Name: - Divyashree Jadeja

Roll Number: - AU2040261

HCI_Assignment_2
Question 1: Mention your first two choices for selecting the “Interaction Style” for each of
the following products if you want to design the following products. Justify your answers. [8
Marks]

Product 1: To build an operating system that can facilitate users, without any technical
background, for the proper working of the laptop especially for managing the proper
utilization of storage memory; creating, managing, storing, and deleting folders and files and
documents like photos, audio/video files, MS office files, etc.
Direct Manipulation: Direct manipulation enables users to engage directly with the system by
dragging and dropping files and folders, copying, deleting, and pasting items, as well as visually
manipulating icons or buttons. It can be a suitable match for organizing files and folders.
File management becomes more interactive and straightforward with this approach since it gives
the user quick feedback. This method of interaction offers a more familiar experience and is easier
to utilize for non-technical individuals.
Menu selection: using this interaction style user can access a variety of features and operations
within the system only. Through a series of menus, the access and fulfillment of activities are
made simpler for non-technical individuals in order to discover what they need. Given that it
provides a variety of options and actions arranged in a systematic hierarchy, menu selection can
be an appropriate interaction style for nontechnical users to carry out tasks while lowering the
possibility of mistakes. Additionally, menus can make it simple to access frequently used tools
like formatting, inserting, and pasting. Also, to make the menu more visual we may add some
icons.
Direct Manipulation and Menu Selection, can offer a more intuitive way than the other interaction
styles such as Form fill-in, command language, and natural language which are less intuitive for
non-technical users. Form fill-in interaction style may not be the most suitable for managing files
as it primarily involves entering information into fields or forms. While this style can be useful for
data entry, it may not provide the best interface for visualizing or manipulating files and folders
on a computer. Similarly, the command language typically involves users typing instructions to
 carry out operations which can be challenging for users without technical expertise. More logical
and user-friendly methods can be offered by direct manipulation and menu selection styles.

Product 2: To build a mobile application for e-commerce purposes.

Form Fill-In: Form fill-in can be useful for inputting data, such as shipping and billing
information, but it may not be the most suitable style for an e-commerce mobile application. This
style typically involves entering information into fields or forms, which may not be ideal for
browsing or shopping for products on a mobile device.
Menu selection: Menu selection can also be a good fit for e-commerce mobile applications. It
provides users with a structured hierarchy of options. Menu selection can make it simpler for
consumers to browse the app and discover the things they're searching for. This design might be
helpful for functions like product searching, results filtering, and account management. Menus can
make it simple to access frequently used settings and functions, which can increase user
productivity.
The goal here is to create a simple and easy-to-use interface that encourages users to make use of
mobile applications. Menu selection allows users to quickly navigate and find what they are
looking for. Users may simply provide the details needed for purchases, such as shipping and
billing addresses, payment information, and other personal information, by filling out forms.
Overall, the combination of menu selection and form, filling provides a user-friendly and efficient
way for users to browse products, make purchases, and input personal information in e-commerce
mobile applications.

Question 2: Study the video on Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development at the following
link. The purpose is to develop a deeper understanding of the development of children in
their early years. This learning can be helpful for a better understanding of “Universal
Usability”. [16 Marks]
Video Link on YouTube: https://youtu.be/IhcgYgx7aAA

Age Range Name of the stage Description of this Stage

0-2 Sensori-Motor Stage A child develops five senses through movement and
experiences. Children develop simple reflexes to
intentional actions and become aware of objects beyond
their own bodies. A key milestone in this stage is the
realization of object permanence. This stage leads to
increased physical mobility and cognitive development,
 but we remain egocentric, perceiving the world only from
our own point of view.
2-7 Preoperational Stage Children at this stage use symbols, such as words and
gestures, to represent objects and ideas but struggle with
applying specific cognitive operations. They have vivid
imaginations, believe objects are alive and enjoy playing
pretend. Their thinking is egocentric. They may have
difficulty understanding that others may see the world
differently. They also struggle with the concept of
conservation, which is the understanding that an object's
properties remain the same even when its appearance
changes.
7-12 Concrete Operational Stage The development of concrete cognitive operations, such
as inductive reasoning and the understanding of
conservation takes place in this stage. Children learn to
use logic, classify objects, and build mental structures.
They become more aware of their own thoughts and
feelings and begin to develop the ability to understand
others' perspectives. This stage is the foundation for more
complex thinking in later stages. They also start to realize
how special their thoughts and emotions are.
12 + Formal Operational Stage In this stage, the child can think more rationally about
abstract concepts and hypothetical events. They can
understand abstract concepts and have a deeper
understanding of their own identity and morality. They
can do deductive reasoning, plan their lives
systematically, prioritize, and make assumptions about
events that have no necessary relation to reality. They can
also philosophize and reflect on their own thinking.
However, egocentric thoughts may also arise, and some
individuals may develop an imaginary audience watching
them all the time. This stage is believed to be the final
stage of cognitive development according to Piaget.

Question 3: Study the following Case- study video on “Designing UI for International
Children’s Digital Library”. [10 Marks]
(3.1) Why “Search Feature Page” designed by adults was not the appropriate design for
children?
The “Search Feature Page” designed by adults was not the appropriate design for children due to
its complex structure and lack of visual appeal. did not consider how children think about and
search for books. The adult-designed search feature assumed everything based on an adult’s
thinking. The design was centered on the requirements of adults, some components that were
significant to adults might not have been understandable to children, making the page challenging
for them to use.
(3.2) Mention any two points on how the “Search Feature Page” designed after working with
children was different.
The search function for kids was more graphically focused, mirroring how kids recall and look for
books. For instance, in addition to the more conventional search choices like title and author, it
enabled children to search by book cover color, book-length, and character kind (such as kid
characters, genuine animal characters, or fantasy characters).
The children's search feature was also more intuitive and user-friendly for kids, compared to the
adult-designed search feature making it easy for children to find what they are looking for.

(3.3) What are three “Take Away” points of the speaker?

• A good designer works to understand the issues from the user's point of view.
• It is important to include end users in the design process to make sure the finished product
satisfies their demands and is user-friendliness.
• Users may have a different way of conceptualizing problems, especially when users are
different from you.

(3.4) What is your personal learning regarding understanding the user and involving the
user in HCI design?
Users may have a different way of conceptualizing problems, especially when users are different
from you. Understanding the user and involving them in the design process is important because
it can lead to an effective, efficient, and user-friendly interface. A good designer works to
understand the issues from the user's point of view. When a design is built while taking into
consideration the user’s needs and problems that users face, it takes care of requirements. This can
help users are to accomplish their tasks efficiently.

(3.5) Which two pieces of feedback would you give if the design team of AURIS approaches
you and asks for your feedback on the design of the “Home Page” of AURIS?
visual appeal: It is important to enhance the website’s visual appeal by including symbols various
functions, and icons, and utilizing a color scheme that is appealing to the target age group.
The usefulness of a website is significantly influenced by its aesthetics. The homepage should be
attractive as you only have a little window of time to capture a visitor's interest. The search section
should have a structure that makes it simpler for students to discover the information they need
quickly, and use clear titles and visually distinct sections.
Simplifying Layout: It is less visually oriented. The design of the layout must be unique and
obvious. A user must be able to quickly and efficiently access the information from the layout.
rather than including too much extraneous information Functions that students commonly use
should be included, and they should be prioritized by being listed prominently at the top of the
page. For example, when a student uses AURIS, the "Quick Links" section should be organized
so that the links that are frequently used by the majority of people are prioritized.