RSEA Report MT - Campalili, Maragusan &MT - Puting Bato New Bataan Comval EnP Rey Navacilla

RESOURCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASSESSMENT (RSEA)
REPORT 2011
MOUNT CAMPALILI (MARAGUSAN) AND MOUNT PUTING
BATO (NEW BATAAN)
COMPOSTELA VALLEY PROVINCE
Prepared by:
Project Team
PCEEM Foundation Inc.
Funded by:
Foundation for Philippine Environment Inc.
Fundación para el desarrollo sustentable

RESOURCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT REPORT
Rapid Site Assessment Summary Results
A. Terrestrial Ecosystem: Flora and Fauna in Mt Kampalili – Mt Puting Bato
Flora
The assessment on the flora and fauna in Mt. Kampalili-Mt Putting Bato can be summarized in
the following highlights:
There are 1,101 individuals of trees ( 675 natural and 426 planted); 899 shrubs,77 vines
and 1,052 culms of grasses or a total of 3,823 hills of plants.
Out of the total number of plants inventoried and assessed, about 30 percent (%) are
composed of trees, 23 percent (%) are shrubs, 20 percent (%) are vines and 27 percent
(%) are grasses.
In Bahi-Langgawisan, 119 hills of plants counted and 85 hills in Andap-Tagdalongdong

are listed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Fourteen (14) hills in Bahi-Langgawisan and 22 hills of inventoried plants are also
recorded in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild
Fauna and Flora.
Noted that some of plants species inventoried and counted during the RSEA field
assessment. The results of the inventory validated all the records of the office of the
Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) of Maragusan.
Bahi-Langgawisan area: there are 78 hills of plants that were counted which are
considered Vulnerable (V), 105 hills are Threatened (T), 108 hills are Endangered (E) and
128 hills are considered critically endangered (CE).
Sitio Cagan- Tagdalongdong, area: 33 hills of plants are Vulnerable, 15 hills threatened,
64 hills are endangered, and 75 hills are considered critically endangered.
A significant number of indigenous tree species like temperate tree species of pines like
gymnosperms are seen as still abundant in the project sites, particularly in the slopes and
peaks of Mt. Candalaga-Kampalili - Mt. Puting Bato.
Fauna
Significance of forests to terrestrial vertebrates:
Majority of the observed bird species are resident birds, of which only one uncommon
species, the Barred Honeybuzzard Pernis celebensis, had been recorded.
Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

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Noted the presence of two (2) bird species Nectarinia jugularis and Pycnonotus goaivier,
locally called “tamsi” and “pirok-pirok,” in an agricultural area.
Only four (4) bird species detected are endemic to the Philippines, namely: Phapitreron
leucotis, Loriculus philippensis, Hypsipites philippinus, and Macronous striaticeps.
Other fauna groups were also found in the study sites like mammals particularly Philippine
Brown Deer (Cervus mariannus) and Phillipne Warty Pig (Sus philippensis), other
terrestrial vertebrates namely: flying lemur, deer, fruit bats, flying foxes are also present in
the area.
B. Freshwater Ecosystem
Agusan River is the Headwater for all the rivers in Compostela Valley which has been
classified as Class C, in which the intended beneficial use are for the following: Fishery
water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; Recreational
Water Class II for boating, fishing or similar activities; and Agriculture for irrigation and
livestock watering. Tributaries of Agusan River, specifically, Mayo, Ma-a and
Tagdalongdong rivers, are also classified as Class C.
Four rivers classified as Class C, showed that the physical and chemical characteristics
were found to be lower than the water quality criteria set by DAO 34. With regard to
agricultural and mining chemical contamination, results show that mercury, phosphate and
nitrate levels are still low. Annual monitoring of rivers and springs should be done, both
on the wet and dry seasons.
Analysis of 5 spring water sources (Mision, Sawing, Nawasa, Pagsilaan, Liboton) of New
Bataan in the Andap watershed, only one, Mision, passed the three parameters for
microbiological acceptability. From the results, it indicates that appropriate treatment,
specifically, chlorination, should be installed after the intake box. Chlorination treatment is
necessary so it won’t cause waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera.
New Bataan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative (NEBAWASCO)

should switch from the use of chlorine residual kit into DPD since Ortho-Tolidine ha been
banned since 1999 due to its carcinogenic effect.
The biodiversity in the study area includes the presence of fresh water fishies like catfish,
shimps, crustacean like crablets.
C. Agricultural Systems
Crop yield indicates low agricultural land productivity. Aside from technical and financial
assistance, the road being constructed by DAR and the LGU is badly needed for public
vehicle transport of the people and agricultural produce of Caragan Valley.
Current land use are on rice with some irrigated by brush dam; of market volume are corn,
peanut, sweet potato, coffee, and bell pepper; and only some vegetables like bean,
eggplants, cassava, and banana are grown for home consumption.
Farming was also observed in undulating and rolling slopes where upland rice, banana,
corn, peanut, coffee and abaca are cultivate
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D. Socio-Economic and Cultural Dimensions
The socio-economic condition in the subject areas are generally subsistence living but source of
food and income are within the reach and to large extent within the control of the inhabitants of
the area which can be highlighted as follows:
A 5-hectare socialized housing at Barangay New Katipunan, Maragusan shall be provided

by the LGU to accommodate displaced or non-landholding residents of the Poblacion or
urban center.
Resettlement area of about 5,748.43 sq. m for persons displaced by Typhoon Pablo of
Centro, Brgy. Andap and Cabinuangan, New Bataan is being arranged with assistance
from the National Housing Authority (NHA) and the Red Cross.
Water systems provided by NEBAWASCO in New Bataan and Maragusan Waterworks

and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative (MAWASCO) in Maragusan, generally, are
in accessible areas only just like the provision of electrical power.
Caragan and Andap residents rely on solar power, level II water system and uses mobile
phones for their communication requirements.
E. Opportunities and Threats
Proposed construction of farm to market roads under the Department of Agriculture (DA)
in Langgawisan and Sitio Tagdalundong and communal irrigation system-a joint venture
project of DAR and NIA in Barangay Andap.
Development of the ecotourism potentials of the sites particularly in the Andap and
Caragan Valley.
Isolated cases of illegal cutting of trees and natural calamities like typhoon and flashfloods
remains a threat in the project sites.
1 INTRODUCTION
With biodiversity conservation as one of the hallmarks of good governance, the Foundation
for Philippine Environment (FPE) ha embarked on a project called Mainstreaming the Indigenous
Peoples Participation in Environmental Governance (MIPPEG). This is in collaboration with
Project Partners (Figure 1): the Fundacion Desarrollo Sostenido (FUNDESO), Paglilingkod Batas
Pangkapatiran Foundation (PBPF) and the Philippine Association for Intercultural Development
(PAFID), with financial support from the European Union (EU) and FUNDESO.
For the implementation of the MIPPEG Project, the FPE has engaged the services of the
People Collaborating for Environmental and Economic Management (PCEEM) Davao
Foundation, Inc. to conduct the Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment (RSEA) in Mt
Kampalili and Mt Puting Bato in the Province of Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental,
particularly, the municipalities of New Bataan and Maragusan.

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The project sites are Barangays Bahi and Langgawisan of Maragusan, and
Tagdalongdong (Purok 1) of Sitio Cagan, Andap, New Bataan. These also cover the ancestral
domains of the Mansakas and Mandayas of the two-named municipalities. The indigenous
peoples organization (IPO) partners in Maragusan are the Langgawisan and Bahi Tribal
Association (LABATA) for the Mandaya tribe, Limpong ng Mangkatadong (LIMPONG) for the
Mansaka; and the tribal federation of New Bataan, particularly, the Cagan Cluster of the Mansaka
- Mandaya tribes.
In Pursuance of the RSEA TOR are guided by the following objectives:
1. Collection of available data from previous Rapid Site Assessments (RSAs) and other
secondary data for the specific project sites;
2. Collection of standardized set of available data and information for the Mt Kampalili and
Mt Puting Bato as of August 2012 or the latest information available;
3. Comparison of available data mentioned in the above items 1.1 and 1.2 to determine
where gaps of information exist and, consequently, to fill gaps if data and information are
available;
4. Identification of opportunities in and threats to the specific project sites; and
5. Identification and analysis of changes in the biophysical, socio-cultural, economic and

geopolitical components over time and across similar project sites.
A. Implementation Process
The inception activities started last September 18-20, 2012 with a Community Dialogue in
the project sites of Bahi and Langgawisan with the assistance of LABATA; and Limpong ng
Mangkatadong in Barangay Poblacion, Maragusan. In New Bataan, the Team held a project
orientation with the tribal leaders or Makatadongs representing the 22 tribal clans in New Bataan,
Compostela Valley Province. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was also conducted last October
19-20, 2012 in Poblacion, Maragusan involving key stakeholders in the project sites.
Although secondary data was gathered easily from relevant offices - local, provincial,
national, the delay in meeting the FPIC requirements prevented the Team from proceeding to the
sites. Upon receipt of the Certificate of Pre-Condition (CPC) last June 2013, the Project Team
conducted the primary data gathering, together with local Researchers-cum-Guides selected by
their tribal leaders in the project sites.
The occurrence of Typhoon Pablo (a.k.a. Bopha) last December 4, 2012 in the project
sites made access difficult as the roads were very bad, the forest trails and pathways was slippery
and landslide areas slowed down the Project Team.

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B. Scope of Engagement
The Team conducted the primary data gathering through a biophysical assessment of Mt
Candalaga-Kampalili - Mt Puting Bato by creating five sub-groups composed of the Flora and
Fauna, Agriculture, Water Resources and Watershed, and Terrestrial Land and Mineral
Resources.
On the other hand, another two sub-groups, the Socio-Economic and Cultural assessment
sub-group went on to conduct key informant interviews, and the study and review on the Geo-
political Conditions and Institutional Arrangements of the project sites in order to complete the
various aspects of the Resource Socio-Economic Assessment.
Figure 1. The Project Partners
MOA Signing between FPE and PCEEM at Ritz Hotel in Davao City

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C. RSEA Project Team
PCEEM Davao Foundation, Inc. evolved from a five-year bilateral project (in March 1998) jointly
funded by the Government of the Philippines through the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) and the Government of Canada through the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA). The project, which aimed to test a governance model using
watershed as a unit of management, was also implemented in Cebu, where watersheds have
been degraded to an alarming stage. In Davao, PCEEM chose the Talomo-Lipadas Watershed
(TLW) as its initial project site. In 2005, it expanded its geographic coverage to Davao River
Watershed (DRW).
As a project, the name ‘PCEEM’ stood for Philippines-Canada Environmental and

Economic Management; today, ‘PCEEM’ in ‘PCEEM Davao’ stands for ‘People Collaborating
for Environmental and Economic Management’ Davao Foundation, Inc.
On November 6, 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved the
proposed amendment to convert the organization into a Foundation and PCEEM became People
Collaborating for Environmental and Economic Management in Davao (PCEEM Davao)
Foundation, Inc., a non-stock, non-profit organization. While the words behind the acronym have
changed, it has retained its core values as an inclusive, impartial and collaborative organization
that taps dynamic participation of multi-sector stakeholders to ensure sustainable management
of the watersheds and natural resources.
At the same time, this fortuitous change in name not only reflects the shift from being a
project of two governments to becoming a multi-sectoral non-government organization. It also
highlights the fact that environmental resource management requires collaboration or
partnerships of people. Using consensus as the basis for decision-making, PCEEM Davao prides
itself as a vehicle for conflict resolution and continues to be a venue for the expression of varying
opinions from the different sectors in the watershed.
Its organizational structure provides government and civil society an open window for
productive discourse that will result to better governance in the interest of watershed
management. Interests of government and civil society are expressed by their respective
representatives to the PCEEM Board – a reflection of how the Foundation value diversity,
convergence and participation.
PCEEM Davao believes that its aspirations can be realized if people who have a stake in
the watersheds are themselves capacitated and given a ‘voice’ in decision-making. This implies
putting people as the focus of the development process, increasing their choices both as agents
and recipients of the process and its results.The Foundation is guided by three fundamental
principles, namely: ecosystem-based management, collaborative and integrative management,
and capacity enhancement.
Together with these principles, PCEEM likewise values participation from women and
youth. PCEEM Davao is managed by a Board of Trustees (BoT) representing eleven (11) sectors
with an Advisory Board (representatives from six relevant local and national government

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agencies). It has a Secretariat that implements the policies, plans and programs approved by the
BoT.
For the purpose of implementing the RSEA Project, the management of PCEEM Davao
Foundation, Inc. had created a RSEA Project Team whose photo is shown in Figure 2.
The RSEA Project Team is composed of the following:
Project Team
Project Manager/Socio-Econ Expert Corazon Mae Baylon

Project Team Leader Reynaldo Navacilla
Biophysical Expert 1/Envi Planner/Agriculturist
Biophysical Expert 2/Hydrologist (Water Resources) Hydie Maspinas
Biophysical Expert 3/Forester (Flora) Martin Obrero
Biophysical Expert 4/Biologist (Fauna) Fritzie Ates-Camino
Agriculturist/Soil Expert Gerry Bala
Cultural Expert Cesar Cuyugan Jr.
Geo-Political Expert Grace Magdamo-Teoxon
GIS Expert/Researcher Peter Alvarado
Project Coordinator Miriam Colon
Figure 2. The RSEA Project Team

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The RSEA Project Team in Barangay Langgawisan, Maragusan, Compostela Valley
C. Local Resource Partners
Langgawisan-Bahi Tribal Association (LABATA)

Limpong ng Mangtikadong (Limpong)
Tribal Executive Council of (TEC) New Bataan and TEC-Cluster 4
D. Technical Resource Partners
Paglilingkod Batas Pangkapatiran Foundation (PBPF)

Philippine Association for Intercultural Development (PAFID)
2 PROFILE OF THE SITES
A. Project Sites in Caragan Valley
Caragan Valley is in the vicinity of Mt. Kampalili-Puting Bato. It is a civil reservation for the
Mandaya-Mansaka tribes and referred to as the Karagan Valley Resettlement Project. The total
land area of the settlement is 4,464.14 ha with Bahi identified as having 1,278.86 ha and
Langgawisan with 3,185.28 ha. This same area, to include Sitio Cagan of New Bataan, ha also
been awarded a Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) in November 1994 by the
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR).

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Caragan is part of the ancestral domain of the Mandaya and Mansaka tribes awarded with
a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) in February 2004 comprising 10,062.786 ha,
excluding 5365.4553 ha that although not included in the claim was made part of the ADSDPP.
The ancestral territory of the Mandaya tribe is located on the eastern side of the
municipality of Maragusan. It is bounded on the north by Sitio Tagdalongdong and the southern
part lies along the top ridges of the mountain ranges that stretch from Brgy. Araibo to Marayag.
On the west are the top ridges of Mt Candalaga while the eastern portion is bounded by the
ancestral domain claims of the Mandayas of Pantukan, Caraga and Limintoog, Manay, Davao
Oriental.
Within Caragan are the project sites- Mt. Candalaga in the vicinity of the neighboring Brgy.
New Albay, that connects to Mt. Tagub-Mt. Kampalili in Barangays Langgawisan and Bahi in
Maragusan, and Mt. Puting Bato in Sitio Cagan, Barangay Andap in New Bataan, particularly
Tagdalongdong (Purok 1). Both municipalities belong to the Province of Compostela Valley as
shown in Map 1. Location of the Province of Compostela Valley.
Map 1. Location of the Province of Compostela Valley

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Compostela Valley Province
B. Maragusan, Compostela Valley Province
Maragusan is tagged as “The Summer Capital of Davao Region.” A first class municipality,
it is an agricultural town with 24 Barangays. The town was created in 1977 by virtue of PD 1247
of the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
On the east, the municipality is bounded by the municipality of Caraga, Davao Oriental,
north by the municipality of New Bataan, west by the municipalities of Mabini and Maco of
Compostela Valley Province, and on the south by Davao Oriental. All of these municipalities are
under the political jurisdiction of Region XI, Mindanao.
Maragusan has a land area of 54,744.87 ha, including the contested area of 15, 318 ha
by the Municipality of Pantukan, also of the Province of Compostela Valley as shown in Map 2.
Location Map of the Project Sites. Based on the 54,745.00 figure, its alienable and disposable
land (A and D) is 13,239.29 ha (24.2 %) while forest land gets a high percentage of 75.8 at
41,505.71 ha.

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Map 2. Location Map of the Project Site
Project Sites
SSites
Outside of Caragan Valley, Maragusan is also covered by another CADT awarded to the
Mansaka tribe of Compostela Valley Province last September 2008 of which 24,131.1919 ha
belong to the Mansakas of Maragusan.
Maragusan has a total population of 57,415 composed of 8,762 households as per 2012
actual survey by the LGU. (DRRM Plan CY 2013, p. 2).
Rolling hills and mountainous terrain, rising 2,000 to 7,642 feet above sea level, surround
the valley and shield it from the strong winds of the Pacific Ocean blowing across the eastern
coastal province of Davao Oriental. However, this wasn’t so when the fury of Typhoon Pablo
struck last December 4, 2012.
The original settlers of Maragusan are the Mansaka tribe who initially dwelled in the
mountain fastness and lived off the land, eking out a meager living through the primitive “kaingin”
system of farming. Some resettled into the rich valley below after decades of staying in the
mountains and blended with migrants. Others stayed behind, developed their own communities,
and preserved their rich culture, custom, and tradition.
The Mansaka identify themselves as “Man-Agusan”, a native word meaning settlers along
the banks of Agusan River whose headwaters flow from the towering mountain range. From the
Maragusan mountains, the river snakes through several barangays, twisting and turning across
the land before emptying its heavy load into Butuan Bay, hundreds of kilometers away from the
source.

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For phonetic reason, “Man–Agusan” was changed to Maragusan and the gentle plains of
Maragusan, Caragan, and Tag–ugpo came to be known as Maragusan Valley.
C. New Bataan, Compostela Valley Province
New Bataan was called Cabinuangan (now refers to the Poblacion) in the past that natives
named after the Binuang trees in the area. An isolated but fertile valley occupied by indigenous
peoples, it attracted settlers by the 1950s who came by way of Nabunturan to Km 102, in what
is Montevista today, then a barrio of Compostela.
At that time, travel and the flow of commerce to and from the hinterlands were through the
Agusan River whose banks were dotted with settlements of earlier migrants and their
descendants. The lucrative logging industry gradually transformed Cabinuangan into a thriving
center, built roads and bridges that connected settlements and, introduced trucks and vehicle
transport.
Soon leaders from the different barrios headed by Bienvenido Tejano, Sr. lobbied for the
creation of a municipality. On November 2, 1965, then President Diosdado Macapagal signed a
proclamation creating New Bataan which didn’t prosper due to legal and technical questions.
In 1966, the Bureau of Lands subdivided all public lands in Compostela into farm lots,
excluding government reservations, with the help of then First lady Luz Banzon-Magsaysay. In
the Congress, the man who worked hard to create the three Davao Provinces, the late Lorenzo
‘Don Enchong’ Sarmiento, filed a bill creating the municipality on June 18, 1968 by virtue of
Republic Act No. 4756. The name New Bataan is in honor of the First lady, who was from the
province of Bataan.
New Bataan has a total land area of 55,315 ha. It is bounded on the north by the
Municipality of Compostela, on the east by the Province of Davao Oriental, on the south by the
Municipality of Maragusan, and on the west by the Municipality of Nabunturan.
D. Mount Kampalili
Mt Kampalili is located in Barangays Bahi and Langgawisan of Maragusan, with central

coordinates 126o 17.00' East 7o 18.00' North. It lies along the boundary of south-eastern
Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental Province. Per information from MENRO-Maragusan, it
has been established with DENR that Mt. Kampalili peaks at 2394 masl and Mt. Tagub at 2396
masl, both with extremely rugged terrain as shown in Map 3. Terrain Map of Mt. Kampalili.
This KBA comprises a large block of forest shown on recent forest cover maps. Most of
this forest is montane, including extensive areas of mossy forest, but there are some areas of
lowland forest remaining on the lower slopes. There are small communities of Mandayas in these
mountains, who practice slash-and-burn agriculture and have farmholdings on the more
accessible flatter slopes as shown in Figure 3. Project Site-Mount Kampalili
Map 3. Terrain Map of Mt. Kampalili

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Figure 3. Project Site-Mount Kampalili
Mt. Kampalili, a view from Barangay Langgawisan
E. Mount Puting Bato (aka. Mt. Magkalingi or Mt. Pandadagsaan)
Mt. Puting Bato, otherwise known as Mt. Magkalingi or Mt. Pandadagsaan, is located in
Barangay Andap, New Bataan, Compostela Valley with central coordinates
7°18'44"N 126°17'3"E. There’s confusion as to the elevation of Mt. Puting Bato which is said to
form part of Mt Tagub that is said to be the highest mountain this side of Mindanao.
Map 4. Terrain Map of Mt. Puting Bato.

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Figure 4. Project Site-Mount Puting Bato (Mt. Magkalingi)

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3 RURAL SITE APPRAISAL RESULTS
A. Objectives, Methodologies, and Approaches
The Resource Socio-Economic Assessment (RSEA) objectives and the methods and techniques
set out in this report can provide a framework and guide to the tribal communities, its leader and
other key stakeholders in protecting, conserving, and developing the eco-systems and biodiversity
of their areas. This goes too for their ancestral domain as well as the sustainable use of the
environment and natural resources within the vicinity of Mt. Candalaga-Kampalili-Mt. Putting Bato
by identifying economically efficient and cost effective policy options.
Note however, that the RSEA was not a one-way process. Feedback occurred between
all stages of the assessment process and questions raised were useful in refining the policy issues
and scenarios that are of concern to stakeholders. Most problem-situations involve competing
uses for upland ecosystem and its corresponding resources and conditions as well as the
governance that is in placed.
The process undertaken in the conduct of RSEA was carefully selected, that it is scientific,
appropriate, and effective in generating the necessary data and information to obtain reliable
results. In the biophysical assessment, the methods and techniques used in the actual inventory
and assessment of the Flora and Fauna are the transect walk and quadrant sampling procedure
as shown in Figure 5. Conduct of Primary Data Gathering (Biophysical Assessment).
Quadrant Sampling method
Sampling with quadrants (plots of a standard size) can be used for most plant communities
(cox, 1990). A quadrant delimits an area in which vegetation cover can be estimated, plants
counted, or species listed. Quadrants can be established randomly, regularly, or subjectively
within a study site. Since plants often grow in clumps, long, narrow plots often include more
species than square or round plots of equal area; especially if the long axis is established parallel

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to environmental gradients (cox, 1990; Barbour et al., 1987; Greg-Smith, 1983). However,
accuracy may decline as the plot lengthens because, as the perimeter increases, the surveyor
must make more subjective decisions about the placement of plants inside or outside the plot.
Round quadrants can be most accurate because they have the smallest perimeter for a given
area. Round quadrants are also simple to define in the field, requiring only a center stake and a
measure (Cox, 1990).
The appropriate size for a quadrant depends on the items to be measured. if cover is the
only factor being measured, size is relatively unimportant. If plant numbers per unit area are to be
measured, then quadrant size is critical. A plot size should be large enough to include significant
numbers of individuals, but small enough so that plants can be separated, counted and measured
without duplication or omission of individuals (Cox, 1990; Barbour et. al., 1987). Large quadrants
with many plants may require two or more people to obtain an accurate census, while one person
may be sufficient for smaller plots or those with sparse vegetation.
Figure 5. Conduct of Primary Data Gathering (Biophysical Assessment)
RSEA Technical Team headed by Envi.Planner Rey Navacilla Panawag-tawag Ritual by the Magbabaya before entering the
together the LABATA President Datu Federico Magtana dense forest in Barangay Bahi.

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RSEA Project Team Leader Rey Navacilla setting the Global Forester Joy Callija established a station as well as marking the
Positioning System (GPS) unit reading coordinates & distance station using paint.
in every station
2 Female Foresters Anne Ruta and Merlita Plaza established a Forester Joy Callija with the assistance of LABATA President
quadrant in every station measuring 20 meters by 20 meters Datu Federico Magtana, measuring the diameter of a tree
measured on the ground using tape and compass and rope. specie.

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A. Physical and Biological Profile
1. Terrestrial Biodiversity
The RSEA Project Team-Flora and Fauna group, composed of technical persons,
particularly, Foresters and Biologist, have conducted the Flora and Fauna Assessment within the
mountain complex of Mt. Candalaga-Tagub-Kampalili-Puting Bato on June 10-15, 2013. The area
is located at Caragan Valley – Barangays Langgawisan and Bahi of Maragusan; and
Tagdalongdong, Sitio Cagan, Brgy. Andap of New Bataan, all of Compostela Valley Province .
1. A. Methodology
The flora and fauna assessment was conducted through the establishment of a transect
line for a Rapid Systems Appraisal (RSA) and a Farmers Group Discussion (FGD) through
interview of some farmer key leaders and Tribal Datus in the area.
There are five (5) major areas or habitats that were identified and assessed during the
characterization. This includes the settlement, upland agriculture, grassland/brushland, Riverine,
and Forest both the Planted and Natural grown vegetations.
Representatives of some kinds of plants particularly trees having a diameter at Breast

height (DBH) of 10 centimeters and bigger found along a strip of 20 meters following the
established transect line measuring an approximate distance of 5,000 meters were listed and
recorded. The inventory of plants was conducted from the lowest to the highest portion of the area
and vice versa.
Results and Findings
1.B. FLORA
The Mt. Candalagan-Tagub-Kampalili and Putting Bato in Maragusan and New Bataan is
the habitat of not only the world famous Philippine Eagle but also the sanctuary of other endemic
species of flora and fauna. The giant flower of Raflessia (Rafflessia mira) which is considered the
stinkish flower in the world (vanishing treasure in the Philippine rainforest – Laurence R. henry
and Jacinto C. Regalado Sr.) is found thriving in these areas. It was discovered by Margie Moran
Florendo Team (Margie Moran on Mindanao ), particularly at Barangay New Albay, some 640
masl and at New Mapawa (645 masl) in Maragusan. Also, Rafflesia is the biggest flower in the
Philippines measuring about 58-60 centimeters in diameter and can be found only along the
mountain ranges in the vicinity of Maragusan. (Acta manilana; Volume 53; 2005).
Plants that have been inventoried were grouped according to growth forms like the Trees,
Shrubs, Vines and Grasses. Also, their ecological status, richness and conservation status like
vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered.
The result of the rapid floral site inventory show that there are 1,101 individuals of trees
(675 natural and 426 planted); 899 shrubs,77 vines and 1,052 culms of grasses or a total of 3,823
hills of plants counted and listed from the established transect line within the Mt. Puting Bato-
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Kampalili Range at Maragusan and New Bataan, Comval Province. Out of the total number of
plants inventoried and assessed, about 30 percent is composed of trees, 23 percent are shrubs,
20 percent are vines and 27 percent are Grasses as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Total Number of plants identified and inventoried within the Mt. Puting Bato- Mt. Kamplili,
Maragusan and New Bataan all of Compostela Valley Province
HABITAT TREES SUB- % SHRUBS % VINES % GRASSES % OVER

AREAS TOTAL ALL
Natural Planted TOTAL
Settlement Bahi 27 11 70 41 97
Langgawisan 21 12 22 31 70
Andap 59 17 97 79 73
Total 107 40 147 189 151 240 727
Upland Bahi 17 70 17 19 17
Agriculture Langgawisan 21 60 31 18 21
Andap 14 73 19 21 30
Total 52 203 255 67 58 68 448
Brushland/ Bahi 31 14 93 73 79
Grassland
Andap 44 19 79 93 112
Total 114 50 164 218 236 284 902
Riparian Bahi 67 19 99 93 101
Andap 70 19 77 49 111
Total 180 56 236 209 181 289 915
Forest Bahi 29 41 79 37 49
Plants that have been inventoried were grouped according to growth forms like the Trees,
Shrubs, Vines and Grasses. Also, their ecological status, richness, endemicity and conservation
status like Threatened, which can be classified as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable
were also assessed. Sample of the Floral Species are shown in Figure 6. Sample Floral Species.
Figure 6. Sample Floral Species.

Page 19
Vantage view of Mt. Kampalili and its forest cover One of the planted species in area
Sample of an Air Plant One of the exotic plant in the area
It will be noted that some of plants species inventoried and counted during the RSEA field
assessment validated all the plants species listed in the records of the office of the Municipal
Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) of Maragusan Comval Province as shown
in Table 2 below.

Page 20
Table 2. Record of Plant Species found within Mt Puting Bato- Kampalili Range
Maragusan, Comval Province
Common Name Scientific Name No. of Individuals
Tanguile Shorea polysperma

Shorea almon
Almon Glochidion camiguinensis
Celtis luzonica
Bonot-bonot Shorea squamata
Casuarina equisefolia
Magabuyo Agathis philippinensis
Syzygium simile
Mayapis Litsea glutinosa
Cleistocalyx operculatus
Agoho Alstonia macrophylla
Castanopsis javanica
Almaciga Calophyllum blancoi
Couthovia celebica
Panglongboen Garcinia venulosa
Sablot Litsea lytensis
Cratoxylum celebicum
Malaruhat Lithocarpus boholensis
Ctenolophon philippinensis
Batino Shorea astylosa
Canarium asperum
Gasa Duabanga moluccana
Neonauclea nitida
Bitanghol Ficus minahase
Parashorea plicata
Pagi-pagi Cananga odorata
Colona serratifolia
Gatasan Artocarpus blancoi
Artocarpus ovata
Batikuling Euphorbia plumeriodis
Ficus balete
Paguringon Diplodiscus paniculatus
Cleistanthus pilosus
Ulayan Ochna foxworthyi
Pterosperum diversifolium
Sudiang Macaranga tanarius
Octomeles sumatrana
Yakal Iteadaphne philippinensis
Phyllocladus hyphophyllus
Piling-liitan Dracontomelon dao
Erythrina orientalis
Loktob Alstonia scholaris
Myristica philippinenesis
Wisak Hopia philippinenesis
Crytoxylum blancoi
Hagimit Michelia platyphylla
Podocarpus imbricatus

Page 21
Bagtikan Dacrydium elatum

Laportea sulodusa
Ilang-ilang Litsea perrottetii
Vitex parviflora
Anilaw Castanopsis philippinenesis
Terminalia mittens
Antipolo Strombosis philippinenesis
Klunhovia hospital
Anubing Perocymbium tinctorium
Bischofia javanica
Bait Combretodendron quadrialatum
Alphitonia philippinensis
Balete Nepenthes sp.Adpinia
Angiopteres polariformes
Balobo Rafflesia mira
Banitlong
Bansilai
Bayok
Binunga
Binuang
Boga
Dalung
Dao
Dapdap
Dita
Duguan
Gisok-gisok
Guyong-guyong
Hangilo
Igem Podocarpus imbricatus?

Dacycarpus
Lokinai
Lipang carabao
Marang
Molave
Phil. Chest nut

Page 22
Sakat
Tamayu-an
Tan-an
Taluto
Tuai
Toog
Pitcher plant
Tagbak
Giant ferns
Giant flower of Raflessia
Source: MENRO, Maragusan, Compostella Valley Province, June 26, 2013
In terms of conservation status, it will be noted that in the Bahi-Langgawisan area there
are 78 hills of plants that were counted which are considered Vulnerable (V), 105 hills are
Threatened (T), 108 hills are Endangered (E), and 128 hills are considered critically endangered
(CE). In the Andap- Tagdalongdong area, 33 hills of plants are Vulnerable, 15 hills are threatened,
64 hills are endangered, and 75 hills are considered critically endangered as shown in Table 3.
Conservation Status of plants within Mt Kampalili-Puting-Bato Range.
Table 3. Conservation Status of plants within Mt Kampalili-Mt. Puting Bato Range
HABITAT ECOSYSTEM BAHI- LANGGAWISAN ANDAP
V T E CE V T E CE
Settlement 19 26 21 15 3 2 10 6
Upland Agriculture 6 9 20 8 1 3 9 8
Grassland/ Brushland 10 19 17 10 3 1 6 5
Riverine 14 15 11 24 14 7 9 19
Forest:
Natural 15 22 23 19 6 1 23 7
Planted 14 14 16 52 6 1 7 30
TOTAL 78 105 108 128 33 15 64 75
V- Vulnerable T- Threatened E- Endangered CE- Critically endangered

Page 23
It will also be noted that all the threatened plant species recorded and assessed during
the inventory at Mt. Kampalili-Puting Bato Ranges are recorded in the EMBC which PCEEM
Davao Foundation Inc participated in series of workshops conducted by DENR as shown in Table
4.
Table 4. List of Some Threatened Plant Species found within the Eastern Mindanao Biodiversity
Corridor.
Common Name Scientific Name
Almaciga Agathis philippinensis

Katmon Dellenia philippinensis
Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorous
Hagakhak Dipterocarpus validus
Pitcher plant Nepenthes
Yakal Shorea astylosa
Tanguile Shorea polysperma
Malabayabas Tristaniopsis decortia
Calantas Toona calantas
Kapa de leon Platycerium grande
In the Bahi-Langgawisan, 119 hills of plants counted and 85 hills in Andap-Tagdalongdong

are listed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Fourteen hills in the
Bahi-Langgawisan and 22 hills of inventoried plants are also recorded in the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora. Lastly, as far as the
endemicity of plants inventoried is concerned, 233 hills of plants counted in the Bahi-Langgawisan
area and 85 in Andap-Tagdalongdong are considered endemic in the area.
Table 5. Plants/Trees inventoried at Mt Kampalili-Puting Bato Range and its Environmental

Status
BAHI-LANGGAWISAN ANDAP
HABITAT No. of Plants/Trees No. of Plants/Trees
ECOSYSTEM IUCN CITES ENDEMIC IUCN CITES ENDEMIC
Settlement 20 3 20 13 2 13
Upland Agriculture 13 2 47 12 3 17
Brushland/ 19 4 40 33 7 21
Grassland
Riparian 30 2 33 41 3 21
Forest:
Natural 25 3 59 17
Planted 12 24 23 7 13
Total 119 14 223 139 22 85

Page 24
Likewise, some of these species were also listed in the EMBC as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Some Plants and its conservation status listed within the Eastern Mindanao
Biodiversity Corridor (EMBC) (Table 6 and 7)
Conservation status
Common nam Scientific name
IUCN DAO 2007-01
Davao lipstick plant Aeschynanthus littoralis VU
Mindanao palosapis Anisoptera costata EN EN
Pili Canarium ovatum VU OTS
Mindanao Narek Hopea brachyptera CE CE
Easterna mindanao medinillia Medinillia surigaoensis EN
Mindanao giant Pitcher plant Nepenthes merrilliana VU CE
Bagtikan Parashorea malaanonan CE
Source: EMBC; Phil, Eagle Foundation
Table 7. Some Endemic plants in the Philippines
Common Name Scientific Name
A. Vulnerable
Almaciga Agathis Philippinensis
B. Threatened
Giant staghorn Platycerium grande
Rafflesia Rafflesia Mira
Gisok-gisok Hopea philippinenesis
Dalingdingan Hopea acuminate
Smooth narra Pterocarpus indicus
Kamagomg Diospyrus blancoi
Yakal Shorea astylosa
Tree fern Cyathea acuminata
Tiaong Shorea ovata
Molave Vitex parviflora
Pahutan Mangifera altisima
Almaciga Agathis philippinensis
Red lauan Shorea negrosensis
Tangile Shorea polysperma
Guiting-guiting Begonia gitingensis
Philippines chestnuts Castanopsis philippinensis
C. Endangered Anisoptera costata

Kamagong Diospyros blancoi
Nepenthes fricencata
Pitcher plant Podocarpus costalis
Shorea ovata
Vatica mangacahpoi
D. Critically Endangered
Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus

Page 25
Dalingdinga Dipterocarpus gracilis

Yakal saplungan Dipterocarpus haeltii
Bagtikan Hopea malibato
Almon Hopea acuminate
Yakal Hopea plagata
Red lauan Parashorea malaanon
Mayapis Shoreaastylosa
Tanguile Shorea palosapi
White lauan Shorea palosapis
Vatica eliptica Shorea contorta
E. CITES
Araucaria araucana
BL Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla
SL Mahogany Swietenia mahogani
In summary and based on the above mentioned survey and inventory conducted, Mt.
Candalaga-Kampalili and Mt. Puting -Bato in Maragusan and New Bataan is still considered as
significant area of floral species, particularly, the site endemic plants like Rafflesia (Rafflesia
Mira) and other species.
In the initial ocular survey in the project site, the rapid assessment by the RSEA Project
Team yielded vital information regarding the dominant species of flora and fauna in the project
sites. However, the spatial information on the existing vegetation of the domain would show that
those covered by closed canopy forest constitute 42.78% of the entire domain while open canopy
forest represent 38.71% of the total 81.49% of the entire ancestral domain.
On the plateau at the peak of Mt Kampalili, the endemic plant species known as Rafflesia
can be found as shown in Figure 7. Endemic Plant Species. Likewise, the tree species known
among the tribal communities as “Lawig” can also be found.
The traditional abaca varieties are one of the major resources of the Mandayas in the
area. Currently, eight (8) varieties are documented and are still being cultivated in the area.
Figure 7. Endemic Plant Species

Page 26
Rafflesia
Rafflesia Mira is the largest flower in the world. It was first discovered in the
Indonesian rainforest in 1818 by Dr. Joseph Arnold. Without stem, leaves and true roots,
its flowers emerge from their host (a parasitic plant) which belongs to a genus of vines,
tetrastigma, from the grapevine family. Rafflesia Mira measures 45-60 cm in diameter
whereas R. schadenbergiona 52-80 cm in diameter.
Its flower emits foul smell that attracts carrion flies, the pollinators. There are 28 known
species (four of which are unverified). Ten endemic species were discovered in the
Philippines. The largest was found in Mt. Kampalili, Maragusan, Compostela Valley,
Philippines.
c. Biophysical Assessment Sampling Method
The Biophysical Assessment Sampling Method shall be done through the selection of
sample site and can be based on typical sites (releve), random samples, systematic samples in
a regular pattern, or by a combination of random and systematic selection (Greig-Smith, 1983).
Although the releve method uses subjective choice of sample locations, the process of recording
data is relatively rapid and non-mathematical. Systematic and random methods, which are
commonly used in the United States, are more conducive to statistical analysis. In the field,
random sampling may be much less convenient than systematic sampling, but the regular
sampling of a population showing periodic variation would not be representative of a population
as a whole (Eberhardt and Thomas, 1991). The selection of an appropriate sampling technique
depends upon the type of data needed, the size of the sampling site and the number of available
workers.
Another method that shall be applied is the Botanic Survey. The survey is a type of
biodiversity inventory that looks for landscape scale patterns. It uses many plots (fixed size or
dimensionless) across the landscape, producing a list of species at various known and precise
locations, though without quantification of abundance. It can help identify areas of high
biodiversity and/or conservation priorities (Heaney et al., 1998), and data can be analyzed to
produce vegetation classification (e.g. Hall & Swaine, 1981), distribution maps, ecological profiles
for species, and understanding of environmental and evolutionary relationships
(Hawthorne, 1996).

Page 27
An important biological knowledge of the Mandaya tribe is their discovery of various

vegetables crops that grow in the forest; some of these are already cultivated in their respective
farms as indicated in Table 8.
Table 8. List of Edible Wild Fruits
Local Name Scientific Name Characteristics

Bantulos Vine
Pullos Vine
Kacape Vine
Tumahid Vine
Labno Vine
Singinan Vine
Dawgan Vine
Kandis Tree
Kabunog Tree
Langgawisan Shrub
Makupa ( Macacopa) Shrub
Pula-Pulaan Tree
Lambog Tree
Kulloman Tree
Alimpulusan Shrub
Talisay Tree
Kulliat Vine
Puso-Puso Grass
Panon Grass
Abudiang Grass
Limaw Shrub
Biasaong Shrub
Talawood Tree
Kabaywa Shrub
Pangi Tree
Labunaw Tree
Katmon Tree
Emaw Tree
Source: PCEEM Sept. 2012
Figure 8. Samples of Grasses and Herbs

Page 28
d. FAUNA
The participatory transect bird survey conducted in Brgy. Langgawisan, Maragusan

documented a total of 16 species belonging to 13 families. The list included 12 resident species
and four endemic ones (Table 9). Of the 13 families, only two families were represented by more
than one species: Columbidae (three species) and Pycnonotidae (two species); all others had
one species each. None of the species recorded have a threatened or endangered status (IUCN,
2007). Other bird species such as the Philippine Eagle and the Philippine Eagle Owl, while they
were not seen nor heard, are also reported by locals to still exist in the area.
Opportunistic survey for mammals failed to encounter any species but interviews with the
local revealed that other terrestrial vertebrates namely: flying lemur, deer, fruit bats, flying foxes
are also present in the area. Suspected tracks and footprints of large mammals namely, Philippine
Brown Deer (Cervus mariannus) and Phillipne Warty Pig (Sus philippensis) were also noted
(Table 10). Both species are endemic to the Philippines; however, S. philippensis is listed as
vulnerable by IUCN while C. mariannus is of uncertain conservation status because of data
deficiency. Unfavorable weather conditions precluded the employment of live trapping and mist-
netting for small mammals and volant mammals respectively.
For amphibians and reptiles, the visual encounter technique failed to capture or record
herpetofaunal species although previous survey by the Philippine Eagle Foundation reported 11
species of herptiles. However, locals report of the presence of the lizard locally called “ibid” the
description of which closely corresponds to the species Varanus salvator, common name Monitor
Lizard. It is highly possible that the non-encounter of herptiles in this survey may be due to the
secretive nature of these species which make these organisms difficult to capture and which may
have been compounded by the unfavorable weather condition at the time of sampling.
The number of terrestrial vertebrates recorded for this present survey is so much lower
than the number of species recorded by the Philippine Eagle Foundation in their survey conducted
in 2006 which documented at least 68 species of birds (33 Philippine endemics), 25 species of
mammals (16 Philippine endemics), and 11 species of frogs and reptiles (9 Philippine endemics)
(PEF et al., 2008).

Page 29
While this present survey reports lesser number of terrestrial vertebrate species compared
to previous survey, this does not necessarily indicate that species richness decline is occurring in
this Key Biodiversity Area neither does this suggest local species loss. This lesser number of
species recorded may be attributed to either or all of the following: (1) difference in sampling effort
spent; (2) difference in sampling sites established; and (3) conditions at the time of sampling.
Limited number of days was spent for fieldwork for this survey considering that this is only
a rapid site assessment in contrast to the extensive sampling activities conducted by the PEF in
2006. Also, for birds, this survey relied solely on transect counts and was not supplemented by
other techniques so that species which are rare and secretive and difficult to observe by direct
observation may have been missed.
In addition, for mammals the survey was limited to opportunistic sampling and did not
employ the more systematic trapping for small mammals and mist netting for volant mammals.
For this reason, species that have been documented were also limited.
Furthermore, several sites were visited by the PEF during their sampling, including,
montane and mossy forest areas, which were not included in this present survey. These could
have accounted for the considerable variation in number of species observed. Had this survey
been able to explore also the montane and mossy areas, it would also be likely that it would be
able to unveil more species, especially those having restricted ranges and which are exclusive
inhabitants of forests.
Also, torrential rains were experienced at the time of sampling which may have further
affected sampling effort. The continuous heavy rains had rendered sampling activities difficult if
not almost impossible that there were really times that transect walks and opportunistic sampling
had to be suspended. Moreover, heavy rains also affect conspicuousness of terrestrial
vertebrates in that they seldom forage during heavy rains as engaging in such activities in those
times would entail greater expenditure of energy with lesser success. They would rather roost
and seek refuge for the time being, hence becoming less noticeable and consequently affecting
species inventories on specific days.
In the case of amphibians for example, these group of organisms are mostly forest
dwellers being moisture-sensitive. While they were expected to occur in a forested site they were
however not encountered in this present survey. The occurrence of heavy rain during the
sampling period is the single most important factor to which this non-capture is attributed to. A
night’s drizzle would usually cause these organisms to give out frog calls hence making them
more noticeable; but the occurrence of heavy rain would usually render these organisms difficult
to detect as they would tend to retreat to their roosting sites.
The same unfavorable weather condition is considered as the reason for the non-
encounter of reptiles. Reptiles have also been documented to be mostly forest-dwellers and as
such were expected to be encountered in the sites surveyed. However, it is also important to note
that reptiles are endothermic organisms that approximate their body temperature with the
environment. It is for this physiologic requirement that reptiles bask in the sun, exposing their
body to elevate body temperature prior to becoming active. For this reason a colder temperature
brought by heavy rainfall would very likely affect reptilian activity, hence, their non-capture.
Noticeably, majority of the observed bird species are resident birds, species which breed
or are suspected of breeding in the Philippines and normally lives in the country throughout the
Page 30
year (Kennedy et al., 2000). Of the residents, only one uncommon species, the Barred
Honeybuzzard Pernis celebensis, had been recorded. This species inhabits primarily in lowland
forests and forest edges and has also been recorded in elevations up to 1500 meters above sea
level (masl). This species is less often encountered during fielwork because it is somewhat
secretive preferring to perch in dense part of tree crowns (Kennedy et al., 2000).
The eight resident and common species namely: Streptopelia chinensis, Cacomantis
merulinos, Pycnonotus goaivier, Lonchura leucogastra, Nectarinia jugularis, Mirafra javanica,
Gallirallus philippensis, and Collocalia esculenta are species which commonly occur in a variety
of habitats from open country, grasslands, and cultivated areas, including road beds up to forest
edges, second growth forests, and forest patches. It is worthy to note of the presence of the two
bird species Nectarinia jugularis and Pycnonotus goaivier, locally called “tamsi” and “pirok-pirok”
respectively, as these species are very common even in our very own gardens in the cities.
Kennedy et al., (2000) reported these species to occur in second growth, as well as to actively
and noisily forage on fruiting and flowering shrubs in gardens in towns and cities.
The presence of these species clearly indicates a disturbed habitat in that while they have
been reported to also occur in second growth, they however have not been documented by
Kennedy et al., (2000) in virgin forests. These results are not surprising since the sampling site is
a secondary forest adjacent to an agricultural area. Abaca was seen cultivated in the site and the
vegetation while forest trees are present; it was however mostly dominated by pioneer species of
plants. Clearly, the sampling site is a disturbed habitat and thus has favored the existence of
species which may be considered as commensals of man able to tolerate disturbance.
The remaining three species of the residents and commonly occurring species that is,
Macropygia phasianella, Corvus enca, and Dryocopus javensis, are forest-dwellers which have
been found to inhabit a variety of forest types including forest edges and second growth forests
(Kennedy et al., 2000). While they may be forest-dwellers, they were also detected in the sampling
site since the sampling site is located adjacent to a second-growth forest. It is also possible that
the species may have foraged in the agricultural areas because of the presence of fruiting trees,
thus their detection.
Only four bird species detected are endemic to the Philippines namely: Phapitreron
leucotis, Loriculus philippensis, Hypsipites philippinus, and Macronous striaticeps. Endemics are
species which are found to occur only in the Philippines and nowhere else. Majority of Phili ppine
endemic and threatened birds are forest dependents (Alcala, 1976). Thus, the low turn-out of
endemics detected in the site is likely since the sampling site established is more of an agricultural
area. Moreover, these endemics that have been documented are species which are noisy and
conspicuous in forested areas including forest edges, forest patches, and secondary forests. In
fact L. philippensis, locally called “kusi” has been recorded to exist even in gardens in cities.
Hence, their apparent detection in the sampling site is not unusual.
The dependence of endemic species of birds to forests have been reported in several
studies conducted in other important mountain ranges in the Philippines such as Mt. Hamiguitan,
Mt. Apo, Mt. Malindang and Mt. Sambilikan (Ates-Camino et al., 2011; Aloy et al., 2007, Nuñeza
et al., 2006; Caro and Nuñeza, 2008) to name a few. The greater complexity in vegetation
structure exhibited by forests giving way to vertical stratification affords birds’ greater availability
of niches to utilize. For this reason, majority of the bird population inhabits tropical rainforests as
these areas provide them ample habitats to utilize for foraging, reproduction, and roosting.

Page 31
Dependence also to forest had been observed for mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
Alcala (1976) noted that majority of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Philippines are forest
dwellers. For instance, amphibians are especially moisture-sensitive organisms and their
sensitivity to dehydration has been the significant factor limiting their distribution to areas that are
always wet or moist or those with high relative humidity (Alcala, 1976). For this reason,
amphibians had been observed to show a preference to forested areas as forested areas have
very high relative humidity as a result of an abundant canopy cover and complex vegetation
structure.
This is what had been observed in the studies conducted by Nuneza et al. (2009) in Mt.
Malindang, by Ates-Camino et al. (2011) in Mt. Hamiguitan, and by Delima et al. (2006) in the
Arakan valley Conservation Area. Also, Diesmos et al. (2003) reported that majority of the
amphibians and reptiles in the Philippines are forest-restricted. Such findings were based on
fieldworks conducted in the Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park (BBNP). All these and other
studies confer the significance of forests to terrestrial vertebrates.
While some species, even the endemics, may be observed or detected in agricultural or
cultivated areas, their presence however do not necessarily indicate the preference of the species
for such disturbed habitats nor should it be construed as an expansion of their range to such
areas. The proximity of agricultural areas to forests has allowed forest-dependent species to
forage in these areas because of the presence of fruit-bearing trees thereby tolerating some
degree of disturbance but thereafter return to the forest to roost. Thus terrestrial wildlife species
has generally been shown to depend on forested areas for their functional activities such as
breeding and reproduction, and roosting. Should conversion of forested areas to agricultural lands
continue, an increase in potential for extinction of local faunal species is likely to occur.
Hence, there is a need to develop conservation/management plan and subsequently a

strict implementation thereof to ensure conservation of the habitats and its dependent terrestrial
wildlife in this KBA as shown in Table 9.
Table 9. List of Birds Found in the Secondary Forest of Caragan Valley, Mt Tagub-Puting Bato-
Kampalili Range, Compostela Valley Province
Page 32
Species Name Common Name Range/Distribution

Accipitridae
Pernis celebensis Barred honeybuzzard Resident-uncommon
Columbidae
Macropygia phasianella Reddish cuckoo dove Resident-common
Phapitreron leucotis White eared brown dove Endemic-common
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove Resident-common
Psittacidae
Loriculus philippensis Colasisi Endemic-common
Cuculidae
Cacomantis merulinos Plaintive cuckoo resident common
Corvidae
Corvus enca Slender billed crow Resident-locally common
Pycnonotidae
Hypsipites philippinus Philippine Bulbul Endemic-common
Pycnonotus goaivier Yellow vented bulbul Resident-common
Estrildidae
Lonchura leucogastra White bellied munia Resident-common
Nectariniidae
Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed sunbird resident-common
Timaliidae
Macronous striaticeps Brown Tit-Babbler Endemic-common
Alaudidae
Mirafra javanica Singing Bushlark Resident-uncommon
Picidae
Dryocopus javensis White-Bellied Resident-Fairly Common
Woodpecker
Rallidae
Gallirallus philippensis Buff-Banded Rail Resident-locally common
Apodidae
Collocalia esculenta Glossy swiftlet Resident-common
Total Number of Species :
16
Table 10. List of Mammals documented in the Secondary Forest of Caragan Valley, Mt Tagub-
Puting Bato-Kampalili Range, Compostela Valley Province
Distribution and
Mammals Common Name Conservation Status
Cervus mariannus Philippine Brown Deer Endemic – Data deficient
Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Endemic - vulnerable

Page 33
The participatory transect bird survey conducted in Brgy. Langgawisan, Maragusan

documented a total of 16 species belonging to 13 families. The list included 12 resident species
and four endemic ones (Table1). Of the 13 families, only two families were represented by more
than one species: Columbidae (three species) and Pycnonotidae (two species); all others had
one species each. None of the species recorded have a threatened or endangered status (IUCN,
2007).
Opportunistic survey for amphibians, reptiles and mammals failed to encounter any
species but interviews with the locals revealed that other terrestrial vertebrates namely: flying
lemur, deer, fruit bats, flying foxes are also present in the area. Other bird species such as the
Philippine Eagle and the Philippine Eagle Owl, while they were not seen nor heard, are also
reported by locals to still exist in the area.
The number of terrestrial vertebrates recorded for this present survey is so much lower
than the number of species recorded by the Philippine Eagle Foundation in their survey conducted
in 2006 which documented at least 68 species of birds (33 Philippine endemics), 25 species of
mammals (16 Philippine endemics), and 11 species of frogs and reptiles (9 Philippine endemics)
(PEF et al., 2008).
While this present survey reports lesser number of terrestrial vertebrate species compared
to previous survey, this does not necessarily indicate that species richness decline is occurring in
this KBA, neither does this suggest local species loss. This lesser number of species recorded
may be attributed to either or all of the following: difference in sampling effort spent; difference in
sampling sites established; and conditions at the time of sampling.
Limited number of days was spent for fieldwork for this survey considering that this is only
a rapid site assessment in contrast to the extensive sampling activities conducted by the PEF in
2006. Also, for birds, this survey relied solely on transect counts and was not supplemented by
other techniques so that species which are rare, secretive and difficult to observe by direct
observation may have been missed. Furthermore, several sites were visited by the PEF during
their sampling, including, montane and mossy forest areas, which were not included in this
present survey. These could have accounted for the considerable variation in number of species
observed.
Had this survey been able to explore also the montane and mossy areas, it would likely
be able to unveil more species, especially those having restricted ranges and are exclusive
inhabitants of forests. Also, torrential rains were experienced at the time of sampling which may
have further affected sampling effort. Terrestrial vertebrates seldom forage during heavy rains as
engaging in such activities on those times would entail greater expenditure of energy with lesser
success. They would rather roost and seek refuge for the time being, hence becoming less
noticeable and consequently, affect species inventories on specific days.
Noticeably, majority of the observed bird species are resident birds, species which breed
or are suspected of breeding in the Philippines and normally lives in the country throughout the
year (Kennedy et al., 2000). Of the residents, only one uncommon species, the Barred
Honeybuzzard Pernis celebensis, had been recorded. This species, primarily, inhabits lowland
forests and forest edges and has also been recorded in elevations up to 1500 masl. This species
is less often encountered during fieldwork because it is somewhat secretive, preferring to perch
in dense part of tree crowns (Kennedy et al., 2000).
Page 34
The eight resident and common species, namely: Streptopelia chinensis, Cacomantis
merulinos, Pycnonotus goaivier, Lonchura leucogastra, Nectarinia jugularis, Mirafra javanica,
Gallirallus philippensis, and Collocalia esculenta are species which commonly occur in a variety
of habitats from open country, grasslands, and cultivated areas, including road beds up to forest
edges, second growth forests, and forest patches. It is worthy to note the presence of the two bird
species Nectarinia jugularis and Pycnonotus goaivier, locally called “tamsi” and “pirok-pirok”
respectively, as these species are very common even in our very own gardens in the cities.
Kennedy et al., (2000) reported these species to occur in second growth, as well as to actively
and noisily forage on fruiting and flowering shrubs in gardens in towns and cities.
The presence of these species clearly indicates a disturbed habitat in that while they have
been reported to also occur in second growth, they however have not been documented by
Kennedy et al., (2000) in virgin forests. These results are not surprising since the sampling site is
more of an agricultural area. Abaca was seen cultivated in the site and the vegetation was mostly
dominated by pioneer species of plants. Clearly, the sampling site is a disturbed habitat and thus
has favored the existence of species which may be considered as commensals of man able to
tolerate disturbance.
The remaining three species of the residents and commonly occurring species that is,
Macropygia phaianella, Corvus enca, and Dryocopus javensis, are forest-dwellers which have
been found to inhabit a variety of forest types including forest edges and second growth forests
(Kennedy et al., 2000). While they may be forest-dwellers, they were also detected in the sampling
site since the sampling site is located adjacent to a second-growth forest. It is also possible that
the species may have foraged in the agricultural areas because of the presence of fruiting trees,
thus their detection.
Only four bird species detected are endemic to the Philippines namely: Phapitreron
leucotis, Loriculus philippensis, Hypsipites philippinus, and Macronous striaticeps. Endemics are
species which are found to occur only in the Philippines and nowhere else. Majority of Phili ppine
endemic and threatened birds are forest dependents (Alcala, 1976). Thus, the low turn-out of
endemics detected in the site is likely since the sampling site established is more of an agricultural
area. Moreover, these endemics that have been documented are species which are noisy and
conspicuous in forested areas including forest edges, forest patches, and secondary forests. In
fact L. philippensis, locally called “kusi” has been recorded to exist even in gardens in cities.
Hence, their apparent detection in the sampling site is not unusual.
The dependence of endemic species of birds to forests have been reported in several
studies conducted in other important mountain ranges in the Philippines such as Mt. Hamiguitan,
Mt. Apo, Mt. Malindang and Mt. Sambilikan (Ates-Camino et al., 2011; Aloy et al., 2007, Nuñeza
et al., 2006; Caro and Nuñeza, 2008) to name a few. The greater complexity in vegetation
structure exhibited by forests giving way to vertical stratification affords birds greater availability
of niches to utilize. For this reason, majority of the bird population inhabits tropical rainforests as
these areas provide them ample habitats to utilize for foraging, reproduction, and roosting.
Dependence also to forest had been observed for mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
Alcala (1976) noted that majority of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Philippines are forest
dwellers. For instance, amphibians are especially moisture-sensitive organisms and their
sensitivity to dehydration has been the significant factor limiting their distribution to areas that are
always wet or moist or those with high relative humidity (Alcala, 1976). For this reason,
Page 35
amphibians had been observed to show a preference to forested areas which have very high
relative humidity as a result of an abundant canopy cover and complex vegetation structure.
This is what had been observed in the studies conducted by Nuneza et al. (2009) in Mt.
Malindang, by Ates-Camino et al. (2011) in Mt. Hamiguitan, and by Delima et al. (2006) in the
Arakan valley Conservation Area. Also, Diesmos et al. (2003) reported that majority of the
amphibians and reptiles in the Philippines are forest-restricted. Such findings were based on
fieldworks conducted in the Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park (BBNP). All these and other
studies confer the significance of forests to terrestrial vertebrates.
While some species, even the endemics, may be observed or detected in agricultural or
cultivated areas, their presence however do not necessarily indicate the preference of the species
for such disturbed habitats nor should it be construed as an expansion of their range to such
areas. The proximity of agricultural areas to forests has allowed forest-dependent species to
forage in these areas because of the presence of fruit-bearing trees, thereby, tolerating some
degree of disturbance but thereafter return to the forest to roost. Thus terrestrial wildlife species
has generally been shown to depend on forested areas for their functional activities such as
breeding, reproduction, and roosting. Should conversion of forested areas to agricultural lands
continue, an increase in potential for extinction of local faunal species is likely to occur.
Hence, there is a need to develop a conservation/management plan and subsequently, a

strict implementation thereof to ensure conservation of the habitats and its dependent terrestrial
wildlife in this KBA as shown in Table 9.
Table 9. List of terrestrial vertebrates documented in the area.

Species Name Common Name Range/Distribution
Birds (detected by transect
count)
Accipitridae
Pernis celebensis Barred honeybuzzard Resident-uncommon
Columbidae
Macropygia phaianella Reddish cuckoo dove Resident-common
Phapitreron leucotis White eared brown Endemic-common
dove
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove Resident-common
Psittacidae
Loriculus philippensis Colasisi Endemic-common
Cuculidae
Cacomantis merulinos Plaintive cuckoo resident common
Corvidae
Corvus enca Slender billed crow Resident-locally common
Pycnonotidae
Hypsipites philippinus Philippine Bulbul Endemic-common
Pycnonotus goaivier Yellow vented bulbul Resident-common
Estrildidae
Lonchura leucogastra White bellied munia Resident-common
Nectariniidae
Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed sunbird resident-common
Timaliidae
MACRONOUS striaticeps Brown Tit-Babbler Endemic-common

Page 36
Alaudidae
Mirafra javanica Singing Bushlark Resident-uncommon
Picidae
Dryocopus javensis White-Bellied Resident-Fairly
Woodpecker Common
Rallidae
Gallirallus philippensis Buff-Banded Rail Resident-locally
common
Apodidae
Collocalia esculenta Glossy swiftlet Resident-common
Total Number of Species : 16
Mammals (based on interview)

Deer
Flying Lemur
Fruit bats
Flying fox
Reptiles and Amphibians

(Opportunistic sampling)
none
The Mandayas interaction with nature and forest has made known to them several wild
animals- medicine as shown in Table 10. Lists Of Wild Animals. Based on their traditional
knowledge, these animals have different traditional uses to the community. Some are sources for
food and herbal medicines.
.
Table 10. List of Wild Animals
Local Name Scientific Name Status

Binaw Available limited sources
Baboy Available limited sources
Ungoy Available many sources
Milo Available many sources
Katuyo Available many sources
Tutubaw Available many sources
Madlog Available many sources
Ilop Available many sources
Bantutulo Available many sources
Tagbay Available many sources
Balingalag Available many sources
Tikling Available many sources
Bisog Available many sources
Kalaw Available many sources
Pagus Available limited sources
Tawid Available limited sources
Kalangag Available limited sources
Gulob-Gulob Available limited sources
Tinggawok Available many sources
Limokon Available many sources

Page 37
Manok Available many sources

Salangkipaw Available many sources
Ubo-Ubo Available many sources
Uyabas Available limited sources
Tamsi Available many sources
Kullisi Available many sources
Kalagsing Available limited sources
Kudiding Available limited sources
Bibang Available many sources
Ibed No longer available
Salagsag Available many sources
Tibtiban Available many sources
Source: PCEEM, Sept. 2012
In the biophysical assessment made by the RSEA Project Team, a significant number of
indigenous tree species are found to be still abundant in the project sites, particularly in the slopes
and peaks of Mt. Kampalili and Mt. Puting Bato (Magkalingi). Temperate tree species of pines are
observed, allegedly, an indigenous species based on the account of the elders of the tribal
communities.
Based on the secondary data gathered from the Haribon Foundation, the avian species
that can be found in the project sites are shown in Annex 2. .
The above stated list of avian species are validated in the primary data gathering activities
conducted by the RSEA Project Team sometime in June 2013, including some endemic birds,
animals and insect species that are documented as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Some Endemic Birds, Animals and Insect Species

Page 38
L. philippensis, locally called “kusi” Hypsipites philippinus commonly known as Philippine Bulbul
Yellow Til-as
Praying Mantis (Baying-baying)
Philipp

Page 39
2. Physical Profile
a. Land Area
The total land area of Maragusan is 54,745 ha of which 41,505.71 ha are forestland; 32,384.09
(78%) belongs to protection forest while the 9,121.79 ha (22%) into production forest.
New Bataan, on the other hand, registers 41,276 ha forestland with 6,725 ha as watershed. It
has a total land area of 55,315 ha of which 41,274.63 ha is classified as Forest, Agricultural area is
13,591.24, Residential area, 94.05224, Commercial area, 12.9832, Institutional is 342.096036 and
Industrial is only 0.36 ha.
In Caragan Valley where the immediate project sites are, Langgawisan has the biggest land area
at 12, 142.33 ha, representing 22.2% of the total land area of Maragusan (54,744.87 ha) while Bahi has
only 3.022.46 (5.5%) while Sitio Cagan has 2,219.88 ha. In the Karagan Settlement Development Plan
(SDP), however, as shown in the Table below, Bahi is recorded to have an area of 7,710.60 ha. It is
assumed that land excluded during the ancestral domain survey was included for purposes of
development planning.
Table 12. Major Land Uses
L A N D U S E (in hectares)
Barangay Alianable & Disposal Forest Creeks
and Total
Built-Up Agriculture Production Protection Rivers
Langgawisan 29.00 4,700.62 2,001.73 5,190.43 420.55 12,342.33
Bahi 11.00 2,809.42 1.413.28 3,129.90 347.00 7,710.60
Andap
(Kagan) 10.25 1,107.03 402.00 589.60 21.00 2,219.88
TOTAL 50.248 8,707.07 3,817.01 8,909.93 788.55 22,272.81
Source: Barangay Development Plan
b. Soil Characteristics
In actual field soil sampling conducted, different soil samples were collected from
various stations as shown in Table 13 below:
Table 13. Soil Sampling Stations
Station Type of Soil Relief Slope Land use Vicinity Location Elevation
(Meter)
Site 1-Centro- Sandy Loam- Nearly Flat- 0- Rice- Peanut, North- ASL 99
Brgy. Sandy Clay Sloping 15% irrigated by Corn, 07°19’55”
Langgawisan Loam brush dam Banana East-
126°13’14.
4”

Page 40
Site 3-Sitio Sandy Loam- Nearly Flat- 0-8% Brushes, Rice, North- ASL
Maapdo Silt Loam Alluvial Grasses, Corn, 07°18’58.2 1033
Deposits Planted to Banana, ”
Abaca & Coffee East-
Peanuts 126°14’17.
8”
Site 4-Sitio Sandy Clay Sloping, 18- Peanuts, Beans, North-
Kulayape Loam-Clay Rolling to 45% Corn Banana 07°18’37.5
Loam Hilly & Abaca ”
East-
126°14’30.
2”
Site 5-Centro- Sandy Clay Rolling to 18- Abaca, Forest North-
Brgy. Bahi Loam-Clay Hilly- 45% Shrubs, area 07°17’59.1
Loam Mountaino Abo Second ”
us ve growth East-
forest 116°15’32”
Site 6-Sitio Sandy Loam Sloping, 15- Corn Abaca, North-
Lumad to Clay Rolling to 45% Peanut, 07°18’54.7
Loam Hilly Abo Coffee ”
ve East-
126°14’0”
Site 7- Sandy Loam Sloping, 15- Corn, Peanut, North- ASL
Brgy.Langga to Clay Rolling to 45% Cogon Cogon 07°20’28.6 1021
wisan Loam Hilly Abo ”
ve East-
126°13’27.
7”
Site 17-Brgy. Sandy Loam- Sloping, 15- Cogon Upland North-
Andap, Sitio Clay Loam Rolling to 45% Rice, 07°22’54”
Cagan, Hilly Abo Corn East-
Tagdalongdo ve 126°12’53.
ng 1”
Site 18-Sitio Sandy Loam Rolling to 15- Cogon Corn North- ASL 986
Cagan, to Sandy Hilly 45% 07°22’49.3
Tagdalongdo Clay Loam Abo ”
ng ve East-
126°12’44.
3”
The results of the laboratory analysis on the soil samples collected from the sites on Table 13 stated
above, show that there is a need to identify critical areas like the ones in Sitio Tagdalongdong and
Barangay Langgawisan where open areas are found susceptible to soil erosion because of soil type.
Observations of the soil formation in the area are residual soils from shale, sand stone, waterworn
gravel, and sand.
Top/surface soils (0-18cms) depth by feel method texture of sandy loam to loam; gritty, yellowish
brown, light brown to brown in color varies according to level of topography. Subsoils (18-45 cms) depth
by feel method texture of sandy clay loam to clay loam; light brown to reddish brown in color varies
according to level of topography; slightly friable to compact.

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In general, the results of the Bureau of Soils analysis in the areas where the soil samples were
collected show the pH soil reaction ranges from 5.3 to 5.7, indicating the areas are moderately acidic to
strong acidic. It means there is a need to apply lime on developed, cultivated, and open areas. It also
shows the N-P-K content varied deficiencies in nutrient content from medium to high on nitrogen/
potassium content, medium to very low phosporus content while potassium is very high, possibly
deficient in nutrient content.
It shows the N-P-K fertilizer requirement for corn, peanut and rice is most needed compared to
abaca, coffee and banana. It indicates the time and rate for application and the placement of the fertilizer
of the different crops.
c. Mineral Resources
The ancestral domain of the Mandayas and Mansakas are being considered by many investors
and financiers in the mining industry because of some evidences that the mountainous areas in
Maragusan and New Bataan are rich in gold deposits, evident by many applications in the MGB- Region
XI as shown in Table 14, Mining Applications in Maragusan and New Bataan Areas and Map 5 - Mining
Operation Map-Compostela Valley Province
Table 14. Mining Applications in Maragusan and New Bataan Areas
No. of Minahan Ng Bayan

Earth- SSM Total
Municipality Sitio With SAG ISAG
Declared fill P Area
Permitees Application
Maragusan 120.0
14 81.00 593.00 5.00 2.00 0 801.00
New Bataan 3 263.00 1.00 10.00 274.00
Source: MGB 2011

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Map 5. Mining Operation Map-Compostela Valley Province
Reports from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) showed that there are 37 mining
applications in New Bataan, an area apparently rich in gold, silver and copper. Identified mining
corporations that have applied for mining explorations in New Bataan are Eastern Horizon Mining
Corporation with a total application area of 5,682.448 ha; Batoto Resources Corporation with 5,101.8616
ha; New Compostela Valley Exploration Corporation with 2,685.872 ha; First Northern Ventures, Inc.
with 4,212.338 ha; and PhilCo Mining Corporation with 2,587.146 ha
Sitio Butay in Barangay Pamintaran, a village in Maragusan, Compostela Valley, was the scene of
a gold rush area. An ancestral domain area, the Mansaka community, in general, considers the sprouting
settlements as intruders who would not only compete with the use of resources but, more importantly,
would desecrate the place and trample on their culture. Despite misgivings, the LGU units and Limpong,
exacted their respective shares in the extraction of ore in accordance to policies of such activities.
The Sangguniang Bayan (SB) of Maragusan in Resolution No. 281,Series 2009, approved the
recommendation of the Municipal Project Review Committee (MPRC) of the proposed small scale mining
(SSM application of Minera Safariland Resource Corp., located at Saranga, Poblacion, and authorizing
the Hon. Mayor Cesar C. Colina, Sr., to issue a development permit, to prevent occurrence of the
Pamintaran event. The above-named corporation has to get the consent of Milagros Mineral Resources
Corp.which has an existing mining right over the area.
SB Res. No. 144, S. 2010, approved Res. No. 3, S. 2009 of the Local Zoning Review Committee,
giving existing non-conforming mineral processing projects and activities a 6- month phase out period.
A total of 144,863 ha was approved for reclassification into Mineral Processing Zone through SB Res.
No. 77, in June 1, 2010 and underwent a public hearing on the 25 th of June 2010.
SB Res. No. 41 confirmed Res. No. 9, S. 2012 of the MPRC, approving a 2-year exploration
work program of the Apex Mining Company, Inc. (or Plethora Minerals Corp.) in eight (8) barangays,
application for production sharing agreement: Tandik, Paloc, New Manay, Katipunan, Tupas,
Pamintaran, Talian, and Cambagang, a total area of 5,000 ha. Such approval excludes Tupas’ Minahan

Page 43
ng Bayan, existing SSM areas, watersheds (e.g. Kamungtan watershed in Tupas), hazard prone areas,
and burial or sacred grounds.
In Maragusan, small-scale mining has an allocation of 2,599.927 ha. Bahi, an upland barangay,
is designated as a Mineral Reservation with 2,199.927 ha; 320 ha go to Minahan Ng Bayan at Barangay
Pamintaran and; 80 ha in Saranga, Poblacion and Cambagang. The designated Mineral Processing
Zones comprising 170.519 ha. are in barangays Bahi, Tandik, Poblacion, New Katipunan, Magcagong,
Mauswagon and Mapawa.
d. Geo-Hazards
About 25 percent of Compostela Valley was considered to be at high risk for landslides and 23
percent for flooding. In the “landslide susceptibility map” for Compostela Valley, most of the province is
marked red for “high” risk, with several portions marked purple for “very high” risk. Some portions around
the center of the province are marked yellow, for “low” susceptibility.
Let us use the geohazard maps as guides for LGUs on how they should plan their municipalities,
especially on locating the community sites.

Page 44
Map 6. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Davao Oriental
Maragusan is a high risk municipality to flooding, landslide/erosion, active faultlines, volcanic

activity, and unexpected, typhoon.
Flooding Hazard. A common occurrence in low-lying barangays, particularly those found along
the Agusan River. Sixteen out of 20 barangays, are identified by the MGB to possibilities of flash flooding.
The more vulnerable areas are Tigbao, New Katipunan, Poblacion, Bagong Silang and, New Panay which
had severe flooding in 2009.
For Flooding Susceptibility, barangay Bahi rated “High” (i.e. Mandaupan River, Purok Mandaupan)
and, “Very High” for Purok Balite. For barangay Langgawisan, Puroks Basak and Maapdo rated “High”
while Purok Sentro is assessed as “Moderate.”
For Purok Balite dissected by Bahi River, and Purok Basak along the floodplains of Caragan River,
“areas along the banks . . . should be declared as danger zone prohibited for residential settlements;”
this goes as well for Purok Sentro and Purok Maapdo.
Landslides / Erosion. Maragusan is known for its steep topography which comprises 36 %
percent (19,451.12 ha) and rolling terrain at 28 percent (15,397.14 ha) of the total land area. Not
surprisingly, severe erosion results with the loss of trees and vegetable cover. The MGB identified 16
out of 21 barangays to be susceptible to landslide incidents like Magcagong, (Sitio Baloy) and the
Poblacion. Sitio Baloy is observed to be in a critical state as the landslide area is at the headwaters of
Tipnasan creek that flows into the Poblacion and, it has accumulated quite a substantial volume of debris
for the last five years. Any debris flow is expected to affect about 250 ha and about 60 % of the population
of the Poblacion and 25 % of Magcagong out of its 1,844 population.

Page 45
Fault Lines and Volcano. The occurrence of landslides in 2002 and 2004 in Sitio Baloy,
Magcacong revealed a normal fault in the immediate area. An active fault, called Mati Fault and the
Eastern Mindanao Fault appear to run through in the vicinity of Maragusan. Also near or adjoining the
municipality is Leonard Range or Leonard Kniazeff classified as an active volcano (MDRRM, p. 6).
Typhoon. A natural hazard that became a disaster happened on the 4 th of December 2012 when
project sites, Maragusan and New Bataan, were two of those badly hit by Typhoon Pablo in
CompostelaValley Province. Typhoon Pablo affected 13,950 people. There were three (3) casualties (2
from landslides, 1 from tetanus infection) and three (3) persons were reported missing.
In Caragan Valley, Brgy. Langgawisan was the most affected by Pablo, damaging and/or
destroying about 20 houses, including its open-sided multipurpose building. Crops were as well
destroyed and trees downed or rendered match-like by the very strong winds. The total number of
population affected in Langgawisan was 1,969 involving 402 households while the Bahi figure was 662
of 135 households. By gender distribution, the affected male population was 1,038 and 931 for the
female in Langgawisan; and 306 male and 356 female for Bahi.
In New Bataan, 38 % of the barangays were considered highly prone to landslides and 44 percent
to floods. New Bataan was devastated the most in Compostela Province by Typhoon Pablo, particularly,
the Centro of Barangay Andap . and Cabinuangan (Poblacion). The rushing flood waters that carried
boulders and mud was said to have come from the upper reaches of Barangay Andap, in the area of Mt
Puting Bato. Centro, once a main hub, is now a stone and boulder-filled area with a wide muddy river.
An article, What Hit Barangay Andap (Initial Assessment) posted in the internet states that
“Barangay Andap is situated at the mouth of a mountain drainage network at the base of steeply-sided
slopes. It was nested on an alluvial fan, normally found at the base of mountains where water drains . .
. situated along the path of a debris flow spawned by intense rainfall during the onslaught of typhoon
Pablo.” (A.M.F. Lagmay, J. Alconis and B. Salvio, What Hit Barangay Andap (Initial Assessment,
December 2012).
It is noted that in the Barangay Development and Security Plan (BDSP) of Barangay Andap, 2011-
2015, it stated that of the 1,576 households, 315 houses were of light materials of which 19.99% were
situated within the danger zone. Another figure cited was 180 houses of which 11.42% were built on
flooding and erosion zone.
In a report by the Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau (MGB) to the LGU New Bataan, the following
factors were cited for the flashflood:
• High precipitation on the headwaters of Mayo River and Kalyawan Creek.

• Denuded watershed of Andap with relatively thin soil cover that promotes high surface run-off.
• Presence of landslide and debris along the slopes that contribute much on the over siltation of the
river channel.
• Constrictions of river channel at the portion of converging Kalyawan Creek and Mayo River that
results to damming and river migration.
• Construction of low lying bridge along silted river channels that blocks huge rock boulders and
uprooted trees causing damming of floodwaters and diversion of road courses.
• Presence of old river channels along the floodplain deposit where floodwaters could easily migrate
whenever there is blockage along the existing river course.

Page 46
It emphaized that “logging and mining have no direct contribution to the flashflooding event in the
area.”
The 2012 estimated population of New Bataan is 46,679 with Andap and Cabinuangan, the two
hardest hit barangays, listed at 6,403 and 9,947 respectively. The deaths incurred by Typhoon Pablo
were 452 of which 149 were identified and 303 remained identified. Among other casualties, the highest
number was 72 persons from Barangay Andap, 66 from Cabinuangan, and a total of 172 total persons
injured.
e. Water Resources
Table 15. Watershed Areas
Watershed Areas Location Area (in hectare) Condition

1. Upper Agusan New Bataan & Maragusan 118,779.50 Critical
River Basin
2. Andap Watershed New Bataan 6,775.00 Critical
3. Hijo River Maco 22,500.00 Critical
Watershed
4. Kingking Matiao Pantukan 36,665.00 Critical
Cluster Watershed
Total 184,719.50 Critical
Source: Prov,l Environment and Natural Resources office / Dept. of Env’t. & Natural Resources
Compostela Valley Province, 2006
The inland waters resources in the mountain ranges of Kampalili and Puting Bato stem from the
Andap Sub-watershed and the bodies of water that include the spring water, and in particular, the big
river system and tributaries as shown in Map 7, Head Waters of Major Rivers in Maragusan and New
Bataan that traverse the valleys and mountains of Maragusan and New Bataan. The major rivers include
the Andap River in New Bataan as shown in Figure 11-12. The Andap River and the Caragan River on
Maragusan side.

Page 47
Map 7. Headwaters of Major Rivers in Maragusan and New Bataan
Headwaters of 6 major rivers:

Caraga River
Agusan River
Hijo River
Casauman River
Sumlog River
Bitanagan River
There are several concerns about the usage of the river systems in the project sites because there are
plans and proposals of various government agencies like the proposed irrigation project in Mangundagas
River with funding from DAR; another is the irrigation project to tap the Caragan River. In New Bataan,
there was a proposed hydropower project of the Euro Hydro to tap the Mayo River but the said project
was stalled. Some tribal leaders have the suspicion that the water in the rivers are were affected by the
chemical fertilizers and pesticides used by farmers in the upland rice farms, and the toxic and hazardous
waste of illegal mining that is rumored to be operating within the areas.

Page 48
Figure 10. Andap River
Figure 11. The Caragan River
Caragan River
1. Water Sampling
Methodology
Gathering of water samples was conducted in several sampling sites to determine the quality of
the river systems; the spring water that the tribal communities are drinking and for other domestic uses.

Page 49
These water resources are a very important source of drinking water and farm irrigation of the farming
communities near Mt. Kampalili and Mt. Puting Bato.
The water sampling process was tedious based on standard laboratory protocol. The sampling
methods also include:
A. Interviews
B. Actual Survey (GPS, TDS meter, PHC method, physical, chemical, B O D laboratory analysis)
C. Secondary Data
2. Water Quality
Objectives
To determine the water quality of some of the existing water resources such as springs and rivers,
microbiological, physical and chemical characteristics were done. Indicated in Table 16 are the results
and some recommendations.
Procedures
The sampling methodology observed in the water quality testing includes the identification of bodies
of water to be sampled like rivers, spring water and water from level II water systems in the 3 study sites
like in Barangay Langgawisan and Barangay Bahi in the municipality of Maragusan and in Barangay
Andap in the municipality of New Bataan.
In every study site (barangay), 3 water samples were taken from a river and 1 sample from the
sourceof drinking water by the residents. At least 2 liters of sample water taken from the river and 1 liter
from the drinking water where all sample were put inside a glass bottles.
Water samples were delivered to the laboratories of Davao City Water District and Ateneo de Davao
University Chemistry Department within 4 hours from the time these were extracted from sources.
Table 16. Microbiological Test Results for Springs in New Bataan (June 8, 2013)
Analysis Conducted at Davao City Water District Laboratory
Heterotrophic Plate Total Coliform Fecal Coliform

Sources
Count <500 CFU/ml <1.1/100ml <1.1/100 m-l
Mision Spring 100 <1.1 <1.1
Liboton Spring 15,833 2.0 2.0
Pagsilaan Spring 822,727 7.8 <1.1
NAWASA Spring 750 490 <1.1
Sawing Spring 145,454 <1.1 <1.1
We used the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW), 2007 guidelines for the
analysis of the results. As of analysis time, Mision Spring is the only spring source which has passed all
the three parameters for microbiological acceptability; Sawing Spring has passed two parameters;
Nawasa and Pagsilaan passed only the fecal coliform parameters. Liboton spring failed all the three
parameters.

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High levels of heterotrophic plate count could be used to indicate general biological condition of
the source and an indicator for insufficiency of treatment. From the results, it indicate that appropriate
treatment, specifically, chlorination should be installed after the intake box. It is recommended that at
least monthly microbiological analysis be conducted in spring sources to ensure effectiveness of
treatment. Communities using this spring sources should be informed that if the source is not treated,
they cannot utilize it for drinking since it can cause waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera.
See Table 17.
Table 17. Microbiological Test Results for Rivers in New Bataan (June 8, 2013)
Analysis conducted at Davao City Water District Laboratory
Sources Heterotrophic Plate Total Coliform Fecal Coliform
Class C Count 5000m/MPN/100ml
Maa River 4,450,000 68 2.0
Tagdalondong River 1,886,364 3,500 3,500
Mayo River 30,000,00 110 4.5
For the classification of the rivers which were sampled in New Bataan, inquiry was done from the
Environment Management Bureau (EMB) Region X office. They mentioned that the Headwater for all
the rivers in Compostela Valley is Agusan River which has been classified as Class C, in which the
intended beneficial use are for the following: Fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and
other aquatic resources; Recreational Water Class II - for boating, fishing or similar activities; and
Agriculture, irrigation and livestock watering. For rivers which has not been classified which are
tributaries of Agusan River, specifically, Mayo, Ma-a and Tagdalongdong rivers, shall follow the
classification of the Principal River.
Since we only had one round of sampling for the three rivers and the values for the geometric
mean of the coliform during a three month period is needed to determine the microbiological quality of
the river, it is recommended that a continuous river sampling for three months is needed. Basing from
the results, Maa and Mayo Rivers are not yet contaminated with coliform bacteria as of sampling time
but a continuous three month sampling will further confirm the said findings. The Heterotrophic plate
count results suggest that if said rivers will be utilized for drinking, treatment is necessary. There is no
water quality criteria for fecal coliform in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Administrative Order 34 series of 1990. As of this reporting, DAO 34 has undergone revision but still
awaits final implementation as shown in Table 18 and 19 below.
Table 18. Physical and Chemical Test Results for Springs in New Bataan (September 20, 2012;
June 8 and 25, 2013). Analyses conducted at Davao City Water District and
University of Immaculate Concepcion Laboratories.
Nebawa
Mision Liboton Pagsilaan Nawasa Sawing
Parameters sco
Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring
Spring
Color (Apparent),
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 CU
Turbidity,
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 NTU
Temperature, 20.00
20.10 20.20 21.20 20.40 23.50
°C
Chloride,
5.94 6.13 7.24 9.85 4.83 7.73
250 mg/l

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Total Hardness,
83.03 64.31 63.90 125.76 93.20 156.60
300 as CaCO3
Iron,
0.82
1.0 mg/l
pH,
7.04 7.37 7.25 7.39 7.27
6.5-8.5
Chromium
Hexavalent, 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.011
0.05 mg/l
Total Dissolved
Solids, 80.90 73.00 72.20 137.70 104.20 104.70
500 mg/l
Mercury,
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
0.001 mg/l
Nitrate,
<0.90 1.46 1.82 1.73 <0.90 0.20
50 mg/l
Phosphate, mg/l <0.16 <0.16 <0.16 <0.16 <0.16
Table 19. Physical and Chemical Test Results for Springs in Maragusan (September 20, 2012).
Analyses conducted at Davao City Water District and Ateneo de Davao University
Laboratories.
Sources Langgawisan Spring Mawasco Spring

Turbidity, 5 NTU 0.00 0.00
Temperature, °C 15.30 24.80
Chloride, 250 mg/l 5.57 5.57
Hardness (Total), 300 mg/l CaCO3 33.43 162.01
Iron, 1.0 mg/l 0.00 0.01
Nitrate, 50 mg/l 0.20 0.60
pH, 6.5-8.5 7.20 7.22
Sulfate, 250 mg/l 6.00 4.00
Manganese, 0.4 mg/l 0.20 0.00
Total Dissolved Solids, 500 mg/l 34.20 115.40
Total Solids, mg/l 70.7
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 0.7
The eight springs that were sampled and analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics were
all found to be within the maximum allowable limits set by the PNSDW. As of this reporting the spring
sources has no indicator yet of possible contamination from agricultural and mining activities. It is
recommended to do annual monitoring of the spring sources for physical and chemical parameters to
establish possible trends as shown in Table 20.

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Table 20. Physical and Chemical Test Results for Rivers (June 8, 2013). Analyses conducted at
Davao City Water District, University of Immaculate Concepcion and Ateneo de Davao
University Laboratories.
Sources/ Water Quality Criteria for Class Tagdalongdon
Mayo River Maa River Caragan River
Water Quality C g River
(Class C) (Class C) (Class C)
Criteria (Class C)
Color (PCU)
No abnormal discoloration 13.00 14.00 11.00
from unnatural causes
Turbidity 5.18 2.46 0.00 0.00
pH,
7.84 7.87 7.93 8.23
6.5-8.5
30C increase over the
average ambient
temperature for each month.
The rise shall be based on
Temperatured,
the average of the maximum 20.30 21.70 21.30 16.10
daily temperature readings
recorded at the site but
upstream of the mixing zone
over a period of one month
Chloride, 350 mg/L 5.20 5.94 4.46 3.90
Hardness
105.01 84.66 83.03 87.69
(Total)
Chromium 0.05mg/L
0.010 0.011 0.008
Hexavalent,
Total Dissolved
107.80 88.10 69.40 63.10
Solids,
Mercury, 0.002 mg/L
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001
(l)
10 mg/L
Nitrate as N,
Not present in concentrations <0.90 2.30 <0.90 0.20
to affect fish flavor/taste
Phosphate-P, 0.4 (k)
<0.16 <0.16 <0.16
Iron, mg/L
0.00
Sulfate,
6.00
mg/l
Manganese,
0.20
Total Solids
138
mg/l
Total
Suspended
4.7
Solids
mg/l
For the four rivers which are all classified as Class C as it followed the existing classification of
the principal river which is Agusan River as shown in Figures 13 & 14, results showed that the physical
and chemical characteristics were found to be lower than the water quality criteria set by DAO 34. In the
same manner as the spring sources, there is no evidence yet of agricultural and mining activities affecting

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the water quality of the rivers since the mercury, phosphate and nitrate levels are still low. It is further
recommended that annual monitoring be done to include months of wet and dry seasons.
Figure 12. Tagdalongdong River in New Bataan, Compostela Valley

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Figure 13. Ma-a River in New Bataan, Compostela Valley
3. Water Supplier
Water supply is abundant and water service is sufficient. Most of the households have access to
potable water (Level 1, 2 and 3). Others rely on rivers and/or springs.
Two Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative are operating in New Bataan
and Maragusan, namely, NEBAWASCO (New Bataan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose
Cooperative), and MAWASCO (Maragusan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative. Both
were established under the USAID Barangay Water Program-Rural Waterworks and Sanitation
Association (BWP-RWSA) implemented by the provincial government of the then Davao Province, under
the leadership of the late Governor Gregorio R. Dujali.
New Bataan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative
It was established as a Barangay waterworks association last 1985 with only 600 service
connections; today the water utility has an existing water permit (Water Permit No. 17150) and Certificate
of Public Convenience (CPC No. 04-1001) issued on November 4, 2001, covering six barangays of
Andap, Cabinuangan (Poblacion), Bantacan, San Roque, Cogonon and Magsaysay.
As of 2012, the water utility had 2,365 service connections; a served population of 13,788. At
present, they are charging seventy five pesos (P 75.00) for the first ten (10) cubic meters consumed.
The water source is at an altitude of 464 masl. Production capacity is 37 liters per second while their
concrete reservoir can hold 113 cubic meters. The latter is at elevation of 261masl and is higher than
the service area, thus, flows by gravity; it is also six kilometers away from the water source and one
kilometer away from the Poblacion area where most of the customers are located.
NEBAWASCO as shown in Figure 14 is using a dosaging drip type chlorination with liquid chlorine
(Sodium Hypochorite) as a means for disinfecting their water sources. A chlorine residual kit using Ortho-
Tolidine is being used to monitor effectiveness of chlorination. Regular microbiological analysis is done
regularly, either at Tagum City or Davao City Water District laboratories. From the results of the
microbiological analysis, the New Bataan Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Committee issues a
certification that the samples has passed the requirements for microbiological quality of the PNSDW. It
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is also recommended that their chlorine residual kit be changed into DPD, since Ortho-Tolidine has long
been banned since 1999 due to its carcinogenic effect; and to continue its monthly microbiological water
quality monitoring.
In a meeting with GM Felizardo Layug as shown in Figure 15, after the devastation Typhoon Pablo
has done in New Bataan, NEBAWASCO has at present, 898 service connections and has provided
communal faucets to some affected barangays for free. At present, they are repairing their pipelines so
as to be fully operational and to be of service to its constituents.
Figure 14. New Bataan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative Office.

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Figure 15. Meeting with GM Felizardo Layug of New Bataan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose
Cooperative (NEBAWASCO).
Maragusan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative
It was established last October 27, 1987 and was converted into a multi-purpose cooperative as
shown in Figure 16, and registered under Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) on January 8,1992
through registration No. 1259 in Davao City. It has a water permittee No.14061 and 14062 issued by the
National Water Resources Board (NWRB) last November 12,1993. It was granted a Certificate of Public
Convenience by NWRB last October 26,1999 through CPC No.10-0999 to operate and maintain the
Maragusan Water System.
Figure16. Maragusan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative (MAWASCO)

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At present it has three developed springs with a total production of 33 lps, and a total of 2365
service connections in 2012; serving five barangays in Maragusan and charging seventy pesos (P70.00)
for the first ten cubic meters consumed. It uses gas chlorine for disinfection and regularly monitors the
chlorine residual in its distribution system. It regularly sends microbiological samples from its sources and
consumers tap to Tagum City Water District to monitor its microbial quality and effectiveness of
chlorination.
MAWASCO is a member of the Municipal Development Council - the highest planning body of the
municipality since water is vital in the progress of any municipality. It is also involved in the formulation
of Forest Land Use Plan and the revision of the Municipal Comprehensive Development Plan. They are
the main actors in the conceptualization and problem solving in various development programs related
to water supply, sanitation and watershed management like water for the poor, and school programs.
They are also a co-implementer in the construction and maintenance of municipal hydrants and the
establishment of the MAWASCO mineral water production and distribution, a special project with a
product brand “Maragusan Spring,” in partnership with the LGU.
4. Socio-Economic Profile
1. A. Population and other demographic features
Based on the 2012 actual survey, Maragusan has a total population of 57,415 composed of 12,465
households Poblacion is the most populated barangay with 13,318 residents comprising 3,108
households. The project sites, Barangay Langgawisan, has a total population of 1,960 with 384
households, Barangay Bahi has 854 with 167 households (DRRM, p. 2) while Sitio Cagan, Brgy. Andap
has the biggest population at 2,202 as of 2010 records. The total population of the Karagan settlement
is 5,016 of which the predominant populace is the indigenous peoples. To be noted, however, is the
presence of non-IPs (1%) in the settlement which may be due to marriage outside the tribe and/or part
of their lands may have been sold to them (Karagan SDP).
Figure 17. Field Visit of RSEA Team to Project Sites
RSEA Socio-Economic Team conducted Baseline Survey & Key Panawagtawag performed by a Tribal Babaylan in accordance
Informant Interview with indigenous practices

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The Team conducted a Field Visit to Barangay Langgawisan, Maragusan on September 17-18,
2012. The random informal interviews with community residents include formal leaders, young people
(high school students), and other residents. Aside from the interviews, ocular observation was also done.
Based on the interview on the key informant, Mrs. Pureza Ambasan (BHW President,
Langgawisan), the following are some of the updates on the barangays’ socio-economic data, in
particular, the Community-based Monitoring System (CBMS) data which was updated in March 2012.
• Three hundred eighty-one (381) households in Langgawisan and a population of 2,020 based
on the most recent data with an almost 100 percent tribal populace.
• Four (4) religious groups in the barangay all of which are Christian churches like Roman
Catholic, Alliance, Faith Tabernacle, and the United Church of the Philippines (UCCP).
• Provision of Level 2 water facilities and community toilets at the barangay site.
• Power is available through solar energy equipment. Power generated is enough for light, and
some electronic appliances like television.
• Communication facilities in the barangay to the municipal center is through a two-way radio;
No cellphone signal for all networks in most of the areas.
The barangay ha a pre-school, elementary school and high school. College education is available in
Maragusan Poblacion through the Bukidnon State University branch.
2. Housing and Human Settlement
Most of the houses seen are made of wood with iron roofing. Footing and flooring is usually
concrete for the bungalow type houses and wood flooring for the elevated houses as shown in Figure
18, Barangay Langgawisan, Figure 19, Barangay Bahi and Figure 20, Purok Tagdalongdong.
Figure 18. Barangay Langgawisan
Brgy. Langgawisan proper with the view of the Caragan High School
having green color roof
Figure 19. Barangay Bahi

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Brgy. Bahi showing the basketball court and barangay hall with GI
roofing at the background
Figure 20. Purok Tagdalongdong, Sitio Cagan, Brgy Andap
Sitio Tagdalungdong community with the backview of the eastern

side of Mt. Pagdadagsaan
3. Transportation

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In the past, access to the poblacion center of Maragusan is only through foot trails that
traverse along very steep slopes passing thick mossy forest. The two main foot trails are the
Langgawisan trail with a distance of 17.78 kilometer from the poblacion and the Bahi trail which
is about 19.00 kilometers.
Public transportation is mostly by single motorcycle and “skylab” motorcycles (a motorcycle

rigged with two planks on the side for passengers to ride on) as shown in Figure 21. Local
Transportation System.
These carry passengers, goods and agricultural produce to and from the barangay to
Poblacion Maragusan. Residents of Sitio Cagan use another road to go to Cabinuangan, New
Bataan but on times that it is difficult to use during bad weather, they go to Maragusan and take
a bus or motorcycle ride from there.
A skylab is a single motorcycle with added contraptions not unlike the wings of an airplane.
Some has a roof above to protect the passenger from the rain or the sun and can carry up to five
passengers. It is also not unlike a flying seesaw where passengers are treated to a heart–stopping
ride as the motorcycle careens up and down rocky roads and climb slopes, allowing you a view
of the charm below and the vista beyond.
Aside from motorcyles, only vehicles with 4-wheel drive can reach these remote villages.
For the main centers of Maragusan and New Bataan, buses and vans ply the route to and from
Davao City several times a day.

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Figure 21. Local Transportation System
RSEA Project Team upon arrival at Sitio Tagdalungdong
RSEA Project Team breathtaking “habal-habal rides” to

the project sites
4. Power and Electricity
The electrical power source in the project sites is derived from solar power that generates
electricity for the street and households as shown in Figure 22. Solar Power Panels.
Figure 22. Solar Power Panels

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5. Social Services and Utilities

Water supply in the municipality of Maragusan is mostly Level 2. More than half of the
residents in Barangay Langgawisan still have Level II water system while almost half of the
residents in Barangay Bahi’s water system are still underdeveloped. For New Bataan, most of the
residents in accessible areas avail of Level II and III water system. Around half of the residents
of Barangay Andap, however, still has Level I.
Table 21. Water Supply

Under No. of
Barangay Level I % Level II % Level III % %
developed HHs
Langgawisan
8 2.4% 187 57.0% 8 2.4% 125 38.1%
(Maragusan) 328
Bahi
1 0.6% 62 39.2% 19 12.0% 76 48.1%
(Maragusan) 158
Andap (New 49.3
235 171 35.8% 5 1.0% 66 13.8%
Bataan) % 477
25.3
Total 244 420 43.6% 32 3.3% 267 27.7%
% 963
With regard to electricity, Barangays Langgawisan and Andap mostly use kerosene.
Barangay Bahi has the highest percentage of users of solar energy panels for electricity

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Table 22. Electricity
Total No. of % to total no. % to total no.

Barangay Solar Energy Kerosene
HHs of HHs of HHs
Langgawisan
328 152 172
(Maragusan) 46.3% 52.4%
Bahi
158 101 91
(Maragusan) 63.9% 57.6%
Andap (New
477 90 353
Bataan) 18.9% 74.0%
Total 963 343 35.6% 616 64.0%
Figure 23. Potable Water Systems
A Diarrheal Outbreak happened in 2008 in Maragusan affecting a scary number of 1,800

people. This was caused by water and food contamination which pointed to human-induced
hazards like pollution of air and water by aerial spraying, pesticide-use in farms, chemicals-use in
mineral processing and, habitation near water sources (MDRRM, p. 6 ).
6. Health Services
Each barangay maintains a barangay health station managed by a midwife and assisted
by barangay health workers. A medical doctor visits every quarter. Major and emergency health
concerns are brought to the Rural Health Unit or hospital in Maragusan.
As residents have difficult access to health service providers, the residents largely practice
traditional folk medicine that has been passed on from generation to generation. Herbal medicinal
plants found in the vicinity are utilized for minor illnesses.

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Top leading causes of death are urinal tract infection, anemia and bronchitis. Water borne
diseases are also prevalent given that they have no reliable potable water system.
Malnutrition is also a major concern especially among children aged 0-6 years.
Table 23. Number of Malnourished Children by Barangay
Barangay Pre- Normal Under Nourishment

Schooler Below Very Total % Over
Weighed Normal Low Normal
1. Bahi 134 102 28 4 32 3.5 0
(Maragusan)
2. Langgawisan 295 271 29 4 33 3.6 0
(Maragusan)
3. Andap (New 708 660 46 2 48 0.07 0
Bataan)
Total 1,137 1,033 103 10 113 2.39 0
Most of the toilets of the residents of Barangay Langgawisan are pit privy. For barangay
Bahi, slightly more than half still use pit privy while other residents have water sealed toilets. For
Barangay Andap, however, most of the residents, have no or, use shared toilets.
Table 24. Toilets
With Total
Water Pit No/shared
Barangay % % Septic % % No. of
Sealed Privy toiled
Tanks HHs
Langgawisan
328
(Maragusan) 61 18.6% 259 79.0% - - 8 2.4%
Bahi
158
(Maragusan) 56 35.4% 91 57.6% - - 11 7.0%
Andap (New
477
Bataan) 95 19.9% 104 21.8% 110 23.1% 168 35.2%
Total 212 22.0% 454 47.1% 110 11.4% 187 19.4% 963
Figure 24 Barangay Health Center in Barangay Bahi

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7. Education
The communities living near the project sites of Mount Kampalili and Mount Puting Bato
particularly in Barangays Bahi and Langgawisan in Maragusan as well as Tagdalongdong in Sitio
Cagan, Brgy. Andap in New Bataan, have complete basic education programs – elementary and
high school and the construction in terms of material used and conditions as shown in Table 25.
The picture below, Figure 25. Caragan Elementary School, was before Pablo struck the
Langgawisan community. Some of the classrooms were damaged and classes were held in other
government buildings – Day Care class at the Barangay Hall and a grade school class at the
Barangay Nutrition Center. In Centro and Sitio Cagan, Brgy Andap, both of the elementary
schools were totally damaged.
Table 25. Inventory of Schools, Construction Materials Used and Condition
Name of School Construction Materials Condition

Used
Elementary
1. Caragan E/S Concrete/Wood/GI Roofing 6 Classrooms need repair
2. Bahi E/S Concrete/Wood/GI Roofing 3 Classrooms need repair
3. Andap E/S Concrete/Wood/GI Roofing 8 Classrooms need repair
Secondary
1. Caragan H/S Makeshift Need for Replacement
2. Andap National H/S Concrete/Wood/GI Roofing 12 Classrooms need repair

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Table 26. Number of Day Care Centers, Day Care Workers and Enrollees by Barangay
Barangay # of Day # of Day Number of Enrollees

Care Care Male Female Total
Center Worker
1. Langgawisan 2 2 7 17 24
(Maragusan)
2. Bahi 1 1 6 8 14
(Maragusan)
3. Andap (New 8 8 49 86 135
Bataan)
Total 11 11 62 111 173
Figure 25. Caragan Elementary School in Barangay Langgawisan, Maragusan
Figure 26. Caragan High School

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B. Economic Profile
1. Livelihood
Livelihood is mostly agriculture and land-based activities; any other livelihood is practically
non-existent, so are employment opportunities. The harvest of rattan vines or oway used to be
the occupation of some but they seem to find the permit process quite tedious. There are some
trading enterprises (small sari-sari stores) and some service enterprises on- need- basis
(motorcycle driver, barber, carpenter, etc.)
Most common livelihood of the communities in the project sites are abaca, cacao and coffee
production as well as livestock and poultry raising as shown in Figure 27 below while in Table 23
shows the crops produced in the project areas.
Figure 27. Some Livelihood Endeavors
Abaca Production

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Cacao Seed Drying
Table 27. Crops Produced
Other
Rice Peanut Corn Abaca Coffee
Barangay crops Total
(in ha) (in ha) (in ha) (in ha) (in ha)
(in ha)
Langgawisan
(Maragusan) 54 50 116 59 180 50 509
Bahi
(Maragusan) 25 30 50 95 92 70 362
Andap (New
Bataan) 130 93 17 32 150 78 500
Total 209 173 183 186 422 198 1371
Table 28. Classification of Agricultural Lands
Barangay Agricultural Grassland Idle Land Total
Langgawisan
509.00 2,120.08 2,071.54 4,700.62
(Maragusan)
Bahi (Maragusan) 362.00 1,433.18 1,014.24 2,809.42
Andap (New
Bataan) 500.00 212.00 485.03 1,197.03
Total 1,371.00 3,765.26 3,570.81 8,707.07

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2. Agricultural Lands
Maragusan has an agricultural zone of 12,402.086 ha while that of New Bataan is

13,591.24 ha. For Caragan Valley altogether – Bahi, Langgawisan and Cagan, 8,707.07 ha has
been identified.
Based on the actual biophysical assessment in the project sites, most of the residential
areas are found or lies nearly on flat and sloping areas. The current land use are on rice with
some irrigated by brush dam; of market volume are corn, peanut, sweet potato, coffee, and bell
pepper; and only some vegetables like bean, eggplants, cassava, and banana are grown for home
consumption. Farming was also observed in undulating and rolling slopes where upland rice,
banana, corn, peanut, coffee and abaca are cultivated; shrubs, and second growth remnants
serve as cover crops. These areas have very high susceptibility to erosion and loss of topsoil as
topsoil is not very deep. Subsoil structure in the valley area is yellowish clay which is susceptible
to water logging as it does not leach water readily.
3. Farming Practices
The main agricultural products are rice, corn, peanuts, and abaca; inorganic fertilizer and
pesticides are used in the culture of rice and corn. Rice is mostly grown in paddies although some
upland rice production is still being done in the surrounding hills, mostly through. swidden
agriculture or transferring to another area after a few croppings. This has caused some conflicts
when they return to the area after a few years and find that it is already being tilled by another
family.
Abaca is considered the most common cash crop since it can be harvested all year round
and is easily sold to traders in the municipal central market. Coffee used to be a major crop with
some families being able to sell up to 60 kilos of dried beans at a time. Most of the farmers
replaced their coffee crop with cash crops when the price of coffee dropped a few years back.
Post harvest technology and facilities are not suffcient, thus resulting to low quality products that
cannot command a good price in the market.
As far as livestock and poultry are concerned, each residential area raises pigs, chickens,
ducks, and goats, usually 25 heads, for home consumption and for sale in the nearby barangays.
Marketing is done individually, thus there is little leverage for bargaining the price as the
volume is usually small and the cost of marketing is relatively high compared to the sales. For
example, abaca is loaded on a motorcycle to be brought to the town center. The volume cannot
be too large since the motorcycle can only carry so much, but the cost of transport is high. For
nearby barangays, horse and carabao are used for transporting products
The initial results of the rapid assessment based on ocular survey are shown in Table 29.
Abaca Varieties, Table 30. Rice and Corn per barangay, Table 31. High Value Commercial
Crops, Table 32 Livestock and Poultry as indicated below:
Table 29. Abaca Varieties

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LOCAL NAME PUTIAN

Siniorita Lakwid Lanitan
Tangganon Sinamulu
Salawayu Inusa
Source: PCEEM Sept. 2012
Table 30. Rice and Corn per barangay
Rice/Corn Ha
Langgawisan Bahi Andap
1. Rice 48 3 2
2. Corn 116 50 55
Table 31. High Value Commercial Crops (HVCC)
HVCC Annual Production (MT)

1. Coconut 2 1 210
2. Rubber 0 0 10
3. Durian 1 0.2 10
4. Mango 0 0 10
5. Lanzones 0 0 15
Table 32. Livestock and Poultry
Livestocks/Poultry No. of Heads

1. Carabao 36 89 101
2. Cattle 21 14 29
3. Horse 2 3 20
4. Swine 690 191 403
5. Goat 42 57 49
6. Chicken 2,200 1,557 2,431
7. Duck 126 15 10
8. Turkey 0 13 3,043
The old practices of farming, “slash and burn” on the open areas was observed; and
manual cultivation with the use of carabao, as shown in Figure 29. Traditional Farming Practices

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Figure 28. Traditional Farming Practices
Vegetable Farms and a Farmer flowing Rice Paddies using Plow drawn by Carabao
The idea of development by the IP elders and youth in Caragan Valley is expansion of
their present agricultural crops – rice, corn, coffee, abaca, and peanuts; not plantation-size
banana production. Related to this is the necessity of having good roads and bridges for transport
of people and agricultural produce to the market; and farm inputs and goods to their barangay.
At present, they are open to introduction of modern farm technologies and demonstration farms
but expressed some concern about installation of an irrigation facility. For some elders, irrigation
may impose on them to plant regularly and pay the fees when at present, they have adequate
water free of charge for their rice paddies. Irrigation is one of the projects under DAR and
construction of a road has already started.
4. Eco-Tourism
Brgys. Langgawisan and Bahi, Maragusan
The idea of tourism was by the Mandaya elders and youth as they have some natural
resources like waterfalls and Lake Kampalili. The possibility of having Mt. Candalaga- Kampalili-
Mt Puting Bato be declared as an Indigenous Community Conserved Area (ICCA) was also
presented to them to stop the entry of large scale mining and any other unwarranted development,
as well as bring revenue to the tribal community. They were also advised to come up with their
Community Rules and Regulations in consonance with sustainable development practices.
The mountain fastness hosts the one-hectare enchanted mountain lake, Lake Kampalili,
Figure 29, where the visitor is cautioned from making loud sounds at its aproach to avoid
disturbing the spirits that dwell there in peace and silence.

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Figure 29. Lake Kampalili
It is worthwhile to discover that in the Mountain Ranges of Mt. Candalaga and Mt.
Kampalili will astound tourists and visitors the the natural scenery and the freshness of
water from Pyalitan Falls as shown in Figure 30 and the breathtaking view of Mt.
Candalaga as shown in Figure 31.
Figure 30. Pyalitan Falls
Pyalitan Fall
Figure 31. Mt. Candalaga

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Mt. Candalaga
Brgy, Andap, New Bataan
White Peak is known as Mt. Puting Bato or locally referred to as Mt. Magkalingi or Mt.
Pandadagsaan.
The merits of the mountain are well known among mountaineers in Southern Mindanao,
but it has yet to be discovered by Luzon-based hikers. What sets it apart is the white, almost
sparkling, appearance of the mountain face as contrasted to the forests surrounding it.
The trails are a mix of mossy forest and steep grassy slopes - parts of which require the
assistance of built-in ropes. Peak 1 is forested, while Peak 2 offers a panorama of Compostela
Valley and the Davao provinces, as well as a full profile of Mt. Apo, the highest mountain in the
Philippines. Visible also is Mt. Candalaga, another high mountain connected to Mt. Tagub-
Kampalili in Compostela Valley.
The trekking time to reach the summit can be as short as 9-10 hours, but if one goes for
a more relaxed pace, based on the last annual climb held on March 2008, small groups may opt
to follow a 2-day itinerary plus Day 0 for travel.
Figure 32. White Peak –Mt. Puting Bato (a.k.a. Mt. Pandadagsaan)

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There has been increasing influx of tourists to Barangay Andap in New Bataan. New
Bataan is the mountain climbing capital of Compostela Valley, but her office had to limit the
number of climbers based on the carrying capacity of the mountain.
Under joint efforts of the Provincial Tourism Office of Compostela Valley in collaboration
with the Department of Tourism, Region XI and LGU-New Bataan has been organizing a yearly
Mountain Climbing. The annual Mountain Climbing is dubbed as Holy Week Climb: White Peak
Climb-Mt. Pandadagsaan, New Bataan, Compostela Valley.
The White Peak Trail, covers scaling mt. Tagub (Mt. Padadagsaan-highest point of
Compostela Valley) range. Entry point is Sitio Libuton, Brgy. Andap. Point of interest includes the
rare flora and fauna, bonsai trees, mossy virgin forest.
5. Cultural Profile
On the surface, there is very little observable visual indications of an indigenous cultural
community. Cursory visual observations give the impression that the community is a normal
mainstream community instead of an indigenous cultural community (ICC). There is a high
adaptation of lowland/ mainstream culture in terms of appearance, language, clothes, housing
design, etc.
Leaders are referred to mostly by their position in the community or organizations (e.g.
Chairman, Kagawad), instead of the traditional titles such as Matikadong or Datu. When asked
on who the highest leader in the place is, the young people could not agree. The delineation
between the tribal structure and the LGU/ barangay structure is not clear and distinct, probably,
because many of the recognized tribal leaders are also the officials of the barangay. This was
observed during the barangay assembly. While the members of the “Tribal Council” or “Council
of Elders” were recognized during the assembly, reference was made to them using other
positions in the community, such as member of the Lupong Tagapamayapa instead of Tribal
Council as in the case of Mandaya tribe as shown in Figure 33. There are also new young leaders
who are recognized and given leadership positions
Observations of children’s games and toys did not indicate strong cultural roots. A toy
made from old rubber slippers made into a toy (wheel pushed with a stick) was observed. When
the teenage students were asked what they are taught in school, they answered the usual
subjects in a public education system. Expectedly, tribal practices, arts, and lore are not part of
their curriculum nor is there an observed conscious effort to teach these outside the classroom.

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When asked what they plan to do after high school, more than half of those interviewed wanted
to go to college and find productive work. In this case, however, it is assumed that this is less of
a repudiation of culture but rather more of seeking income opportunities that one couldn’t have in
the hinterlands like the project sites.
Tribal law is sometimes used to settle disputes and even crimes. The aggrieved party and
the accused have the option to submit to tribal law (husay) or to the legal system (ipa-pulis is their
term). Usually, the aggrieved party chooses which option to use or the tribal leaders give advice
to the parties involved. In these cases, the tribal elders are convened to decide on the case,
acting as a tribal council or council of elders of the Mansaka Tribe as shown in Figure in 34. If the
aggrieved party chooses to use the legal system, most of the elders are also the members of the
Lupong Tagapamayapa, so the group just adopts the procedures as required.
Of the festivals/celebrations mentioned in the conversations, they are more “religious”

(Patron fiesta) and “legal” (Araw ng Barangay) celebrations that they are preparing for. However,
this may be due to the fact that these are the ones that are to be celebrated near the time of the
interviews conducted. Even in family relations, when asked about multiple marriages (more than
1 wife), they said it is not practiced anymore for reasons like it is not allowed by their religion
(mostly Christianity) and it is hard to raise more than one family.
Figure 33. Portraits of the Mandaya Tribe

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Figure 34. Mansaka Tribe
a. Cultural Aspect
Based on the most recent available data (CBMS 2012), there are 381 households in
Langgawisan (Maragusan, Compostela Valley) and a population of 2,020 of which almost 100%
belongs to the Mandaya tribe as shown in Figure 33. The population is divided into four (4)
religious groups in the barangay all of which are Christian churches: Catholic, Alliance, Faith
Tabernacle, and United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP).
On the New Bataan side, the Mandaya tribe population is more dominant consisting about
90% of the indigenous community population in the covered ancestral domain areas. The
Mansaka population resides mostly at Tandawan. (based on Key Informant Interview with Maricel
Linda-an, OIC, Ancestral Domain Management Section, New Bataan, Compostela Valley). In the
recent (September 4, 2013) validation session, however, with tribal leaders of Sitio Cagan, Cluster
4, they said Sitio Cagan has more IP inhabitants as shown in Figure 34.
b. Validation of Recorded Cultural Practices in the ADSDPP
To further investigate the apparent weakness of cultural identity and practices, the
practices contained in the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan
(ADSDPP) were summarized and validated in a Focused Group Discussion with identified Tribal
Leaders at the Sky Garden, Poblacion Maragusan on October 19, 2012. The session was
attended by LABATA Officials as indicated in Table 33.
Table 33. LABATA Officials who participated in the Validation Workshop
Name Position
Federico Magtana LABATA Chairman
Richard Langgam LABATA Secretary
Recto Calogmoc LABATA BOD member
Ricardo Malagdao LABATA Auditor
Teresita Ambasan Women sector
Anita Calogmoc Women sector
Robilio Calogmoc IP Youth sector

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Nelyn Calogmoc Youth sector

Jannel Calogmoc Youth sector
Antonio Talidasan Tribal Elder/ Lupon Tagapamayapa member
Another validation activity was conducted on June 13, 2013 at the New Bataan Ancestral
Domain Management Section Office with the Tribal Leaders in Cluster 4 of New Bataan as
indicated below in Table 34.
Table 34. Tribal Leaders in Cluster 4, New Bataan who participated in the Validation Workshop
Name Position
Serenio Saigad Tribal Leader
Levi A. Hangyan Tribal Council
Maricel Linda-an OIC, Ancestral Domain Management Section, New
Bataan
Esmeraldo Apito Tribal Leader, Langgawisan (Mandaya)
In the initial consultation with some key informants, a Summary of the Cultural Practices
was recorded as shown in Table 35, Summary of Cultural Practises. However, this summary
requires further validation in the next succeeding steps in the RSEA Project.
Table 35. SUMMARY OF CULTURAL PRACTICES that are not being widely practiced:
Cultural Practice Actual Practice Reason

Livelihood/ Agriculture
• Galas (shifting Agriculture) – Reduced incidence of shifting Better technology in fertilizing and
Periodic use of farmlots for agriculture. The farm lots are more pest control has reduced the need
several cropping seasons which permanent now, but they still have for shifting agriculture practices.
is then left to fallow while other some alternative lots where they
lots are opened and used. plant cash crops. Less land area available for farm
development.
Opening up new areas for

farmland is labor intensive and
costly (indicating shift from the
community effort to the cash
economy)
• Panawagtawag rituals are used Not all farmers still practice this. Many have already adopted new
to call upon the gods for a good technology which does away with
cropping season the need for rituals since the
technology will assure them of
good production.

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• Fallow period of 5 years to allow No longer practiced. More permanent farm land
the land to regenerate its fertility utilization does not allow them to
while other farmlots are utilized. leave the area unutilized for
recovery of fertility.
Better technology in fertility

management ha overcome the
practice..
• 26 indigenous varieties of Only a few varieties remain in use. Shift to lowland rice varieties since
upland rice with different these are higher yielding and can
maturity periods, rainfall be planted nearer to the home.
requirement, and pest and
disease resistance. Rotating
these varieties is done to take
advantage of the particular
season and to prevent pest and
disease from accumulating.
• Prick head of worm with bone of This is still being used by some Cheaper alternative pest control
Paitan. This prevents the worm farmers. method to agri chemicals.
from burrowing into the stem of Apparently, it is also easy to get
the rice and destroying the crop. hold of the bone of a “Paitan”.
• Bagnus intercropping of rice This is still being practiced to a The different cultural requirements
varieties. The different maturity certain extent by those planting and maturity periods of the
periods and disease resistance upland rice varieties. varieties assure the family of a
assures the family of a regular supply of rice in various times of
supply of rice given a limited the year using the same area for
area to farm. production.
• Lapi or mechanical drying of rice Some farmers still utilize this drying Used especially during rainy
on hot rocks. This helps during method season when the solar dryer
rainy season when sun drying cannot be used to dry freshly
cannot be effectively done. harvested rice.
Marriage and Family

• Buya (agreement for marriage). Not practiced anymore The younger generations prefer to
This is a marriage usually choose their own mates.
agreed upon by the parents or If this is done by the parents, the
clans of the couple. young ones usually leave or elope
to avoid marriage.
• Manggaos is when the boy This is still practiced but to a lesser Practical reasons. The amount or
gives Manggad or gifts to the extent and value of the manggad value is used for starting the new
girl’s family in order to show may be a factor to be considered. family.
seriousness of the man and to
convince them to allow the
woman to marry the man.
• Tupa accounts for the right to No longer widely practiced. There are laws on age
marry. This is a determination requirement for marriage now
among young men of their under the Family Code of the
readiness to marry so that they Philippines.
can begin to choose a suitable
wife.

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• Karuwa where a man is married Not anymore except those from still This is now taboo due to the
to 2 or more wives. This is old traditional families. Christian religion that they have
usually connected to the man’s adopted which does not allow
capability to raise the family and multiple marriages.
to provide for the needs.
Health and Medicine

• “bakallag” is a ritual performed Not being practiced anymore There is already the Health Center
to ward off sickness by calling and modern medicines
upon the spirits to drive away the
sickness.
• Isaot or ihapoy-hapoy to drive Not being practiced anymore Replaced by Christian belief and
away evil spirits. This is usually practices (Pray-over?)
done by the Balyan to relieve the Also, the use of modern medicines
afflicted person of the influence to cure illness ha taken away the
of evil spirits. notion of illness being caused by
evil spirits.
• Ipat ritual if the patient is in Sometimes done if there is no Done only as a last resort when
serious pain. alternative available the modern medicines are not
available or are not effective.
• Roots of alingatong for Sometimes used, although not Newer and more modern methods
pregnant women. Alingatong is being recommended are readily available to assure a
a low growing herb with leaves safe delivery.
that can irritate the skin.
• Childbirth is assisted by a Now replaced by the Mananabang The traditional childbirth
Managamon. The Managamon or Midwife assistants (Managamon) are not
is a person skilled in assisting certified or licensed by the DOH.
childbirth. Only licensed Midwives are
allowed by the DOH since they are
better trained and connected to
LGU for birth registration.
• Al-lis – bamboo stick to cut Sometimes used but only if no Used as a last recourse in remote
child’s navel. The bamboo is scissor is available areas for lack of the proper
split and is used to cut the instrument. Not recommended
umbilical cord. because of the risk of infection.
Conflict Resolution
• Dipping of hands/ fingers in hot Not practiced anymore. Replaced by more practical and
water to determine guilt. If the logical methods.
person is not burned or scalded
by the hot water, then it proves
his innocence.
• Swimming in the water to Not practiced anymore. Replaced by more practical and
determine guilt. If the person is logical methods
innocent, then he will be able to
survive the ordeal.
• Nigo to determine guilt. The Sometimes practiced when doubt is When legal process fails,
Nigo is rolled or spun and guilt is strong and there is no evidence that traditional methods are still
determined by which side it falls. can determine guilt resorted to.
Governance Structure

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• Pandita (religious leader) No more. Replaced by Priests, Adoption of Christian religion by
Pastors and Church leaders most of the people has made the
Pandita lose importance.
• Silagan is one who can foretell No more. Replaced by the Weather Better farming technology and
climatic conditions and seasons reports and Planting Calendar. adoption of Roman Calendar
reduced the need for foretelling
seasons.
• Bagani are warriors to protect No more. But to a certain extent, all Requirements for being declared a
the community males of the tribe are still Bagani Bagani includes killing of at least
(willing to defend the tribal interest) 12 people has rendered this
distinction obsolete.
Education
• Paga indo to teach children Yes, to a certain extent done in the The regular school has replaced
home. the traditional method of teaching
children at home by their mothers.
Many mothers are not literate so
they cannot tutor their children on
school subjects.
• Kudlit and making buko in a Not anymore utilized There are now better instruments
rope for counting to use such as blackboard and
calculator.
Religious/ Spiritual
• prayed for “Manaog” to ask Not used anymore Replaced by Christian prayers.
blessings and protection from Tribal “gods” are now replaced by
any disaster the Christian God.
• asked guidance from Not done anymore Replaced by Christian beliefs
“Mansilatan and Dati, father
and son
• pay respect even to bad spirits Not being done anymore. Only few know how. Not being
like the couple “Pudaugson passed on to the next generation.
and Malimbong Inconsistent with the Christian
religion
• “Tawagan sang Magbabaya” Yes in a certain manner and extent Combined with Christian beliefs
(sanctuary of the almighty God), and practices. Tacit understanding
a specially crafted altar made that “Magbabaya” is the same
from wood of “labaw” (meaning “God”
highest) tree
• “balyan” or shaman as medium/ No more. The function of the Replaced by Christian beliefs and
spiritual healer performs a Baylan was just to perform rituals religious leaders.
“panawagtawag” or prayer by
preparing “yapugan”, seven
pieces chopped betel nut
wrapped in boyo leaf and seven
pieces hand-peeled rice grain as
complete and sacred offering to
Magbabaya (Supreme Being).
• “limpas” is performed to Not done anymore Replaced by Christian beliefs and
exorcise bad spirits who practices
possessed human body
Fashion and Accessories

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• male’s shirt is called “dagum Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and
nang usog.” The front of the more readily available.
dagum is open to the hipline and
collarless
• trousers is called “pantot” Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and
usually 5-7.5 cm above the knee more readily available.
• women wear cotton blouses Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and
called “dagum” usually red, more readily available.
blue, and black and decorated
with animal and geometric
designs at the back, front and
sleeves
• skirts are usually made of Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and
dagmay, hand-woven out from more readily available.
abaca fabrics
• “balladaw” (steel dagger), Not usually used No need for regular use. Some are
“kakana” (single bladed bolo), still available for ceremonial or
“likod-likod” (double bladed display purposes only.
kakana) and “wasay” (ax for
cutting wood or for self-
defense).
• The “balyug” which is a type of Yes, still being used sometimes. No need for regular use. Some are
necklace which covers the still available for ceremonial or
breast and made of tiny glass display purposes only.
beads sewn in several rounds
with silver coins or crocodile
teeth serving as ornaments.
• The “pallatina” is a silver Not used anymore Art of making the item has not
breastplate worn by women been passed on to the next
only. generation
• nonmetal jewelry include the Yes, still being used sometimes. No need for regular use. Some are
“suwat” or wooden combs; the still available for ceremonial or
“balikog” or earrings made of display purposes only.
balatinaw wood; laog or
earrings made out of glass
beads; the linangaw or male
necklaces representing his
battle with the crocodile; and the
timusug or bracelet made of
rare vines and rubber
Songs and Dances/ Arts

Traditional song Only a few still remember and There are now some Mandaya
practice. artist who have composed and
recorded some songs in the
dialect, but not in the traditional
tune.
Traditional dance Only a few still remember and Used for ceremonies or
practice. demonstration only. Usually the
elder members of the community
know how to perform the dances.

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Table 36. Summary of Cultural Practices still commonly used

• Bitas - Slashing and burning Yes, especially for the galas This is a necessary
of trees is done to clear the which are reopened for operation in farming,
area of any pests present in cultivation periodically. whether traditional or
the soil and at the same time modern technology is used.
allow some grasses to grow
that help fertilize the soil
• Panggasanan ritual during Still being widely practiced The notion that “nothing will
planting be lost” if they follow the
tradition to assure a good
season.
• Pagtatalaan ritual in harvest Still being widely practiced The belief that they have to
time show gratitude to the earth
for giving them a good
harvest.
• Bugkos to prevent rat This is still practiced to prevent Still an effective control
infestation in rice, its stalks the rice plants from falling down measure with little cost.
are tied together and being easily eaten by rats. Further, since the rice lands
are now nearer to their
homes, there is a danger
that domestic animals will
be affected if they use rat
poison.
• Semona or small sized farm Used for off-season cropping Economic advantage of
intended to support (Dili panuig – pangulilang) having a smaller productive
development of larger farms. farm to support the needs of
the family while waiting for
the main farm to be
productive.
• Tiyanok soaking rice in hot This is still practiced to save rice Flooding is still a common
water and sun drying to save crops harvested prematurely. occurrence and sometimes
from calamities. happen during harvest time
which means that the rice
seeds could germinate due
to the moisture. By soaking
in hot water before drying,
they kill the embryo,
assuring that it will not
germinate, thus saving the
crop from rotting.
• Ballawang, sallo, balante This is still widely practiced Most practical method since
leaves for ripening fruits they do not have access to
“kalburo” for fruit ripening.
Marriage and Family

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• Manggaos is when the boy This is still practiced but to a Practical reasons. The
gives Manggad to the girl’s lesser extent and value of the amount or value is used for
family manggad starting the new family.
• Mangguos sang subay Yes
Health and Medicine
• Doknay to cure wounds Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective.
available. Scratches and wounds are
an everyday occurrence, so
buying modern antiseptic
would be costly for the
family.
• Ointment from burned leaves Yes since this is still readily Most easily available cure
of barabadan, kalapi, or available. for snake bites. Also since
oway to heal snake bites. the nearby health facilities
do not have readily
available medicines for
snake bites. Or if available,
cost is not affordable.
• Payaw, sambong, Yes, since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective.
barabadan and agotay for available. Again this is a common
healing headache illness, so buying modern
medicine would be costly
for the family.
• Dila-dila, lanzones bark to Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective.
heal diarrhea available. Again this is a common
illness, so buying modern
for the family.
• Bark of Langkog tree to cure Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective.
fever available. Again this is a common
illness, so buying modern
for the family.
• Taragumo is tail of the eel Yes still being used Belief that it will cause easy
tied to pregnant woman’s delivery of the baby.
stomach Practically no cost to the
family, and the notion that
“nothing will be lost” by
following the tradition.
Conflict Resolution

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• employing capital Changed to payment of heavy Laws prohibiting capital
punishment (dalikop) as penalty punishment, especially
sanctions to heavier crimes since the case is not in the
regular court. Also
influenced by the Christian
religion they have adopted
which discourages taking of
life.
• Bun’all for minor offenses Still practiced with some Easier to value penalty if in
modifications on the penalty terms of money than items,
so amount in money is
given instead of the
traditional items like horses,
swords, etc.
• “ballukas”, wherein the Yes, still practiced Practical reason of
offenders are required to alleviating the suffering and
give “manggad” or anything anger of the aggrieved party
of their possession as with a sign of sincerity and
payment to the aggrieved sacrifice, thus making the
party reconciliation or “Husay”
easier to attain.
• Pilipiti negotiator for the Yes, some respected elders are Still effective and prevents
family of the offender still being tapped as negotiators escalation of hostility
among the families
involved. Works on the
respect for the integrity of
the elders.
• Pagkadayaw or Peace Yes, still practiced to some Practical reason of showing
offering extent a sign of sincerity in wanting
peace, thus making the
negotiation easier.
• Lungan for destroying tribes Yes, still practiced to some Reduced practice may be a
landmarks or anything of extent sign of the declining
cultural value appreciation for cultural
treasures or landmarks.
• Kabubuot is offering gifts in Yes, still practiced to some Reduced practice may be a
seeking consent and extent sign of the reduced
permission of the tribe importance given to tribal
community structures and
culture
Land Ownership
• Kanaan-kanaan, angkon- Yes, although this sometimes Mutual respect and
angkon by clans (kaliwatan) gives rise to conflicts agreement on land use is
with territorial boundaries still used for areas not
(pagulangan) covered by titles or not
alienable and disposable
under the law.

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• Pagbaraw-baraw meeting Yes, still being used Usual practice. Community
to resolve land disputes consensus is still a strong
cultural influence.
• Panagtanam is an unsettled Yes Usual practice
issue
• Paghusay by a Bagani Yes, but replaced by formal Combination of cultural
whose views are well community leaders since the practice with the legal
respected Bagani is not anymore available methodologies available in
settlement of disputes. The
Bagani has been replaced
by formal elected leaders.
• Limpong ng Yes – tapped as Lupon The tribal structure has
Mangkatadong (elders) Tagapamayapa of the been integrated into the
Barangay formal structure of the
barangay with a similar
function.
• Matikadong (leaders) They have become the elected The tribal structure has
leaders of the Barangay been integrated into the
formal structure of the
function.
• Kainagadan (Counselors They have become the elected The tribal structure has
chosen from each Banwa) leaders of the Purok or Sitio been integrated into the
formal structure of the
function.
• The “balyug” which is a type Yes, still being used No need for regular use.
of necklace which covers the sometimes. Some are still available for
breast, ceremonial or display
purposes only.

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• nonmetal jewelry include the Yes, still being used No need for regular use.
“suwat” or wooden combs; sometimes. Some are still available for
the “balikog” or earrings ceremonial or display
made of balatinaw wood; purposes only.
laog or earrings made out of
glass beads; the linangaw or
male necklaces representing
his battle with the crocodile;
and the timusug or bracelet
made of rare vines and
rubber
Nature and Environment
• “limokon” is a bird of omen Yes, especially for those living The Limokon is rarely seen
in the remote areas where the or heard in many populated
“Limokon” is still found areas, so it ha lost its
importance as an omen
bearer.
• Pangayamanan or hunting Yes, but this is not used in the Easier to buy from the
grounds traditional sense market than to hunt for
meat. The hunting ground is
still identified as such, but
very few actually hunt also
due to the reduced number
of animals that can be
hunted for food.
• Pangisdaan or fishing Yes, but to used to a lesser Easier to buy from the
grounds extent market than to fish from the
streams and rivers which
also has a reduced fish
population.
The results of the cultural validation supports the initial cursory observations conducted in the
community. Below are some of the reasons for change of the cultural practices and beliefs :
1. Introduction of modern technology in farming, health care, education, and other aspects
of community life which are perceived to be more effective and acceptable to the
consumers. The convenience of these products and technology and its effectiveness
make it acceptable as the alternative to traditional technology. Another factor is the
certification or licensing of health workers like childbirth assistants or Midwives since the
traditional Managamon are not certified, thus, they are not allowed to perform the task.
2. Loss of species or varieties used for the practices which made the practice hard or
impractical to do (ex. use of rattan thorn, 26 varieties of indigenous rice, etc). This is also
compounded with the introduction of higher yielding varieties which shifted the focus from
the traditional varieties.

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3. Change in land tenure arrangements from the large tracts owned by a family to the 3-
hectare limit imposed by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) has
forced the farmers to adopt new ways of farming and abandon the shifting agriculture
practices. Here the conflict between the legal and the traditional systems of land
ownership is seen as the clans try to find a way to hold on to the land that the family
traditionally tilled in the face of the implementation of the CARP.
4. Change in religious beliefs from the “pagan” religion worshipping many gods and spirits to
the “Christian” religion. This has caused the abandonment of many religious practices and
worship of the traditional gods. It has also changed some family relations practices like
having multiple wives as this is not acceptable in the Christian religion.
5. Availability of cheap, better quality goods such as clothing, accessories, and tools have
induced the community to shift from traditional materials to the new materials.
6. Introduction of formal government structures have integrated the tribal leadership into the
formal leadership structures such as the Barangay, Lupon Tagapamayapa, and even
cooperatives and associations. These duplicated the roles traditionally exercised by the
Tribal Council and Council of Elders. Further, these structures were recognized by the
government, thus, there was a need to integrate the tribal leaders into these structures.
7. Presence of an effective formal government conflict resolution mechanism has rendered

the traditional practices no longer necessary in many cases but in some, also
complements the legal practice. The resolutions, however, could be better enforced due
to the adherence to the legal system of government.
8. Generation gap between the holders of the Indigenous Knowledge, Systems and practices
(IKSP) and the younger generation has limited the transfer of IKSP to the next generation.
Also, the presence of other influencing factors such as media has made the traditional arts
lose their importance.
9. The exposures to the lowland culture and aspirations have also influenced parents to
aspire better things for their children. Thus, having a good education and finishing a
college course has become a dream for many. And for the children who have successfully
achieved this, the tendency is to further integrate themselves into the mainstream culture
and society.
10. Finally, the qualification for being recognized for certain positions in the community, such
as killing 12 people to become a “Bagani”, are no longer relevant or acceptable.
On the other hand, there are factors that have been contributory to the preservation or
continued use of cultural practices or traditions. Among these factors are the following:
1. Free or low cost availability of indigenous materials and the relatively more expensive and
unavailability of modern counterparts, such as snake bite medicine; have encouraged the
continued use of traditional practices. This is especially true to the far flung areas where
access to modern medicine is not readily available. Lacking the means and resources to
avail of modern or mainstream medicine services, the community continues to practice
and utilize traditional medicine.

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2. Practices that are perceived as “harmless” or “nothing will be lost by doing it” such as
planting and harvesting rituals continue to be practiced. These are practices which do not
run counter to the new technology, are still perceived to be effective, and are not prohibited
in any way by the government. So while there may be no compelling reason to still practice
it, there is also no hindrance or barrier to practice it as a supplement to the modern
methods. However, those that are expressly prohibited under the law (such as kaingin or
slash and burn farming which is now prohibited under the Clean Air Act) will probably be
lost as a traditional practice.
3. Indigenous Knowledge, Systems and Practices (IKSP) to the extent that they can be
integrated into the “new” way of doing things or “new” beliefs (ex: Tribal elders as members
of Lupong Tagapamayapa, teaching children at home, use of elders as negotiators,
praying to “Manama” or “God”, etc.). In this way, the tribal structures remain to be active
while not conflicting with the legal system and structure. It then remains to be a viable
alternative to resolve conflicts and to select community leaders.
4. Practices and materials that are used for ceremonial purposes or for the display of cultural
traditions. This includes the use of traditional clothing, jewelry and accessories. It also
includes the traditional song and dances which are passed on to the next generation as a
way of cultural revival so that the next generation will not lose their identity as a tribe.
5. IKSP related to the environment and land use and those which have high cultural value
such as sacred places. Again, this is to the extent that it can be defended against the
intrusion of mainstream culture, economic interest, and political pressure. The IPRA ha
provided the Indigenous people a legal venue to protect these cultural values.
c. Community Perception and Aspiration
As part of the validation process, the community perceptions and aspirations were also
explored in the Focused Group Discussion. Two major questions were asked and the responses
were probed to get a deeper insight into the responses of the group. The responses to the
questions, in Table 37, Summary of Responses in the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) are as
follows:
Table 37. Summary of Responses in the Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
What is your idea of Development? • The presence of a passable and good quality Road
(Perception) • A clearly delineated and apportioned settlement
(housing) area
• Clear and consistent implementation of laws that will
result in reduced or no cases of conflicts among
community members.
• Accessible and affordable Education for all members
of the community
• Change in People’s attitude to a more productive one
• Livelihood/ employment opportunities available for
all.

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What type of development do you think is • Agriculture - Rice, corn, peanut, coffee, and abaca
possible for your place? farming expansion
(Aspirations) • Natural resources – tourism (falls, etc.), rattan (oway)
handicraft. (this has been regulated as it needs permit
from DENR)
• Minerals – this is included in the BDP, ADSDPP.
There was mention, although not specified, of the
presence of some small scale exploration and testing
happening.
• Business – mostly trading of consumer and
agricultural goods.
• Farming technology, irrigation, demo farm, inputs
Probe on the presence of mining activities:
• Mining for tribal/ personal use is recognized and

allowed.
• The area is covered by a Mining Claim of Jake mining
which has come to the attention of the community in
2005.
• The mining claim covers 9 barangays – 7 in
Maragusan and 2 in Pantukan
• The community leaders are open to the community
mining concept
• There is a policy of no processing in the area in
ADSDPP, but in the MCLUP, there is an identified
mineral processing zone in the area
Probe on Plantation Development (Banana)
• 5 nearby barangays have existing banana plantations

already
• When the company called for a “consultation” the
leaders from Langgawisan and Bahi leaders did not
sign the agreement and made a Petition against the
application of the company to expand its area into
their barangays.
• The stand of the community leaders on Banana
plantations – they do not agree because they will not
have area to plant crops anymore.
• The community prefers to plant coffee on the
grasslands (which are also the priority area for the
banana plantations) and not on the secondary forest
• Rocky Mountain company started coffee nursery in
the barangay – 1 hectare with 20x30 building
Probe on Rice production:
• NIA proposed irrigation but some people are doubtful

if it will be beneficial to them as they will have to pay
for the irrigation water when they use it for free at
present.

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• Rice is mostly grown in the valley in paddies. They

use inorganic fertilizer and pesticides in the culture of
rice and corn in order to increase the production and
income.
• There is still some upland rice production in the
surrounding hills. Swidden agriculture or transferring
to another area after a few cropping is being done for
the upland rice production. This has caused some
conflicts when after a few years they return to the
area and find that it is already being tilled by another
family.
An analysis of the responses to the questions of perception and aspirations still tend to
support the trend in the cursory observation and the IKSP validation processes. The practice and
preservation of Indigenous culture ha been overtaken by the pace of development.
1. Note that none of the responses to the question on their perception of development dealt
with the continued practice, preservation, or development of the indigenous culture. The
responses are similar to what can be expected from a mainstream or lowland community,
and even an urban community. While there may be an interest in sustainable cultural
preservation and development, it is not apparent on the surface based on the responses.
Probably with more probing, it may have surfaced, but it was not definitely the “top-of-
mind” choice or response.
2. On the question on their aspiration of development, the initial responses also showed very
little “top-of-mind” concern for the indigenous culture as part of their development
aspirations.
3. During the probing of the initial responses, some of the objections expressed were related
to the ADSDPP, especially in the utilization of minerals where they prefer community-
based mining over large-scale mining and the prohibition of processing within the area.
4. Reference to indigenous culture was also expressed in the rice farming in the context of
land tenure conflicts due to shifting agriculture practice. However, this was expressed
more as a problem than as a positive condition. This indicates that the more popular
concept is tending towards having permanent productive farmlands over the practice of
shifting agriculture and slash and burn farming.
5. For the Banana Plantation issue, the tribal interest was implied when the leaders took a
stand against allowing banana plantation expansion in their area. However, the reasons
expressed were more economic in nature which is for the reason of losing their agricultural
land for the traditional crops they produce.
d. Overall Assessment of the Cultural Aspect
Overall assessment of the cultural aspect of the community in the study area using the Cultural
Assesment Framework (Figure 35), correlates the factors of social, economic, political,
ecological, spiritual, culture and others that have a substantial decline of indigenous culture as
recorded and described in the ADSDPP. The trend of development is towards the adoption of
mainstream culture, practices, beliefs, knowledge, and systems into the community life. This is
supported by the formal community and organizational structures that the community ha to adopt
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in order to relate with the external environment such as the Municipal Local Government, National
Government Agencies, the Civil Society organizations (NGO, PO, etc.), and the Business Sector
Organizations which does not recognize the Tribal structures as a legitimate contracting party.
The community has little choice but to adapt and comply with these external pressures to the
point of subjugating their indigenous knowledge, systems and practices in order to effectively deal
with the bigger environment to obtain their fair share of their resources.
Figure 35. Cultural Assesment Framework
From the diagram above, it can be said that Culture as the core of the identity of the
Indigenous People or the Mandaya and Mansaka Tribes is influenced by the current realities in
the other spheres surrounding it. In this case, the current realities in the spiritual, ecological,
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political, economic and social spheres all conspire to dictate what aspects of the culture will
remain relevant and useful and which ones need to be modified or adapted to the changing
environment. Culture, being a dynamic organism, will surely find an equilibrium which would allow
it to exist within the substantial changes in the surrounding spheres.
a. Spiritual sphere – the adoption of Christianity as the religion of choice by most of the IP
community population has defined some changes in the traditional culture of worship of
the gods of nature, family life (disallowing multiple wives), agriculture (holding of rituals to
appease nature), conflict management (disallowing capital punishment) and other
practices. On the other hand, it has also reinforced some of the cultural practices such as
using peaceful means to settle conflicts, offering prayers to God before embarking on
activities, and helping other community members.
b. Ecological Sphere – The degradation of the natural environment has also inflicted some
changes in the culture such as the loss of some species or varieties of traditional crops or
medicinal plants, the loss of hunting and gathering as a viable subsistence activity, and
the encroachment of the lowlanders into the ancestral domain. These changes may have
also brought some desirable changes such as the reduction of shifting agriculture through
the establishment of permanent crops, the definition of areas viable for agriculture, thus
avoiding use of erodable areas, and the preservation of some traditional practices in pest
management.
c. Political Sphere – the influence of this sphere stems from the duplication of functions of
the tribal structures with the legal structures where the recognized legal structures
(barangay, lupong tagapamayapa, etc.) have stronger influence due to the recognition by
the higher government. This has caused the shifting of the leaders to the legal structures
by becoming barangay officials, cooperative officers, etc. while this somehow erodes the
usefulness and authority of the tribal structures. It has also allowed the tribal leaders to
exercise their responsibilities to the community effectively through the legal system. In
many cases, the traditional structures are a “shadow” government to which the community
reverts to in cases where the legal system is not effective or cannot address the issue
effectively.
d. Economic Sphere – the economy of the community has changed from a barter and sharing
economy to a monetary-based economy. This has allowed the community to interact more
effectively with the larger community and mainstream economy, thus affecting the
economic needs and wants. The larger economy has introduced so many products that
are readily available, more effective, and more desirable than the traditional products,
thus, the production patterns also changed from subsistence to consumerist level. This
put much pressure on the production areas which encouraged them to adapt modern
practices to increase productivity, thus easing out the traditional production practices. It
has also introduced the concept of “land ownership” through titles where communal
stewardship of the domain was the original concept.
e. Social Sphere – the social needs and standards have changed through the years. Health
and sanitation, education, and other social services have changed standards in order to
effectively relate to the larger community. As the settlement pattern also changed from
being widely dispersed clans to residential communities, the social requirements and
relationships also changed. This has led to the introduction of mainstream social norms
and aspirations on health, education, and family life. The indigenous family system which
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is highly patriarchal in nature has given way to a more gender fair system recognizing the
contributions of both men and women and giving opportunities for education and livelihood
to both. As a result, there are more women now holding positions of responsibility and
positively contributing to the development of the community.
All these influences and challenges have contributed to the evolution of the culture.
Relegating some of the cultural practices to the background while enhancing others, accepting
some mainstream culture while sharing some traditional culture to the larger community, and
integrating into the larger society while maintaining the indigenous culture and identity, these are
the challenges and circumstances that the Mandaya and Mansaka tribes encounter and address
everyday. Somehow, they will have to adapt, but still retain the pride and conviction in their cultural
roots in the face of an inclusive social environment.
6. Geopolitical Condition
A. Land Use
Land use deals on the physical development of a municipality and covers a certain
planning period. The general land use plan provides the administrators the framework on which
to achieve a sustainably- managed environment. It also allows people to plan their own
development and investments in anticipation of the municipality’s expected growth.
1. Maragusan
Maragusan has a land area of 54,744.87 ha including 15,318 ha of the contested areas
by the Municipality of Pantukan covering barangays Araibo, Lanipao, Las Arenas and Tag-ugpo
which lie at the southern portion of Maragusan. Based on the 54,745.00 figure, its alienable and
disposable land (A and D) is 13,239.29 ha (24.2 %) while forest land gets the high percentage of
75.8 at 41,505.71 ha.
The existing and proposed general land use covers the whole 54,745.000 ha. The land
use zones are the following: Built-up Area, Socialized Housing, Agricultural, Forest (Production
and Protection), Agro-Industrial, Mining and Quarrying, Open Spaces/Easements/ Parks, Brush
land, Infrastructure/Utilities, Rivers/Creeks, and Special Uses (Tourism, Waste Redemption
Center, Cemetery). Enhancement
There was a revision of the plan to take on the realities of a growing population and to
achieve the overall development of the municipality. Integrated into this revised land use plan are
the following: Forest Land Use Plan, Tourism Master Plan, Shelter Plan, Ecological Solid Waste
Management Plan, Barangay Development Plans, and the Municipal Environmental Code.
Considerations on the Land Use Revisions:
• Agricultural Zone. Of the 18,320.34 ha, a reduction of 22.65 % of the agricultural area
or 12,402.086 of alienable and disposable land has been proposed to accommodate the
expected expansion of the urban area. This is limited to marginal lands and excludes
irrigated and irrigable areas.
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• Forest Zone. From 27,797.733 ha of forest lands, it is projected to increase to 37,813.909

ha through reforestation and rehabilitation of watersheds.
• Tourism Zone. About 176.567 ha are slated for tourism with 136,567 ha in forests lands
and the remaining 40 ha from A and D lands.
The LGU has identified its major development thrusts for the planning period of 2008-
2018: Tourism, Agriculture and Forestry. The municipality’s scenic natural features and cool
climate is a high potential –earner for the local government. Noted also for its rich soil, agriculture
is a major occupation for many, thus, the preferred strategy is a combination of tourism and
agricultural development. An example would be the construction of roads to provide access to
tourist sites as well as the transport of agricultural products.
Considered to be the biggest resource of the municipality is its forestlands. While

protection forests ensure that watersheds, water sources, biodiversity and clean air prevail, its
production forests can provide the timber and materials for forestry products.
Into this equation is the preservation of the indigenous culture and enhancement of their
systems and settlements.
The targeted flagship areas are the following:
1. Tourism Development – Barangays Poblacion, Coronobe, Mapawa, and New Albay
2. Agriculture Development – Barangays Paloc, New Panay, Katipunan, New Manay, Tandik,
Mahayahay, Parasanon, Mabugnao, Cambagang, Tupas, Talian, Lahi, Langgawisan and Bahi,
including the contested barangays of Pantukan, namely: Tagugpo, Las Arenas and Araibo
3. Forestry – The barangays along Eastern Leonard Range composed of Tigbao, New Panay,
Bagong Silang, New Katipunan, Mabugnao, Magcagong, Poblacion-Saranga, Mahayahay,
Parasanon, Paloc, Tandik, New Manay, Cambagang and Katipunan
a. Mansaka Ancestral Domain
Of the 24 barangays of the municipality of Maragusan, 22 barangays come under the

ancestral domain of the Mansakas and additionally, the contested area of Barangay Araibo based
on traditional boundaries.
The ADSDPP land categories are focused on two (2) main areas: Agriculture and
Agroforestry combined has a total of 12,486.327 ha and Forest has been allocated 10,126.718
ha.
2. New Bataan

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The municipality has a total land area of 55,315 ha of which 41,274.63 ha is classified as
Forest, Agricultural area is 13,591.24, Residential area, 94.05224, Commercial area, 12.9832,
Institutional is 342.096036 and Industrial is only 0.36 ha. The forest area comprises the 6,725 ha
of Watershed out of the 41,274.63 ha.
Andap is the largest rural area in the municipality at 11,240.55 ha of which Sitio Cagan
(RSEA project site) has the biggest area at 2,219.8750 ha equivalent to 19.31 percent of the total
land area of the barangay. Sitio Cagan covers seven (7) sitios of Brgy. Andap: Tagdalongdong
(Purok 1), Libas (Purok 2), Tubod (Purok 3, Mission (Purok 4), New Buhangin (Purok 5),
Pongpong (Purok 6), and Palaypay (Purok 7).
With the devastation brought on by Typhoon Pablo, classification of lands and their uses
shall expectedly, drastically change.
In a courtesy call to Mayor Lorenzo L. Balbin, Jr. last June 8, 2013, he emphatically said
that the Land Use Plan of New Bataan, so with the Barangays’ Development Plans, are no longer
applicable. Land-use revisions shall have to be done to accommodate realities after Typhoon
Pablo like non-settlement of Centro, Barangay Andap and similar dangerous areas. As shared
by the MPDO office, the envisioned built-up area is 205 ha. Mayor Balbin said that buying-up
land for resettlement is a problem due to lack of funds. Nonetheless, efforts on meeting the
resettlement problem, in talks with national and international agencies, are ongoing.
Contrary to an earlier suggestion floated around by some to relocate the Poblacion, the
LGU is for retaining its present location. It sees to setting-up structural mitigating measures to
protect the area, coupled with reforestation and agro-forestry like planting of rubber trees.
a. Mansaka-Mandaya Ancestral Domain
In coming-up with the Ancestral Domain Management Zones, the environmental policies
and traditional land uses were both considered. These are - Agriculture, Agroforestry,
Sustainable Use, Protection Forest, Production Forest, Shifting Cultivation and Tourism
Development.
Of the 60,460.608 ha ancestral territory of the Mandaya-Mansaka tribe, only 18% can be
used for agriculture while 23% with 18-25% slope can be utilized for agroforestry. The alienable
and disposal land are in the flatlands while the forested areas are seen to accommodate the
traditional uses of the tribes.
The Land Use Plan presented to the SB of New Bataan, particularly within the A & D
areas, raised some questions. In SB Resolution No. 75, Series of 2006, adoption of land use
plan was deferred but the projects identified in the ADSDPP were approved.
3. Caragan Valley

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a. Mandaya Ancestral Domain
The management zones agreed on by the tribe was the result of an extensive consultation
process and land analysis to ensure that all physical and socio-economic features were
considered to avoid conflicting uses. These are the following: Multiple Use Zone, Sustainable
Use Zone, Protection Zone, Cultural Zone (Sacred Ground), Traditional Use Zone, Community
Mining Zone, Riparian Zone and Recreational Zone.
It is noted that zoning of the ancestral domain follow closely the categories under the
National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) or Republic Act 7586 ratified in 1991.
Pending in Congress is House Bill No. 262, An Act Declaring The Portion Of The Mount Tagub-
Kampalili Ranges Within Maragusan, Compostela Valley Province As Protected Landscape
Under the NIPAS, whose approval is said to be stalled due to budget constraints.
The total land area is 15,428.2413 ha and the biggest land allocation is 4813.6818 ha for
Strict Protection Areas; followed by Sustainable Use Zone (3037.5738 ha). Community Mining is
assigned 221.4635 ha.
b. Karagan Valley Settlement Development Project (SDP)
In the Karagan Valley SDP, the major land uses is reflected on Table 38 below:
Table 38. Major Land Uses

LAND USE
Barangay Alienable & Disposable Forest Creeks and
Built-Up Agriculture Production Protection Rivers Total
Langgawisan 29.00 4,700.62 2,001.73 5,190.43 420.55 12,342.33
Bahi 11.00 2,809.42 1.413.28 3,129.90 347.00 7,710.60
Andap (Kagan)
10.25 1,107.03 402.00 589.60 21.00 2,219.88
TOTAL 50.248 8,707.07 3,817.01 8,909.93 788.55 22,272.81
Source: Barangay Development Plan
It is noted in the SDP, as shown in the above Table, that land devoted to agricultural
production exceeded the 4,464 hectare-settlement. The additional areas are part of the CADT’s
A/D land estimated to be over 3,000 ha that could be used for the expansion of its built-up area
and other purposes.

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The settlement is under Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) and is on collective
ownership for now till the lands are made into parcels for individual beneficiaries, part of the Plan
to assure the tenure status of the landholders. This is also in anticipation of any investment
partnership/tie-up with the private sector, if any, inside the settlement area. It should be noted
that the settlement area is part of the ancestral domain.
B. Tenurial Arrangements and Land Ownership
1. Maragusan
Among the forest tenurial instruments are the Certificate of Stewardship Contract (CSC)
with Integrated Social Forestry (ISF) and Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) as
management programs and, the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT).
a. Certificate of Stewardship Contract
• Integrated Social Forestry. ISF contract is issued by the DENR to forest occupants for
their use for 25 years and renewable for another 25 years.
Records of the Municipal Assessor’s Office as of October 2012, show a total of 790
beneficiaries only of the ISF program covering 11 barangays, namely: Bagong Silang (25),
Cambagang (19), Katipunan (82), Magcagong (52), Mapawa (11), New Manay (71), New Panay
(55), Tandik (13), Paloc (156), Tupas (181) and, include Pamintaran (125). The area of coverage
is placed at 7,772.59 ha.
• CBFM was awarded to the Pamintaran Forest Development Cooperative. However, the
gold rush that happened in Brgy Pamintaran obliterated the CBFM and ISF projects as
most beneficiaries/contract holders shifted to mining activities. Conduct of field
investigation is necessary to verify the status of the land and the CSC holder in order to
update records and collect the fees accruing to its use, Presently, mining fees are being
collected with shares for the municipal goverment, the barangay and LIMPONG NG
MANGKATADONG, the tribal federation, as Pamintaran is part of its AD.
b. Certificate of Ancestral Domain (CADT). The forestland of the whole municipality is

covered by two CADTs issued to the Mansaka and Mandaya Tribes of Maragusan.
c. Titled Properties. Records show 3,103 titled properties in the municipality.
d. Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA)
The implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) saw to the
total land distribution of 5,809 ha to 2,883 farmer-beneficiaries. The lowland barangays covered
by CLOA are barangays Poblacion, Tupas, Coronobe, New Albay, Lahi and Talian. The total
coverage of CARP is 5,964 ha, leaving 155 ha still for distribution to identified barangays. The
upland barangays, Langgawisan and Bahi, was issued a CLOA in 1994-1995; Barangay
Tagdalongdong, under the political jurisdiction of New Bataan, was included in said CLOA.
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2. New Bataan
The alienable and disposal lands are in the flatlands in barangays Andap, Cabinuangan,
San Roque, Camanlangan, Sitio Cagan and Pagsabangan. In Brgy. Andap, there are four (4)
existing tenurial instruments, namely: Torrens Title (11.55%), Certificate of Ancestral Domain
Title (CADT) is 85.13%, CLOA is 1.48% while Stewardship Contract Certificate (CSC) is 1.48
percent as shown in Table 39.
Table 39. Titled Lands in New Bataan
Land Title Type Area (in ha) Percentage

Torrens Title 1,330.7949 11.53
Certificate of Ancestral Domain (CADT) 9,824.1800 85.13
Certificate of Stewardship Contract (CSC) 214.4057 1.86
CLOA 171.3595 1.48
Total 11,540.7300 100.00
Source: PRA Survey January 24, 2011
7. Institutional and Management Arrangements
A. LGU Maragusan
Maragusan is a first class municipality in Compostela Valley Province, Region XI,

Mindanao with.a land area of 54,745.00 ha It is composed of 24 barangays, namely: Maragusan
(Poblacion), Bagong Silang, Mapawa, New Albay, Tupas, Paloc, Parasanon, Pamintaran, Talian,
Langgawisan, Coronobe, Tigbao, New Panay, Magcagong, Mauswagon, Bahi, Cambagang, New
Manay, Katipunan, Lahi, Tandik, Mabugnao, Mahayahay and New Katipunan.
Based on the 2012 actual survey, Maragusan has a total population of 57,415 composed
of 12,465 households with Poblacion as the most populated barangay with 13,318 and 3,108
households.1 In its State of Local Development, Electronic Report (e-SLDR) PY 2012, however,
population is placed at 55,503.
The Municipality of Maragusan was created in November 25, 1977 and renamed San
Mariano. In October 12, 1988 with the passage of RA 6678, the municipality reclaimed its identity
and reverted to its old name, Maragusan.
After an installation of an appointed mayor in 1978, the municipality experienced two

distinct leadership – that of the Yanongs; followed by the present mayor, the Hon. Cesar C. Colina,
Sr. Some notable events showed how the municipality evolved through the years and how the
leadership responded to opportunities and challenges as it pursue its perceived development and
priorities.
Known for its coffee and cacao production, this was replaced by bananas with the entry
of Stanfilco Dole-Philippines in the late 1990’s. It has enlivened the town’s commerce and the
2000 years saw to the establishment of communication and enterprise facilities, a collaborative
effort of the local government, the private sector and civil society.

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The present leadership saw to a boom of construction of service facilities like roads and
bridges, drainage and flood control projects, new public market, cemetery, transport terminal and
food court. Corporate management marked the current leadership in its delivery of basic and
support services like infrastructures, financial and revenue-raising schemes and local
administration, among others.
The Honorable Cesar C. Colina, Sr. was an Awardee in the 2012 CSC Pagasa Award held
in a ceremony at the Malacanang Palace on September 9, 2012.
1. Governance
a. Organizational Structure and Personnel
The organizational structure of the Municipality of Maragusan is no different from other

municipalities with regard to having the nine (9) mandatory offices - Secretary to the Sanggunian,
Municipal Treasurer, Municipal Assessor, Municipal Accountant, Municipal Budget Officer,
Municipal Planning and Development Office, Municipal Engineer, Municipal Health Officer and
Municipal Civil Registrar. What would distinguish one from the others would be its choice of
optional offices to meet the priority needs of its constituent in terms of delivery of services with
due consideration of its financial capacity to do so. The incumbent Municipal Mayor of Maragusan
is Hon. Mayor Cesar Colina as shown in Figure 36.
Figure 36. Courtesy Call of PCEEM to Maragusan Mayor, Hon. Cesar Colina
The optional offices that have been filled up are the Municipal Agriculturist, Municipal
Environment and Natural Resources Officer, Municipal Social Welfare and Development Officer,
General Services Officer, and Municipal Economic Enterprise Development Office Manager. A

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designate-Officer acts as the Municipal Administrator and an assigned personnel for the Municipal
Information Office; the Office of the Legal Officer remains vacant.
Stationed in the municipality are the following six (6) offices: Commission on Elections (2),
Department of Interior and Local Government (1), Department of Agrarian Reform (3), Bureau of
Internal Revenue (1), Bureau of Fire Protection (3) and, the Philippine National Police.
The Sangguniang Bayan as the legal policy making body of the municipality, is the
repository of all development plans, programs and projects and budgets which go through reviews
and approval. Extensive public hearings are conducted by various legislative committees before
passage of ordinances and resolutions.
As of June 2013, the LGU has a total workforce of three hundred seventy four (374) of
which 119 are regular employees, two (2) are co-terminus, 13 are elective, two (2) are casuals
and the biggest is 238 employees on job order-basis.
The inability to secure permanent employment status had caused the loss of some
employees who had the skills, attitude and potentials to more than meet the work requirements
of the administration. Aside from financial limitations, the LGU has to adhere to the 45% Personnel
Services Limitation policy for 1st to 3rd Class municipalities per Article 420 of the IRR of RA 7160.
Hence, the LGU resorts to hiring on job order-basis to render a most efficient and effective delivery
of functions and services.
Despite these limitations, the LGU has put into motion what it possibly can under its Career
Development Plan as approved by the Civil Service Commission on May 20, 2011. Part of
building and enhancing the performance capacity of its employees are educational scholarships,
trainings and other professional activities.
Limited manpower skills and financial resources call on the local bureaucracy to be
creative in fund sourcing. One clear strategy is to strengthen its revenue generation that includes
public economic enterprise activities. The vehicle was the Municipal Economic Enterprise and
Development Office (MEEDO) which was created on February 13, 2004 by the Sangguniang
Bayan through Municipal Ordinance No. 2004-01. Under this office are the income-generating
operations of the Municipal Public Market, Slaughterhouse, Cemetery and Terminal along with
other facilities like the Motorpool, Maragusan Livelihood and Enterprise Development (MLEDC)
and Maragusan Agro-Enterprise Trading Center (MAETC).
Participation in governance is highlighted by the existence of special bodies in

developmental planning and active collaboration with the private sector and civil society,
particularly in implementation of programs and projects.
There are 17 special bodies, foremost, the Municipal Development Council (MDC)
composed of members from various sectors. It personifies the bottom-up approach of
governance, showing democratic processes at its best. Other councils respond to various needs
and concerns of constituents like health, children/youth affairs, disaster management, solid waste
management, education, peace and order, mining, and many others.
Numerous plans have been formulated that guide the administration, among which are
the Comprehensive Land Use Plan/Comprehensive Development Plan (First Edition), Municipal
Tourism Master Plan, Comprehensive Shelter Plan, Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan,
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Strategic Gender Development Plan, Forest Land Use Plan, Environment Code, and Revenue
Generation and Management Plan.
The municipality had been one of the pilot sites of a national project, “Governance in
Philippine Agenda 21,” which puts emphais on collaborative partnerships among the three (3)
actors on sustainable development – Government, Business and Civil Society. True to its
objectives, the municipality showcases such collaborations in various programs and projects, to
include infrastructures.
One of the more active participants in the private sector is DOLE Philippines. The
accredited organizations are the Kasilak Development Foundation, Inc., Maragusan Waterworks
and Sanitation Cooperative, Agri-Aqua Development Coalition-Mindanao, Maragusan
Government Employees and Official Cooperative and the Maragusan Valley Development
Cooperative. Other organizations that responded to earlier calls for development assistance,
particularly by the indigenous groups, were the Mindanao Environment Forum (MEF),
Paglilingkod Batas Pangkapatiran Foundation (PBPF) and TRICOM.
b. Management Systems
Any institution to achieve stability and efficiency in its operations has to be guided by
standard systems and procedures in management established by the national government.
However, creative planning also comes into play. These are in areas like handling information,
assessment of proposals and monitoring of projects, consultation and feedbacking, and
performance which all call for Transparency.
Reporting to the people takes the form of regular broadcast through DXLM, an LGU
operated radio station; and print media, a quarterly LGU newsletter. The Local Chief Executive
(LCE) gives live reports on monthly accomplishments by various offices.
Consultations and eliciting feedbacks is part and parcel of municipal operations. This is
done through weekly meetings by the Mayor with all department heads and officers of NGAs,
monthly meeting with all employees, weekly submission of departments’ accomplishments while
communities’ feedback is solicited by the Community Affairs Development Section.
A Municipal Project Monitoring Committee (MPMC) is in place although impact

assessments are not fully realized due to capability limitations of staff. Monitoring includes the
compliance by companies issued with an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) in
coordination with the Environment Management Bureau (EMB) of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR). The conduct of an exit conference after field monitoring by an
implementing office is a standard procedure.
Project proponents in the municipality are required to secure a development permit as

stipulated in Municipal Ordinance No. 2004-04. In an inquiry with the MENRO with regard to the
application of national laws, like approval of a mining application, he explained that if a projected
development shall be found to be unsuitable or not within the development parameters, the LGUs’
authority to deny a development permit is its means of control over the kind of development in the
municipality.

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c. Protective Services
In 2007, Maragusan had 30 police officers and 10 fire personnel/attendants. To date,

there’s no update taken or recent information data on number of police and fire personnel. Crime
incidents in 2007 total to 58 with the highest number, 17, for murder/frustrated murder; 10 for
Violation of Municipal Ordinance No. 25 and, the rest from 0 to 4 for other crimes.
d. Local Fiscal Administration
The success of any program, project or any endeavor for that matter, would greatly depend
on how efficiently and creatively resources were generated, mobilized and used or simply,
Financial Accountability. This falls under fiscal administration, the lifeblood of any institution.
A municipality gets its local income from Real Property Tax (RPT), Business Tax,
Miscellaneous and Other Tax and, Economic Enterprise Operations. The Internal Revenue
Allotment (IRA) is its main regular external support and additionally, grants and loans.
Following Appropriation Ordinance No. 4, the Table below was the Annual General Fund
Budget, CY 2012 as shown in Table 40.
Table 40. Local Development Fund: General Summary, General Fund Proper
Particulars Personal Maintenance Capital Total

Services and Other Outlay
Operating
Expenses
A. General Services 0.00 1,090,000.00 550,000.00 1,640,000.00
B. Social Services*
C. Economic Services 0.00 1,494,458.40 20,000.00 1,514,458.40
TOTAL 0.00 20,561,074.40 794,000.00 21,355,074.40

Source: Municipal Budget Office, 2012
* No Subtotal, Page Missing
The figures above show that out of PhP 21,355,074.40, the highest budget went to
Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses MOOE) at PhP 20,561,074.40; with Capital Outlay
at PhP 794,000 as shown in Table 41.
Table 41. 20% Development Fund – General Summary
Personal Maintenance Capital Outlay Total

Services and Other

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Operating
Expenses
A.General Services 0.00 6,135,172.92 2,500,000.00 8,635,172.92
B. Social Services 0.00 524,000.00 2,141,000.00 2,665,000.00
C. Economic Services 0.00 2,426,615.88 4,230,000.00 6,656,615.88
TOTAL 0.00 9,085,788.80 8,871,000.00 17,956,788.80
The General Services got the highest budget at PhP 8,635.00 with a capital outlay for the
construction of a Multi-Purpose Hall and the rest, was assigned to maintenance of heavy
equipment and debt servicing. The Economic Services budget covers many operating expenses
as well as construction and/or improvement of income-generating structures and facilities. For
the Social Services, the biggest allocation went to educational support.
The grand total is PhP 17,956,788.89 with 9,085,788.80 for MOOE and 8,871,000.00 for
Capital Outlay.
Figures show that the LGUs operation is still highly dependent on the allocation from the
national government, IRA at PhP 89,783,944.00. Tax revenues at 9,904,000.00, Non-tax
revenues, 22,330,000.00 and with the IRA, the receipts total are PhP 122,017,944.00. With
current operations at PhP 111,000,944.00 only and total expenditures at PhP 122,017,944.00,
there’s no unappropriated balance.
For CY 2013, the LGU has allocated Six Million, Fifty Five Thousand Nine Hundred
Eighteen Pesos and Fifty Six Centavos (PhP 6,055,918.56) for Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (DRRM) representing the total 5% DRRM fund. This budget follows the mandated
allocation (RA 10121) of 70% for programs /projects/activities while the Quick Response fund
(30%) goes to aid, relief and rehabilitation services, among others, (Maragusan DRRM Plan, p.
13) as illustrated below:
70% Pre-Disaster Fund PhP 4,239,143.56
a. Preparedness Php 2,239,143.56

b. Mitigation 2,000,000.00
30% Quick Response Fund PhP 1,816,775.00
The disaster and climate change program are on Mitigation, Preparedness, Response,
and Rehabilitation.
Mitigation takes on two forms- structural and non-structural. Given first priority is the
installation of gabions to stabilize Tarago and Tipnasan creeks, followed by repair of drainages
and other lifelines damaged by flashfloods or landslides. Slated also for implementation is the
construction of the MDRRM Office and Disaster Operation Center Building. Non-structural is
seen more in the strict implementation of ordinances and policies to avoid hazards.
The recent geohazard mapping by the MGB can be considered as the ultimate in
Preparedness as hazard information can go a long way in the education-information-campaigns
to everybody in the form of disaster drills, trainings and seminars. A big part of the budget is also

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allocated for acquisition of equipment. This includes getting additional early warning devices like
rain gauges and establishing water level stations to continue an earlier funded project. Other
identified needs are fuel, food, shelter, and medicines, to name some.
Response in the event of emergencies and disasters is mobilizing the Incident Command
System which is in placed with the involvement of various sectors and volunteers.
Rehabilitation of damaged structures, houses, roads and bridges is a primary activity to

restore economic activities and assist devastated communities to attain some normalcy in their
daily life.
2. Risk Profile
The biggest challenge for the LGU is how to maintain a viable environment while it seeks
to harness its God-given resources like the mineral ores, rich soil, high biodiversity, timber; and
enjoy its cool climate and nature’s attributes like springs, waterfalls, and woodlands.
Development may become a “two-edged sword” as with exploitation of resources also

carry the germ of environmental instability, to say the least. This is so because as the municipality
is ’so resources-rich, so is it risk-full.’
As previously discussed, the risks present in Maragusan are flooding, landslides, active
fault lines and volcano, and possible recurrence of disease outbreaks and fires. Related risk-
concerns are aerial spraying of pesticides in banana plantations, and mineral processing,
activities that poison the air, water and land resources.
Armed conflict is one of the risks and treated here separately from the others that are
directly land-related, to include forest fires, or to manner of use of resources as in disease
outbreak.
In the ‘70s and ‘80s at the height of insurgency, Maragusan was code “red” and by holding
peace talks then, the municipality, eventually, became peaceful. However, the entry of year 2000
saw to the resurgence of insurgency. It is reported that 15 of the 24 barangays are influenced
areas; some of which were subjected to armed conflict: Caragan Valley (in 2000); Mahayahay (in
May 2010 & April 2011); New Manay (January 2011); Parasanon (November 2010, April, May
and June 2011); and Paloc (April 2011).7
3. Maragusan Policy Framework
LGU Maragusan has passed Municipal Ordinance No. 2010-05 called the Maragusan
Environment Code. Aside from the provision (Article II, Section 16) of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution on improving the quality of the environment, it also took off from the provisions of the
Local Government Code (LGC), RA No. 7160 on shared responsibilities by the local and national
government to do so. As such, the LGC empowers the enactment of an ordinance like an
environment code.
The Code covers Forest Resources, Mineral Resources, Water Resources, Ecotourism,
Solid Waste Management, Air and Noise Pollution Management, Environmental Impact
Assessment, Land Use and Disaster Risk Management, Land Use Planning, Disaster Risk
Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. The key office to see to the implementation of the

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Code is the MENRO, in close coordination with DENR and other relevant agencies. The Final
Provisions cover the Organization (i.e. MENRO) and Penalties and Miscellaneous Provisions.
A Municipal Zoning Ordinance had been enacted complementing the Municipal

Comprehensive Land Use Plan. In accordance to RA No. 10121, The Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction Management System, the LGU has already come-up with its 2013 Municipal Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Plan with a budget allocation.
Implemented some years back is The Solid Waste Management Act, RA 9003 and as of
the 4th Quarter of 2012, The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance was being
hammered out by the Sangguniang Bayan.
With regard to establishing communal forests as provided in Section 17 (b) (ii), RA 7160,
seven (7) barangays have already done so as reported in CLUP 2008-2018. As for RA 7586,
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), the proclamation of Mt, Campalili-Mt Tagub
as a protected area is still pending in Congress.
Among other national laws that had been implemented and still ongoing are the Agrarian
laws, RA 7942, The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 and its implementing rules and regulations
(IRR), RA 7076, the People’s Small Scale Mining Act of 1991 and its IRR. The same goes for RA
8371, The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, particularly on securing the Free and Prior
Informed Concept (FPIC).
Overarching all these laws and policies is Philippine Agenda 21 on Sustainable

Development which formed the base of all the documents.
B. Municipality of New Bataan
New Bataan, a second class municipality within Compostela Province in Region XI,
Mindanao, was created in June 18, 1968, by virtue of RA 4756. It is composed of 16 barangays
– Andap, Bantacan, Batinao, Cabinuangan, Camanlangan, Cogonon, Fatima, Kahayag,
Katipunan, Magangit, Magsaysay, Manurigao, Pagsabangan, Panag, San Roque and,
Tandawan.
The 2012 estimated population of New Bataan is 46,679 with Andap and Cabinuangan,
the two hardest hit barangays by Typhoon Pablo, listed at 6,403 and 9,947 respectively. In its
State of Local Development, Electronic Report (e-SLDR) PY 2012, however, population is placed
at 48,520 with a land area of 55,315.00 ha.
New Bataan was once a serene and isolated valley called Cabinuangan which now refers
to the Poblacion. It was then occupied by the indigenous peoples under a tribal leader, Leon
Magdagasang who, together with other elders, were known as the Mangkatadong, a council
where disputes were settled.
Leadership shifted with the entry of many migrant-settlers. In 1965, Mr. Bienvenido T.
Tejano, Sr. was appointed as mayor. The first elected mayor was the Hon. Leonardo A. Española
Sr. (1968- 1975) followed by Hon. Benito O. Legaspi (1975-1986).

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After the EDSA Revolution, New Bataan had three (3) succeeding appointed mayors: the
late Margarito M. Cualing (1986-1987), Edgardo G. Española (1987-1988) and, Rolando D.
Sabulao (March – June 1988).
On the other hand, the elected mayors were - Johnny T. Balajadia (1988-1997), Margarito
T. Rafol (1998- June 2001), and the late Margarito M. Cualing, (2001-August 2006). Then Vice-
Mayor, Lorenzo L. Balbin, became mayor for the unfinished term; winning in succeeding
mayoralty elections till the present, election 2013.
1. Governance
a. Organizational Structure and Personnel
The nine (9) mandatory offices are filled-up: Secretary to the Sanggunian, Municipal
Treasurer, Municipal Assessor, Municipal Accountant, Municipal Budget Officer, Municipal
Planning and Development Office, Municipal Engineer, Municipal Health Officer and Municipal
Civil Registrar.
Based on the 2010 records, only five (5) of the eight (8) optional offices are functioning -
the Municipal Agriculturist, an OIC Social Welfare Officer, a Local Economic Enterprise Manager,
a Municipal Administrator-designate (Municipal Assessor) and a General Services Officer. The
unfilled positions are the Municipal Legal Officer, Environment and Natural Resources Officer
and, Municipal Information Officer.
To bring services to the locality are the Municipal Local Government Operation Officer
(MLGOO), Philippine National Police, Philippine Army, Commission on Elections, the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, and the District Coordinating Principal, Department of Education.
The Table 42 below shows that there are only 133 employees; notably, no one was hired
on job order basis. Another are the vacant positions of the MENRO and the Municipal Information
Officer whose functions are important for proper environmental management.
Table 42. Quick Count of LGU Personnel in New Bataan
Number of Personnel as of December 31, 2010

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Level/Classification of Male Female Total

Positions
A. Plantilla
Existing 116
Filled 67 42 109
A. Eligibility
Professional 22 24 46
Non- 13 15 28
Professional/Technical
No Eligibility 17 3 20
B. Career Position
By Level
First Level 34 26 60
Second Level 18 16 34
By Status
Permanent 52 42 94
C. Non-Career
Position
Coterminus 1 0 1
Casual 12 13 25
Elective 12 1 13
Total 77 56 133
b. Protective Services
New Bataan for 2010 has 31 police personnel assisted by 160 Barangay Tanods and a
military force of one (1) battalion. There are two (2) police vehicles and two (2) fire trucks.
For 2011, the following are the data as shown in Table 43 on crime incidents:
Table 43. Number of Persons Who Are Victims of Crimes
Type Total Male Female % Total % Male % Female

Murder 10 6 4 0 0 0
Theft 99 56 43 0.2 0.3 0.2
Rape 7 6 1 0 0 0
Physical Injury 9 8 1 0 0 0
Women and Child
Trafficking 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 9 6 3 0 0 0
Total 134 82 52 0.2 0.3 0.2
The total number of persons was 132 with 99 of them victimized by Theft; followed by
Murder (10 persons), 9 by Physical Injury, and also 9 individuals for other crimes. A surprising
incident was Rape of Male with 6 victims and only one (1) for Female. Examination of other data
showed that one (1) male victim of rape fall under the “0-8 years old” category and five (5), “19
years old and above.”
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c. Local Fiscal Administration
In its Statement of Income, the total revenue is PhP 100,761,350.17 with Local Revenue
only at 8,384,141.60, and IRA supplying the bulk of the amount for the LGU operations at PhP
92,377,208.57.
C. Indigenous Governance
Aside from working closely with the local government units (LGUs), the tribes upheld the
traditional governance through their Council of Elders, the Mangkatadong. The landmark passing
of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) paved the way for the tribes’ acquisition of a
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT), the formulation of their 5-Year Ancestral Domain
Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) and, a seat for the Indigenous Peoples
in the Sangguniang Bayan. Recognizing their right to self-determination, the LGUs also created
the Ancestral Domain Management Office (ADMO).
New Bataan was the first to open the IP seat in the SB in 2006, represented by the Hon.
Daniel Pangantupan; the newly elected IP representative in an election last June 12, 2013 is
Kagawad Jonah Edlay. For Maragusan, the first representative is Datu Bernardo Limikid who
was elected by the IP community last February 2013.
A common management structure of all the tribes is the Council of Elders or

Mangkatadong. In barangays Bahi and Langgawisan of Maragusan, the Council of Elders shall
oversee the implementation and management of the ADSDPP of which LABATA, an association
of the Council, shall serve as the legal personality of the Mandaya tribe in Caragan Valley. On
the other hand, Limpong ng Mangkatadong, a federation of barangay tribal councils in
Maragusan, sees to the Mansakas’ own ADSDPP implementation through its Community Rules
and Regulation.
New Bataan, however, has a more complex structure. Due to a very large domain (80%
of the total land area of New Bataan), it divided the areas into five (5) management units or
clusters. The division followed traditional territories established and administered then by their
forefathers.
The clustering was done in order to have an easier and more focused management. An
example is Sitio Cagan, a sitio of Brgy. Andap which together with Cabinuangan comprise Cluster
3. Sitio Cagan, on the other hand, became Cluster 4 so as to be more attuned to the needs of
those living in this isolated and upland barangay in Caragan Valley. While each cluster has its
own rules and policies for self-governance, it was agreed that those common to all clusters shall
be adopted as the initial general policies to be undertaken and implemented in the entire domain.
These cover ancestral domain management, environmental protection, utilization of natural
resources, and disposition of lands. While the Mansakas and Mandayas of Maragusan have their
own implementing organizations, the tribal federation in New Bataan has a Coordinating Council,
a “middle management body,” which coordinates closely with the Council of Elders of each cluster
who composed the governing body.

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Governing Relationships
How two structures express its governance over the same area can raise some questions
and/or create confusion. This might have been the case in New Bataan when the Sangguniang
Bayan of New Bataan in 2006 decided to defer approval of the land use plan within the alienable
and disposable (A&D) areas covered by the ancestral domain and opted, instead, to approve only
for inclusion the identified projects therein to the comprehensive development plan of the
municipality.
Noted in the Mandaya-Mansaka ADSDPP was the observation that leadership seemed to
have shifted to barangay officials rather than the Matikadongs (elders). In fact, customary laws
and practices are hardly visible in their daily lives. Many members had been inactive as generally,
the organizations were not able to sustain their activities on their own. However, IP-directed
projects and programs still go through the process of presentation, discussion and decision-
making by the Council of Elders through the Coordinating Council with the secretariat support of
the ADMO.
In Barangays Bahi and Langgawisan of Maragusan, traditional (Tribal Council) and

mainstream governance (Barangay Council) co-exists. This is so because you can find tribal
leaders who are also Barangay Officials. Expectedly, the laws and policies of government cannot
be shelved but there’s always the effort to consult the Council of Elders in making decisions as
well as in harmonizing policies.
In cases, say Lupong Tagapayapa, a decision or agreement has been made, there’s no
deterrent to application of traditional laws if the Council so desires. To ensure self-governance,
it is emphaized that “there must be a clear policy and delineation of tasks between traditional and
contemporary leaders of the tribe.”
Aside from program/project management, a key responsibility is the administration of

justice or resolving conflicts by the Council of Leaders among the indigenous clusters in New
Bataan. The same role is also seen in the Mansaka and Mandaya tribes of Maragusan.
On Policy Framework, there is no information available for New Bataan on specific policies
and ordinances. Among the national laws, it is clear that the agrarian laws are in operation as it
has lands under Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), IPRA, Forestry laws, and
mining laws as lands have both large- scale and small-scale operations.
8. Problems, Issues and Concerns
Maragusan
1. Contested Areas
Barangays Araibo, Lanipao, Las Arenas and Tag-ugpo lie at the southern portion of
Maragusan and under the political jurisdiction of the municipality of Pantukan, Compostela
Province.

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On the creation of Maragusan as a municipality, the surrounding municipalities

of Mabini, Maco and Pantukan of then Davao del Norte through respective resolutions, donated
portions of their municipalities’ land area to comprise Maragusan Valley. Later however, they
tried to get back their old areas which resulted to an exchange of resolutions between and among
the concerned Sangguniang Bayans. Barangay New Leyte and part of Barangay Tandik had
been resolved in favor of the municipality of Maco while the land conflict with the municipality of
Pantukan still remains.
2. Mineral Reservation and Processing Zone in Bahi, Caragan Valley
• In the CLUP, 2,927 ha is allocated for small scale mining of which 2,199.927 ha are found
in Brgy Bahi which is declared as a Mineral Reservation area. However, in the ADSDPP,
only one percent (1%) or 221.4635 ha of its total area is allocated for community mining;
• Bahi is one (1) of eight barangays designated as Mineral Processing Zone under the land
use plan of the municipality; the ADSDPP only allows ore extraction in the mining area
and prohibits any ore processing activity within the mining zone.
• IPRA law allows community mining within AD land with the use of indigenous way of ore
extraction like panning, a cultural activity done mostly by the Igorot tribe. What is proposed
for Bahi and other designated mining areas is small scale mining with the use of tunneling.
• Location of mining zone is bounded by a Strict Protection Zone and rivers and creeks.
3. Layers of management regimes in Caragan Valley.
Caragan Valley contains the resettlement area for the IPs whose settlement is also a
CLOA area and within the Mandaya ancestral domain. Brgy. Bahi hass been identified as a
mineral processing zone, aside from being a mineral reservation, and like the rest or most of the
land within Caragan Valley, is proposed to be a NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Area
System) area.
On account of management conflicts emanating from these various instruments, the

MENRO expressed a view also shared by others, that it may be best that the NIPAS declaration
will not push through.
9. DISCUSSIONS and CHALLENGES

1. Land Use
The greatest challenge to New Bataan is recovering from the destruction brought on
by Typhoon Pablo. Myriad of problems faced the LGU. There’s a shift from classifiying
institutional to residential areas, and resettlement is not only for housing and but also of built-up
areas. On board is a 5,748.43 sq. m land for resettlement of those displaced by Typhoon Pablo
with assistance from the National Housing Authority (NHA) and the Red Cross. Land use planning
has to look closely into the safeness of the sites from natural hazards and man-made ones like
logging and mining. Structural mitigation (e.g. dikes) is seriously being considered as well as
reforestation of denuded forestlands and protection of watersheds.

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2. Mining
The minerals-rich land of Maragusan and New Bataan are attracting many investors and
the latter, in fact, are host to several mining operations. That it can bolster local economy is
indisputable; the question is more on how prepared, knowledgeable and competent are the local
governments in terms of monitoring and ensuring that the welfare of communities and the
protection of the environment are not sacrificed in the process. It’s a balancing act for the plans
on tourism, biodiversity preservation, agricultural settlements, and further acculturation of
indigenous communities.
Mining has always been a hot issue and also attracts all kinds of ills, one, which is a
disturbed peace and order. Philippine rebels have owned up to daring raids on two mining firms
and a milling plant, including attacks on government soldiers in the Southern Region of Mindanao.
Rigoberto Sanchez, a spokesman for the New Peoples’ Army-Merardo Arce Command, said the
June 8, 2012 attacks were coordinated- that on the Canadian-owned Philco Mining in
Camanlangan, New Bataan and Pamintaran, Maragusan where Milagrosa-Oz Minerals is
operating. Based on police reports, the rebels opposed the destructive large-scale mining
operations in the hinterlands of Compostela Valley that resulted in landslides and other calamities
in recent years.
3. Biogeographical Equity and Community-Based Resource Management
Considering that Maragusan is an upland municipality with the highest elevation this side
of the province and harboring the headwater of Agusan River and its tributaries, it is critical that
its watersheds and rivers are protected and the quality of its waters maintained for the health and
safety of low-lying barangays and, all the way downstream like Butuan City reached by the
Agusan River.
Imperative is to Integrate disaster risk reduction in land use planning and ensure
vulnerable areas and critical ecosystems shall not be subject to settlements and critical projects
like mining in upland areas. This is in consonance with the principle of sustainable development
on Biogeographical Equity and Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM).
Biogeographical equity and CBRM ensure that communities that shall be affected by
development decisions, positive or negative, of an ecosystem of a bio-geographic region (e.g. Mt
Kampalili-Mt Puting Bato, Agusan River), should be involved in decisions and management of
said resources. An agenda for consideration could be the set-up of an inter-municipalities’
planning body to oversee management of shared- critical ecosystems.
10. Recommendations
A. Specific
• Conduct of dialogues of the parties concerned – Maragusan municipal government,

LABATA / Council of Mangkatadong, and Barangay government of Bahi, to harmonize policies
on issues on mineral reservation and processing and other related issues.

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• Mitigating measures suggested by the MGB for the protection, safety and rehabilitation of
New Bataan:
1. Construction of a dike before and after the junction of Kalyawan Creek and Mayo
River;
2. River channel should also be desilted and widened to prevent clogging and
constriction of river courses;
3. A dike should also be constructed to prevent floodwaters of Maa River. The dike
should be constructed at the bend before it flows to the northwest direction.
Over-all recommendations for New Bataan by the MGB:
1. Strict implementation of land use plan;

2. Buffer Zone or easement of five (5) meters on both sides of the river bank;
3. All development at the headwaters should be subjected to detailed environmental
impact study with respect to the hazards of flooding and landslides;
4. Rain gauges should be installed at the upper watershed;
5. A warning system should be set-up;
6. Monitoring of landslide prone areas regarding the development of tension cracks and
other landslide manifestations;
7. Immediate relocation of So. Liboton, Brgy Andap (It should be noted that a relocation
site was identified at So. Pagsilaan which is located 3 kms north of So. Liboton);
8. Detailed geohazard mapping and assessment of the municipality of New Bataan to
delineate the areas on its susceptibility to landslide and flooding;
9. Conduct EIC (education-information-communication) campaigns;
10. Construction of dikes.
B. General
1. Integrate disaster risk reduction in land use planning and ensure vulnerable areas and
critical ecosystems shall not be subject to settlements and critical projects.
2. Integration of renewable energy to DRRM program. Install a solar facility in every local
government unit in preparation for a power breakdown caused by a disaster. The
presence of a solar panel can become one of the physical indicators that describe a
climate- and disaster-resilient community.
3. Develop a Community Resiliency against Disasters and Climate Change. Formulation

of Barangay Risk Reduction Management Plan (BRRMP) and Barangay Local Action
Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (BLAP-CCA) for every barangay in Maragusan
and New Bataan, particularly, in Brgys. Langgawisan, Bahi and Andap.
4. Capacity Building on Environmental Awareness & Enforcement. Many tribes in

mineral and forest resources-rich territories like the Mandayas of Compostela Valley
have been subjected to spurious ways employed by big investors backed up by some
tribal leaders. The most common trick is being made to sign attendance sheets for
some gatherings that are later passed off as their signatures for their FPIC, very
important document big companies have to acquire from tribes so that mining, logging,
and large agricultural projects can operate inside ancestral domains.

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5. Mobilization of Forest Warrior. This will protect the environment; enforce environment
laws, including the Chainsaw Law, and those that cut trees without permits. Forest
resources still abound in the mountains of the barangays which should be preserved
for the benefit of all, especially, as this harbor the headwaters feeding a substantial
portion of Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental.
6. Updating of the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan

(ADSDPP) of the Mandaya-Mansaka tribes and to include a conservation program for
Mt. Candalaga- Kampalili-Mt Puting Bato.
7. Review of FPIC Guidelines. There is a need to review the FPIC process guidelines
that was part of the directives issued by the Office of the President for implementing
and operationalizing EO 79.
8. Support the initiative in preparing the groundwork/ physical infrastructure for the
creation of an Eco-Tourism corridor : Mawab-Maragusan-New Bataan-Compostela-
Montevista-Monkayo- Nabunturan
9. Declaration of Mt. Candalaga- Kampalili-Mt Puting Bato as an Indigenous Community

Conservation Area (ICCA) in the IP Ancestral Domain so that legally, no logging and
mining can ever happen.
10. Development of a Comprehensive Reforestation Program anchored on the National

Greening Program (NGP) spearheaded by the DENR. This will include the
establishment of tree nurseries in Caragan Valley, and conduct of regular tree planting
activities, especially, in landslide prone areas using indigenous tree species and fruit
trees.
11. Promote the protection, conservation and rehabilitation of watersheds. Support the
national irrigation systems to guarantee a continuing supply of water for agricultural
production and to increase the productivity of farmers to sustain food sufficiency; and
secure funding for this initiative.

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References
A.M.F. Lagmay, J. Alconis and B. Salvio, “What hit Barangay Andap, New Bataan, Compostela
Valley (Initial Assessment),”__ December 2012,
http://www.nigs.upd.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:what-hit-
barangay-andap-new-bataan-compostela-valley-initial-assessment & catid=1:latest-news
(December 2012).
Barangay Development & Security Plan, CY 2011-2015, Barangay Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley
Consolidated Area Assessment Operation Pablo Report,New Bataan 2013
Contingency Plan-June 23, 2009, Maragusan, Compostela Valley
Core Indicators Municipal Level, Electronic Report. Sent by MPDO, New Bataan, February 2012
Final Business Plan- Cabinuangan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association, Inc.
(CARUWASA), New Bataan
Five Year Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP), Mandaya
Tribe of Bahi and Langgawisan, Maragusan, Compostela Valley
Flood Damages Assessment Report CY 2013, New Bataan, Compostela Valley
Karagan Valley Settlement Development Plan (Municipalities of New Bataan and Maragusan-
Barangays Andap-Cagan, Bahi & Langgawisan), DAR PPMO, Compostela Valley Province 2010
Land Use-Based Barangay Development Plan, CY 2006-2010, Barangay Langgawisan,

Maragusan, Compostela Valley
LGPMS e-SLDR State of Local Development, Electronic Report, Municipality of Maragusan,

Compostela Valley, CY 2009 & 2011

Page 115
LGPMS e-SLDR State of Local Development, Electronic Report, Municipality of New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, PY 2011
Mandaya-ADSDPP, Maragusan
Mansaka-Mandaya ADSDPP, New Bataan 2012
MAWASCO General Manager Presentation on the Maragusan Experience and Its Future
Programs and Project at Millenium Gloucester Hotel , London , England ( UK)
July 2008
Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan (MCLUP) 2009-2018
Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2009-2018, Volume 1-MCLUP & Volume 2-Maragusan,
Compostela Valley
Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (MDRRM)
Municipal Socio-Economic Profile of New Bataan 2010
SB Res. No. 75, Series of 2006, “Resolution Adopting and Recommending to Incorporate the
Program and Projects of the Mandaya-Mansaka Tribe in the Municipality of New Bataan,
Compostela as Embodied in the Proposed Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Plan
(ADSDPP) as an Integral Part Thereof in the Municipal Comprehensive Development Plan of the
Municipality,”
Sunstar-Davao Forest Warriors -Stella A. Estremera Saturday, February 25, 2012
Literature Cited
Aloy, A.B., J.C. Ibañez and M.R. Silvosa. 2007. Local scale bird assemblages in relation to habitat
type and disturbance levels in a tropical montane forest (Mt.Talomo, Mt. Apo Ranges, Mindanao
Island, Philippines). In Proceedings: 16th Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines. April
16- 18. Davao City.
Ates-Camino, F.B., E.P. Leaño, and R.E. Relox. 2011. Herpetofaunal endemism and Diversity in
Tropical Forests of Mt. Hamiguitan in the Philippines. Herpetological Conservation and Biology.
6(1): 107-113.
Caro, R.B. and O.M. Nuñeza. 2008. Distribution of avifauna in Mt. Sambilikan, Diwata Range,
Agusan del Sur, Philippines. p. 21. In Proceedings: 17th Annual Biodiversity Symposium. Wildlife
Conservation Society of The Philippines. April 14 -17, 2008. Visayas State University, Leyte.
Delima, E.M.M., F.B. Ates and J.C. Ibañez. 2006. Species Composition and Microhabitats of
Frogs within Arakan Valley Conservation Area, Cotabato, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Banwa.
. 3(1&2):16-30
IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on
29 June 2013.

Page 116
KENNEDY, R.S., P.C. GONZALES, E.C. DICKINSON, H.C. MIRANDA, JR., and T. H. FISHER.
2000. A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, New York.
Nuñeza, O.M., F.B. Ates, A.A. Alicante, M.R. Calizo-Enguito, A.G. Toledo-Bruno, Y.I. Labajo and
S.M. Dejarme. 2006. Vertebrate Faunal Diversity and Relevant Interrelationships of Critical
Resources in Mt. Malindang. The Mt. Malindang Experience. Society, Environment and
Development. Compendium of Papers Presented in Scientific Conferences by the Biodiversity
Research Programme (BRP) Researchers and Collaborators. Southeast Asian Regional Center
for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) Biodiversity Research Programme
(BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs. pp. 37-65.
Nuñeza, O.M., F.B. Ates,and A.A. Alicante. 2010. Distribution of endemic and threatened
herpetofauna in Mt. Malindang, Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversity and Conservation. 19(2):503-
518.
Philippine Eagle Foundation, Conservation International-Philippines, Department of Environment

and Natural Resources. 2008. Eastern Mindanao Biodiversity Corridor Conservation Framework.
Davao City, Philippines. 95 pp.

Page 117
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
The following are the results of the MGB Geohazard mapping on barangays Bahi,
Langgawisan and Coronobe, Maragusan.
For Landslide Susceptibility, barangays Bahi and Langgawisan rated “Moderate.” These
general recommendations apply, whether the rating is Moderate or High, namely:
• Monitor for presence of mass movements (e.g. landslides, tension cracks) and report to
the MGB/municipal authorities.
• Observe for further saturated ground or seeps and sunken or displaced road surfaces and
report to the MGB/municipal authorities.
• Evacuation of residents during prolonged heavy rains should be done by LGU.
For those rating “High” (debris accumulation zone) in barangay Coronobe, particularly
those located at footslopes of alluvial fans, Puroks Bonifacio & Orchid;, and Purok Orchids
that’s on direct path of debris coming from the adjacent mountain range, are the following
site-specific recommendations:
• Relocate settlements located at footslopes of alluvial fans.

• Develop early warning system (e.g. signages).
• Avoid construction of house along edge of slopes.
For Flooding Susceptibility, barangay Bahi rated “High” (i.e. Mandaupan River, Purok
Mandaupan) and, “Very High” for Purok Balite. For barangay Langgawisan, Puroks Basak
and Maapdo rated “High” while Purok Sentro is assessed as “Moderate.”
For Purok Balite dissected by Bahi River, and Purok Basak along the floodplains of
Caragan River, “areas along the banks . . . should be declared as danger zone prohibited for
residential settlements” (p. 35 & 40). This recommendation goes as well for Purok Sentro and
Purok Maapdo.

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The general recommendations ranged from observing physical signs to planning and
acting on disaster threats like the following:
• Observe water levels and increased turbidity.

• Monitor rapid murky coloration of river water accompanied by increase of water level.
• Restrict settlements at the banks of the creeks and rivers.
• Relocate residents to safer areas.
• Early warning system and evaluation protocol must be critically planned for the
community.
• Develop an early warning device/system during typhoon and rainy season.
• Conduct flood hazard drills and train local residents for rescue operations.
• Stock relief goods & medicine for emergency use.
• Establish a well studied and safer evacuation site in case of severe flooding.
• Adaptation to sheet flooding such as structural designs in houses (e.g. elevated houses)
should be carefully studied by LGUs.
Appendix 2
Table 11. Birds found in Mt Kampalili-Puting Bato
Geographic
Scientific Name English Name Habitat Threat Status
Distribution
Aethopyga Lina's Sunbird Montane and mossy forests above Mindanao Near Threatened
linaraborae 1,000 masl endemic
Ficedula basilanica Little slaty lowland and montane forest below 1,00 Mindanao Vulnerable
flycatcher m.a.s.l. Endemic
Orthotomus Black-headed lowland and submontane forests below Mindanao Least concern
nigriceps tailorbird 1,000 m.a.s.l. Endemic
Ptilocichla Streaked ground lowland and submontane forests, Mindanao Least concern
mindanensis babbler second growths below 1,00 m.a.s.l. Endemic
Spizaetus Philippine Hawk- lowland forests and advanced second Philippine Vulnerable
philippensis eagle growth up to 1,900 m.a.s.l. endemic
Actenoides Blue-capped wood- mid-montane and lower mossy forests Mindanao Vulnerable
hombroni kingfisher from 1000 - 2000 m.a.s.l. associated endemic
with streams
Alcedo argentata Silvery kingfisher Banks of forest streams and small Mindanao Faunal Vulnerable
rivers in the lowlands below 1000 Region Endemic
m.a.s.l.
Cacatua Philippine cockatoo Lowland, riverine and mangrove Philippine Critically
haematuropygia forests; forest edges and open fields as Endemic Endangered
well as high in the mountains
Ceyx melanurus Philippine dwarf- Virgin and second growth forest near Philippine Vulnerable
kingfisher the ground endemic
Chloropsis Philippine leafbird Forest and forest edges from lowlands Philippine Vulnerable
flavipennis up to 1500 m.a.s.l. endemic
Coracina mcgregori Mcgregor's cuckoo forests and forest edges above 1,000 Mindanao Near threatened
shrike m.a.s.l. endemic
Dicaeum proprium Whiskered forest and forest edges, and in second Mindanao Near threatened
flowerpecker growth in fruiting and flowering trees endemic
above 900 m.a.s.l.

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Ducula carola Spotted imperial lowland to mossy forest up to 2,500 Philippine Vulnerable
pigeon m.a.s.l. endemic
Erythrura coloria Red-eared near the ground and understory of Mindanao Near threatened
parrotfinch forest and second growth, in cogon endemic
grass at forest edges
Eurylaimus steeri Wattled broadbill lowland and montane forests below Mindanao Vulnerable
1000 m.a.s.l. endemic
Ficedula crypta Cryptic flycatcher mid-mountain forests and secondary Mindanao Least concern
growth forests from 700 - 1500 m.a.s.l. endemic
Gorsachius goisagi Japanese night- along deeply shaded forest trails and Migrant/Resident Endangered
heron streams up to 1200 m.a.s.l.
Hypocryptadius Cinnamon ibon submontane and montane-mossy Mindanao Least concern
cinnamomeus forests above 1000 m.a.s.l. endemic
Hypothymis Celestial monarch lowland and montane forests and forest Philippine Vulnerable
coelestis edges below 1000 m.a.s.l. endemic
Lanius validirostris Mountain shrike clearings in montane forests, open Philippine Near threatened
second growth, forest edges and endemic
scrubs in grasslands above
Source: Haribon IBA 2010

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Appendix 2
Landslide susceptibility parameters used during the assessment by MGB
Landslide
Susceptibility
Low Moderate High Very High
Parameters
Low to moderate Moderate to steep Steep to very Steep to very

A.Slope Gradient
(<180) (180-350) steep (>350) steep (>350)
Intense; Soil
B. Weathering/ Intense; Soil
usually non-
Soil usually non-
Slight to moderate Moderate cohesive
Characteristics cohesive
C.Rock Mass
Very good to good Fair Poor to very poor Poor to very poor
Strength

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Stable with no Soil creep and

Active landslides
identified other indications Inactive
evident tension
landslide scars, for possible landslides
D.Ground cracks, bulges,
either old, recent landslide evident; tension
Stability terracets, seepage
or active occurrence are cracks present
present.
present
E.Human Initiated May be an

Effects aggravating factor
Appendix 3
Flood susceptibility parameters used during the assessment
Very high/Critical flood Areas likely to experience flood heights in excess of 2.0 meters and/or
susceptibility flood duration of more than 3 days. These areas are immediately
flooded during heavy rains of several hours; include landforms of
topographic lows such as active river channels, abandoned river
channels and areas along river banks; also prone to flashfloods.
High flood susceptibility Areas likely to experience flood heights of 1.0 to 2.0 meters and/or
flood duration of more than 3 days. These areas are immediately
flooded during heavy rains of several hours; include landforms of
topographic lows such as active river channels, abandoned river
channels and areas along river banks; also prone to flashfloods.
Moderate flood Areas likely to experience flood heights of 0.5 to 1.0 meters and/or
susceptibility flood duration of 1 to 3 days. These areas are subject to widespread
inundation during prolonged and extensive heavy rainfall or extreme
weather condition. Fluvial terraces, alluvial fans, and in-filled valleys
are areas moderately subjected to flooding.

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Low flood susceptibility Areas likely to experience flood heights of less than 0.5 meter and/or
flood duration of less than 1 day. These areas include low hills and
gentle slopes. They also have sparse to moderate drainage density.
Appendix 4
Geohazard Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility
Landslide Characteristic/
Barangay
Rating Susceptibility Recommendation
Bahi - Carefully monitor the

. Brgy. Hall northwestern area of the
barangay located at the base of
steep slopes.
- Monitor for presence of mass
Moderately sloping terrain
Moderate movements (e.g. landslides,
tension cracks)
- Observe for further saturated
ground or seeps and sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
. Purok Balite Moderately sloping terrain
where purok settlements are . Monitoring and observation same
Moderate
concentrated as above.
Langgawisan Situated along the Caragan

. Monitoring and observation same
. Purok Sentro Valley, a N-S elongated valley
Moderate as above.
parallel to Maragusan Valley

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separated by steep mt. ranges. Active landslides observed, not

Topography is generally within the purok but on the other
moderate to gently sloping side of valley along steep slopes.
terrain.
Coronobe Easternmost portion is
.Purok Bonifacio bounded by steep to very steep
mt. range separating the brgy. . Monitoring and observation same
from Caragan Valley. Several as above.
High (debris triangular facets and alluvial . Relocate settlements located at
accumulation fans, features indicating fault footslopes of alluvial fan;
zone) escarpment/ fault line noted in . Avoid construction of house along
the boulder- area so highly edge of slopes.
susceptible to landslide/debris
flows.
. Purok Orchids Lies on direct path of debris
coming from the adjacent mt.
range, also situated on an
High alluvial fan. -Same as above-
Landslide/debris flow with
debris grain size range from
cobbler to boulder.
General Recommendations:
. Monitoring/Observation results to be reported to the MGB/municipal authorities.
. LGU should evacuate residents when there are prolonged heavy rains.
. Develop early warning system (e.g. signages).
Source: MGB-Central, June 2013
Appendix 5
.Geohazard Assessment of Flooding Susceptibility
Barangay Rating Flooding Characteristic/ Susceptibility Recommendation

Bahi Mandaupan River serves as the boundary for . Observe for rapid increase/decrease
High Bahi and Langgawisan. A young- age deeply in creek/river water levels, possibly
incised river flowing northeast joining the accompanied by increased turbidity.
Caragan River. . Early warning device should be
developed;
Large boulders, cobbles, pebbles and minor No residents will be affected in the area
sand comprised the floodplain and stream bed in case of flood
of the river. This shows that the channel carries
large amount of high energy-waters during
flashflood events.
.Purok High This area is part of the floodplain of Bahi River, Monitor rapid murky coloration of river
Mandaupan thus flooding may occur during typhoon events. water accompanied by increase of
water level.
Purok Balite Very Bahi River is northeast-flowing stream, -Same as above-
High approximately 10 m wide & 5-6 m deep, . Areas along the banks of Bahi River
dissecting Purok Balite. should be declared as danger zone
Areas near the banks of the river are prone to prohibited for residential settlements. If
flashflood occurrences. Large amounts of feasible, relocate residents to safer
waters and sediments are being channelized by areas.
the river.

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Langgawisan Caragan River is a meandering stream that runs -Same as above-

Purok Basak High parallel to the Caragan Valley carrying large
amount of sediments from the surrounding The location of Purok Basak is along
mountains and tributaries. The presence of the floodplain of the northeast-flowing
large-sized fluvial sediments scattered over its Caragan River. Flooding should be
floodplain suggests that the river flow ha high anticipated during prolonged and heavy
energy, thus flash flooding during heavy rainfall rainfall. Flood height at the immediate
may occur near its banks. banks may rise up to 2.0 m.
.Purok Sentro Modera The barangay center of Langgawisan is located Same with general recommendations
te in the edge of the floodplain of the Caragan stated below.
River. Moderate flooding approximately 0.5-10
m high, may occur in the area. Banks of the . Restrict settlements at the banks of the
flashfloods streams perpendicular to the creeks and rivers.
Caragan River should expect flashfloods during
heavy rains.
.Purok High Purok is situated adjacent to the Caragan River. . Early warning system and evaluation
Maapdo Floodwaters during heavy and prolonged protocol must be critically planned for
rainfall may rise more than 1.0 m, affecting both the community.
residential and agricultural areas. . Observe water levels and increased
turbidity.
. Adaptation to sheet flooding such as
structural designs in houses (e.g.
elevated houses) should be carefully
studied by LGUs.
General Recommendations:
. Develop an early warning device/system during typhoon and rainy season.
. Conduct flood hazard drills and train local residents for rescue operations
. Stock relief goods & medicine for emergency use.
. Establish a well studied and safer evacuation site in case of severe flooding.
Source: MGB-Central, June 2013

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Appendix 6
FGD-Socio-Cultural Aspect
Focused Group Discussion

Sky Garden, Poblacion Maragusan
October 19, 2012
10:00 a.m. – 12:20 p.m.
Attendance:
Name Position
Recto Calogmoc Labata BOD
Ricardo Malagdao Auditor
Teresita Ambasan women
Anita Calogmoc Women
Robilio Calogmoc IP Youth
Richard Langgam Sectretary
Federico Magtana Chairman
Nelyn Calogmoc Youth
Jannel Calogmoc Youth
Antonio Talidasan Elder/ Lupon
Key Information about the Tribal Culture:

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• Galas (shifting Agriculture) Reduced incidence of shifting Better technology in fertilizing and pest
agriculture. The farm lots are more control.
permanent now, but they still have Less available farmable lands.
some alternative lots where they Opening farmland is labor intensive and
plant cash crops. costly.
• Panawagtawag rituals Not all farmers still practice this. Many have already adopted new
technology which does away with the
need for rituals.
• Bitas (Clearing of trees and Yes, especially for the Galas which
shrubs) are reopened for cultivation
periodically.
• Panggasanan ritual during Still being widely practiced
planting
• Pagtatalaan ritual in Still being widely practiced
harvest time
• Fallow period of 5 years Not anymore practiced. More permanent farm land utilization.
Better technology in fertility
management.
• 26 indigenous varieties of Only a few varieties remain in use Shift to lowland rice varieties since these
upland rice are higher yielding and can be planted
nearer to the home.
• Pricking of stem with Rattan This is still practiced by some Cheaper alternative to use of agri-
thorn farmers, sometimes in combination chemicals.
with spraying with pesticides to
control pests.
• Bugkos to prevent rat This is still practiced to prevent the Still an effective control measure with
infestation in rice rice plants from falling down and little cost.
being easily eaten by rats.
• Syusuwall to prevent (Not a Mandaya term or practice?)
infestation
• Prick head of worm with This is still being used by some Cheaper alternative pest control method.
bone of Paitan farmers.
• Semona or small sized farm Used for off-season cropping (Dili
intended to support panuig – pangulilang)
development of larger farms.
• Bagnus intercropping of rice This is still being practiced to a
varieties certain extent by those planting
upland rice varieties.
• Tiyanok soaking rice in hot This is still practiced to save rice
water and sun drying to save crops harvested prematurely.
from calamities
• Lapi or mechanical drying of Some farmers still utilize this drying Used especially during rainy season
rice on hot rocks method when the solar dryer cannot be used to
dry freshly harvested rice.
• Ballawang, sallo, balante This is still widely practiced Most practical method since they do not
leaves for ripening fruits have access to “kalburo” for fruit
ripening.
Marriage and Family

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• Buya (agreement for Not practiced anymore The younger generation prefers to
marriage) choose their own mates.
If this is done, the young ones usually go
away to avoid marriage.
• Manggaos is when the boy This is still practiced but to a lesser Practical reasons. The amount or value
gives Manggad to the girl’s extent and value of the manggad is used for starting the new family.
family
• Mangguos sang subay Yes
• Tupa accounts for the right Not anymore widely practiced. There are laws on age requirement for
to marry marriage now.
• Karuwa where a man is Not anymore except those old This is now taboo due to the Christian
married to 2 or more wives families religion that they have adopted.
Health and Medicine
• “bakallag” is a ritual Not being practiced anymore There is already the Health Center and
performed to ward off modern medicines
sickness
• Isaot or ihapoy-hapoy to Not being practiced anymore Replaced by Christian belief and
drive away evil spirits practices (Pray-over?)
• Ipat ritual if the patient is in Sometimes done if there is no
serious pain. alternative available
• Doknay to cure wounds Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective
available.
• Ointment from burned Yes since this is still readily Most easily available cure for snake
leaves of barabadan, available. bites.
kalapi, or oway to heal
snake bites.
• Payaw, sambong, Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective
barabadan and agotay for available.
healing headache
• Dila-dila, lanzones bark to Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective
heal diarrhea available.
• Bark of Langkog tree to Yes since this is still readily Cheaper and still effective
cure fever available.
• Roots of alingatong for Sometimes used, although not Newer and more modern methods
pregnant women being recommended
• Taragumo is tail of the eel Yes still being used Belief that it will cause easy delivery of
tied to pregnant woman’s the baby.
stomach
• Childbirth is assisted by a Now replaced by the Mananabang Better trained and connected to LGU for
Managamon or Midwife birth registration
• Al-lis – bamboo stick to cut Yes if no scissor is available Used as a last recourse in remote areas.
child’s navel.
Conflict Resolution
• employing capital Changed to payment of heavy Laws prohibiting capital punishment,
punishment (dalikop) as penalty especially since the case is not in the
sanctions to heavier crimes regular court.
• Bun’all for minor offenses Still practiced with some Easier to value penalty if in terms of
modifications on the penalty money than items.
• “ballukas”, wherein the Yes
offenders are required to

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give “manggad” or anything

of their possession as
payment to the aggrieved
party
• Pilipiti negotiator for the Yes, some respected elders are still Still effective and prevents escalation of
family of the offender being tapped as negotiators hostility among the families involved
• Pagkadayaw or Peace Yes, still practiced to some extent
offering
• Dipping of hands/ fingers in Not practiced anymore. Replaced by more practical and logical
hot water to determine guilt methods
• Swimming in the water to Not practiced anymore. Replaced by more practical and logical
determine guilt methods
• Nigo to determine guilt Sometimes practiced when doubt is
strong and no evidence can
determine guilt
• Lungan for destroying tribes Yes, still practiced to some extent
landmarks or anything of
cultural value
• Kabubuot is offering gifts in Yes, still practiced to some extent
seeking consent and
permission of the tribe
Land Ownership
• Kanaan-kanaan, angkon- Yes, although this sometimes gives Mutual respect and agreement on land
angkon by clans rise to conflicts use is still used for areas not covered by
(kaliwatan) with territorial titles or not alienable and disposable
boundaries (pagulangan) under the law.
• Pagbaraw-baraw meeting Yes, still being used Usual practice
to resolve land disputes
• Panagtanam is an Yes Usual practice
unsettled issue
• Paghusay by a Bagani Yes, but replaced by formal Combination of cultural practice with the
whose views are well community leaders since the legal methodologies available in
respected Bagani is not anymore available settlement of disputes.
• Limpong ng Yes – tapped as Lupon Integrated into the formal structure of the
Mangkatadong (elders) Tagapamayapa of the Barangay barangay
• Matikadong (leaders) Same as above Same as above
• Kainagadan (Counselors Same as above Same as above
chosen from each Banwa)
• Pandita (religious leader) No more. Replaced by Priests, Adoption of Christian religion by most of
Pastors and Church leaders the people.
• Silagan is one who can No more. Better farming technology and adoption
foretell climatic conditions of Roman Calendar reduced the need for
and seasons foretelling seasons.
• Bagani are warriors to No more. But to a certain extent, all Requirements for being declared a
protect the community males of the tribe are still Bagani Bagani includes killing of at least 12
(willing to defend the tribal interest) people.
Education

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• Paga indo to teach children Yes, to a certain extent done in the The regular school ha replaced the
home. traditional method of teaching children.
• Kudlit and making buko in a Not There are now better instruments to use
rope for counting such as blackboard.
• prayed for “Manaog” to ask Not used anymore Replaced by Christian prayers
blessings and protection
from any disaster
• asked guidance from Not done anymore Replaced by Christian beliefs
“Mansilatan and Dati, father
and son
• pay respect even to bad Not being done anymore. Only few know how. Not being taught to
spirits like the couple young
“Pudaugson and
Malimbong
• Pagsabangan, is the Yes Combined with Christian beliefs and
“Tawagan sang practices
Magbabaya”
• the spirits or diwatas of the (Not a Mandaya term or belief?)
seventh stage of the
Heavens (“sawang-
sawangan”)
• “balyan” or shaman as No more. The function of the Baylan Replaced by Christian beliefs
medium/ spiritual healer was just to perform rituals
• “panawagtawag” or prayer
by preparing “yapugan”,
• “limpas” is performed to Not done anymore Replaced by Christian beliefs and
exorcise bad spirits who practices
possessed human body
• male’s shirt is called “dagum Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and more
nang usog.” readily available.
• trousers is called “pantot” Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and more
readily available.
• women wear cotton blouses Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and more
called “dagum”. readily available.
• skirts are usually made of Not usually used Regular clothes are cheaper and more
dagmay, hand-woven out readily available.
from abaca fabrics
• “balladaw” (steel dagger), Not usually used No need for regular use. Some are still
“kakana” (single bladed available for ceremonial or display
bolo), “likod-likod” (double purposes only.
bladed kakana) and “wasay”
(ax for cutting wood or for
self-defense).
• The “balyug” which is a type Yes, still being used sometimes. No need for regular use. Some are still
of necklace which covers the available for ceremonial or display
breast, purposes only.

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• The “pallatina” is a silver Not used anymore

breastplate worn by women
only.
• nonmetal jewelry include the Yes, still being used sometimes. No need for regular use. Some are still
“suwat” or wooden combs; available for ceremonial or display
the “balikog” or earrings purposes only.
made of balatinaw wood;
laog or earrings made out of
glass beads; the linangaw
or male necklaces
representing his battle with
the crocodile; and the
timusug or bracelet made of
rare vines and rubber
Songs and Dances/ Arts
Traditional song Only a few still remember and There are now some Mandaya artist who
practice. have composed and recorded some
songs in the dialect, but not in the
traditional tune
Traditional dance Only a few still remember and Used for ceremonies or demonstration
practice. only.
Nature and Environment
• “limokon” is a bird of omen Yes, especially for those living in

the remote areas where the
“Limokon” is still found
• Pangayamanan or hunting Yes, but this is not used in the Easier to buy from the market than to
grounds traditional sense hunt for meat
• Pangisdaan or fishing Yes, but to used to a lesser extent Easier to buy from the market than to
grounds fish
Perception and Aspiration:
What is your idea of Development? • Road Karsada

• Clear settlement (housing) area
• No conflicts – clear laws
• Education for all
• Change in People’s attitude
• Livelihood/ employment
What type of development do you think is • Rice, corn, peanut, coffee, abaca farming
possible for your place?w expansion
• Natural resources – tourism (falls, etc.), oway
handicraft. (needs permit from DENR)
• Minerals – BDP, ADSDPP – not specified some
small scale exploration and testing
• Business – trading,
• Farming technology, irrigation, demo farm, inputs

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• Mining for tribal/ personal use

• Mining Claim – Jake mining – 2005
• 9 barangays – 7 Maragusan, 2 Pantukan
• 5 barangays have plantations already
• Langgawisan and Bahi leaders did not sign the
agreement
• Petition against application
• Open to community mining concept
• No processing in the area in ADSDPP – but in
MCLUP, there is processing zone in the area.
• Banana plantation – not agree because we will

not have area to plant our crops anymore.
• Prefer to plant coffee – priority on the grasslands
not on the secondary forest
• Rocky Mountain company started coffee nursery
in the barangay – 1 hectare with 20x30 building
• Rice – NIA proposed irrigation but some people

are doubtful. They will have to pay for the water
when they use it for free at present.
ANNEX 1
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
Annex 1

Page 132
Photo documentation
Meeting with Tribal Leaders in Sitio Tagdalungdong Meeting with Tribal Leaders in Sitio
with FPE, NCIP and representatives from nearby Tagdalungdong with FPE, NCIP and
sitios. representatives from nearby sitios.
Taken Feb. 19, 2013 Taken Feb. 19, 2013
The road going to Barangay Langgawisan of

Residents of Sitio Tagdalungdong ride a backhoe Maragusan is closed due heavy rains and siltation of
to cross the other side of the road. Taken Feb 20, the river. No motorcycle is allowed to pass. Taken
2013 Feb 20, 2013
Annex 2
Water Sampling
SAMPLING POINT # 1
LOCATION : CARAGAN RIVER, BRGY. LANGGAWISAN,

COMPOSTELA VALLEY PROVINCE
GPS : N07O 20’30.5”
E126O 13’47.4”
ELEVATION : 907 MTRS.

Page 133
TEMPERATURE : 21.1OC
TDS : 63.10 mg/L
WIDTH OF RIVER : 12 MTRS.
Page 2 Sampling Point # 1
DEPTH : 0.7 MTRS
CLEAR WATER
- DATE/TIME OF WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION: 9/18/2012

10:00AM
- SUBMISSION FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (DCWD)
9/19/2012 8:00 AM (WITH LAB RESULTS)
- B.O.D. LAB RESULTS WITH ADDU LABORATORY (ATTACHED)
- ON-SITE OBSERVATION / INTERVIEW: RIVER HA STILL FISH (CASSILI)
- LOCAL PARTNER: NONOY MAGANSE, PUROK CHAIRMAN CENTRO
LANGGAWISAN, COMVAL
-WATER SAMPLER: GILBERTO J. MASPIÑAS

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RSEA Report MT - Campalili, Maragusan &MT - Puting Bato New Bataan Comval EnP Rey Navacilla

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RESOURCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC

Fundación para el desarrollo sustentable

Rapid Site Assessment Summary Results

A. Terrestrial Ecosystem: Flora and Fauna in Mt Kampalili – Mt Puting Bato

In Bahi-Langgawisan, 119 hills of plants counted and 85 hills in Andap-Tagdalongdong

Significance of forests to terrestrial vertebrates:

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

New Bataan Waterworks and Sanitation Multi-Purpose Cooperative (NEBAWASCO)

D. Socio-Economic and Cultural Dimensions

A 5-hectare socialized housing at Barangay New Katipunan, Maragusan shall be provided

Water systems provided by NEBAWASCO in New Bataan and Maragusan Waterworks

E. Opportunities and Threats

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

In Pursuance of the RSEA TOR are guided by the following objectives:

4. Identification of opportunities in and threats to the specific project sites; and

5. Identification and analysis of changes in the biophysical, socio-cultural, economic and

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Figure 1. The Project Partners

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

C. RSEA Project Team

As a project, the name ‘PCEEM’ stood for Philippines-Canada Environmental and

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

The RSEA Project Team is composed of the following:

Project Manager/Socio-Econ Expert Corazon Mae Baylon

Figure 2. The RSEA Project Team

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

The RSEA Project Team in Barangay Langgawisan, Maragusan, Compostela Valley

C. Local Resource Partners

Langgawisan-Bahi Tribal Association (LABATA)

D. Technical Resource Partners

Paglilingkod Batas Pangkapatiran Foundation (PBPF)

2 PROFILE OF THE SITES

A. Project Sites in Caragan Valley

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Map 1. Location of the Province of Compostela Valley

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Compostela Valley Province

B. Maragusan, Compostela Valley Province

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Map 2. Location Map of the Project Site

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

C. New Bataan, Compostela Valley Province

Mt Kampalili is located in Barangays Bahi and Langgawisan of Maragusan, with central

Map 3. Terrain Map of Mt. Kampalili

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Figure 3. Project Site-Mount Kampalili

Mt. Kampalili, a view from Barangay Langgawisan

E. Mount Puting Bato (aka. Mt. Magkalingi or Mt. Pandadagsaan)

Map 4. Terrain Map of Mt. Puting Bato.

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Figure 4. Project Site-Mount Puting Bato (Mt. Magkalingi)

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

3 RURAL SITE APPRAISAL RESULTS

A. Objectives, Methodologies, and Approaches

Quadrant Sampling method

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Figure 5. Conduct of Primary Data Gathering (Biophysical Assessment)

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

Resource Socio-Economic Assessment Report-Mt. Kampalili & Mt. Puting Bato

A. Physical and Biological Profile

Representatives of some kinds of plants particularly trees having a diameter at Breast

Results and Findings

HABITAT TREES SUB- % SHRUBS % VINES % GRASSES % OVER