content, the lower the susceptibility temperature
of the asphalt. This is in line with research conducted by Sun (2016) that high temperatures can make asphalt
maintaining the strength and hardness without significant deformation at high temperatures [18].

Three-Dimensional Graph for Stability and Flow

The effect of plastic content and the volumetric on stability and flow could be seen in figure 2. As plastic content
rised, the stability also increased. VMA and VFA simultaneously appear to encounter varying increment along with

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increased stability, except for VIM. The increase in VMA is very significant compared to the increase in VFA, which
indicates the asphalt mixture with plastic waste affects the reduced air void.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 2 Three-dimensional graphics of flow and stability with respect to volumetrics and plastic content

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 It also shows the vertical deformation after being loaded increased when plastic content increased. In more detail,
the volumetric with respect to the flow tends to increase, except for VIM that reduces with increasing VFA. As a
consequence, the MQ increases as plastic content increased, except for the MQ with respect to VIM and the plastic
content. The increase in MQ to the increase in plastic content depends heavily on VIM, indicating that MQ increases
along with the decrease in air voids in asphalt mixture with plastic waste.

Optimum Plastic Content in Asphalt Mixture

The optimum plastic content can be calculated by numerical optimization method based on the decision table of
numerical optimization method [19]. The type of model obtained was quadratic model. Thus, the model to search the
optimum value refers to quadratic programming with bounds. The results of mathematical modeling of three-
dimensional visualization can be seen in table 3.

TABLE 3 Calculation results of mechanical characteristic models of asphalt mixture with plastic waste
Bound of Parameter Optimum Optimum
Parameter Modelled average VIM/VMA
plastic value for each plastic plastic content
(bounds) value /VFA (%)
content modelling content (%) in average (%)
2,6 < p < 4,4 2506,5 4,9684
Stability
2,6 < p < 10 2296,5 2340,6500 kg 3,6851 16,9623
(stab>2250)
2,6 < p < 10 2174,8 65,0000
0 < p < 4,4 5,4875 5,0000
Flow
0 < p < 7,2 5,6733 5,6028 mm 2,7810 5,3608 17,1426
(3<flow<6)
0 < p < 7,2 5,6476 76,4706
0 < p < 4,4 539,226 4,7032
MQ 546,48067
0 < p < 10 466,702 9,6156 17,7070
(MQ>250) kg/mm
0 < p < 10 633,514 76,2444

The optimum plastic content located in the asphalt mixture is 5,361%. The plastic content of 5,361% affects the
stability, flow, and MQ, which are 2340,65 kg, 5,60 mm, and 546,48 kg/mm, respectively. Those three values have
already met the Bina Marga standard, so do all the volumetrics, except for VFA in stability modeling which is an 11%
difference in value with that of flow and of MQ. The stability of 2340,65 kg indicates that the maximum load received
by the asphalt road layer before experiencing vertical deformation is 2,34 tons. When referring to the Rural Road and
Bridge Development Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Public Works and People Housing, the maximum load
allowed to pass through rural roads is 5 tons. Thus, based on the research conducted, the asphalt mixture with plastic
waste can be applied to pavements with low traffic flow, such as in villages [20] and in resident [21].

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of the data and discussions that have been presented before, it can be formulated a conclusion
as follows.
1. The increase in the volumetric of the asphalt mixture results in increasing mechanical parameters, but
lowering in VIM. Increased plastic content affects the increase in the TL of asphalt mixture, so higher TL
would maintain the strength and hardness of asphalt without experiencing significant deformation.
2. The optimum plastic content in the asphalt is obtained at 5,361% which provides optimum stability, flow,
and MQ values of 2340,65 kg, 5,603 mm, and 546,481 kg/mm, respectively. The three values have already
met Bina Marga 2018 standards.

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