Chemistry Cheat Sheet – Paper 2 – Chapter 6

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Chapter 6 – Rates of Chemical Changes

You need to know the following calculations and concepts:

1. Rates of Reaction – meaning and graphs
2. Rates of Reaction – Factors affecting Rates of Reaction
3. Collision Theory
4. Reversible Reaction
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1. Rates of Reaction

A+BC
How quickly are the reactants changed to the product?
Rate at which the product is produced, mass/time (g/s) or volume/time (volume per second –
cm3/s).

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 Perform an experiment, measure the mass or quantity of the product of a reaction at different
time intervals.

Rates of reaction is the gradient of the graph.

Mass - gram

Time(s) >>

 Yellow reaction: the Rate of reaction is higher – higher gradient

 More mass of the product is produced for the yellow reaction within d same time than the Red
reaction
 The graph flattens when the reaction has stopped. i.e. no more additional mass or volume of the
product is formed. The volume or mass of the product remains constant. i.e. rate of reaction is zero
between time t=2 and time t=3

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2. Collision Theory

 Substances are made of particles

 These particles are in random motion
 The particles of liquid are freer than those of solid, gas is freer than liquid
 The particles collide: the higher the frequency of collision, the higher the energy transfer
 When heated, the particles gain kinetic energy, they move more randomly and faster, and collide
more frequently and the bond energy get broken and reactions happen.

Summary:
 Without collision, there’s no energy transfer
 Collision frequency determines amount of energy transferred
 The higher the collision, the higher the reactions
 Some factors can determine the rate/frequency of collision

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3. Factors affecting rates of reaction

Temperature
Surface Area
Concentration of solution (or pressure of gas)
Presence of catalyst.

 Temperature increases collision because the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Temperature
is directly proportional to the Rate of Reaction. The higher the temperature, the higher the
frequency of collision, the higher the rate of reaction.

 Concentration of solution increases the number of particles hence increases the frequency of
collision. Concentration is directly proportional to the Rate of Reaction. The higher the
concentration, the higher the frequency of collision, the higher rate of reaction.

 Pressure of gas: the higher the pressure (at constant volume), the higher the frequency of collision,
and hence the higher the rate of chemical reaction.

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  Surface area: when the surface area is large, more collision happens. A solid substance has less
surface area compared to liquid, so less collision. Surface Ares is directly proportional to the Rate
of Reaction. The higher the surface, the higher the frequency of collision, the higher rate of reaction.

Grind a solid into powder to increase the rate f reaction.

 Catalyst: Catalysts lowers (reduces) the activation energy needed for the reaction, so reaction
happens faster. The lower the activation energy, the higher the rate of reaction. Activation energy is
indirectly proportional to Rate of reaction.

Rate of reaction can be measure by measuring change on mass, change in volume and color changes.

4. Reversible Reactions:

Read up – Page 72

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