Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS isthepsychologyofourlanguageasitinteractswiththe
human mind. It considers both the production and
comprehension of language (Gernsbacher & Kaschak,
2003a, 2003b; Wheeldon, Meyer, & Smith, 2003).
PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE
2. Arbitrarily Symbolic anguage creates an arbitrary relationship between a
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symbol and what it represents: an idea, a thing, a
process, a relationship, or a description.
3. Regularly Structured anguage has a structure; only particularly patterned
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- rinciple of
P arrangements of symbols have meaning, and different
Conventionality arrangements yield different meanings.
- Principle of Contrast
4. S
tructured at Multiple hee structure of language can be analyzed at more
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Levels than one level (e.g., in sounds, meaning units, words,
- ounds
S and phrases).
- Words
- Sentences
- Larger Units of
Language (e.g,
paragraph)
5. P
roductivity ithinthelimitsofalinguisticstructure,languageusers
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(Generativity) can produce novel utterances. The possibilities for
creating new utterances are virtually limitless.
Phoneme Isthesmallestunitofspeechsoundthatcanbeusedto
distinguish one utterance from another.
CORNELL NOTES - CHAPTER 9
HONEMICS:thestudyoftheparticularphonemesofa
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language.
Lexicon istheentiresetofmorphemesinagivenlanguageorin
(vocabulary) a given person’s linguistic repertoire.
Sentences yntaxreferstothewayweputwordstogethertoform
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sentences. Itplaysamajorroleinourunderstandingof
Parts: language.
- oun Phrase
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- Verb Phrase A sentence at least has two parts:
- Noun phrase,whichcontainsatleastonenoun
(like “man”) and includes all the relevant
descriptors of the noun (like “big” or“fast”).
- Verbphrase(predicate),whichcontainsatleast
one verb and whatever the verb acts on (like
“runs”), if anything.
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
Coarticulation
ne or more phonemes begin while other phonemes
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still are being produced
Categorical Perception
discontinuous categories of speech sounds
nderstanding Meaning:
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Semantics the study of meaning in a language.
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● enotation - the strict dictionary definition of a word.
● Connotation - isaword’semotionalovertonespresuppositions,
and other nonexplicit meanings.
Understanding Sentences
Syntax nequallyimportantpartofthepsychologyoflanguage
a
is the analysis of linguistics structure. Not only words
convey meaning; the structure of sentences does as
well.
Grammar Is the study of language in terms of noticing regular
patterns.
Two kinds:
- rescriptive Grammar
P rescriptive Grammar: is the study of language in
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- Descriptive Grammar terms of noticing regular patterns.
Syntactical Priming is the facilitation of processing that occurs when a
sentence has the same syntactic form as a preceding
CORNELL NOTES - CHAPTER 9
entence.Syntacticprimingoccursreliablyinstudiesof
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language production.
READING
It is a complex process that involves, at minimum, perception, language, memory, thinking, and
intelligence.
.Comprehension Processes
2
➔ used to make sense of the text as a whole
Fixations It is the point where your eyes take a rest during the
reading process.
2.Whole-Word Approach
➔
Teaches children to recognize whole words, without
the analysis of the sounds that make up the word.
CORNELL NOTES - CHAPTER 9
3.Whole-Language Approach
➔
Argues that words are pieces of sentences and
reading should therefore be taught in connection with
entire sentences.
Impaired Processes:
honological awareness = awareness of the sound
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structure of spoken language
Phonological reading= reading words in isolation
Phonological coding = remembering strings of
phonemes that are sometimes confusing
Lexical access = ability to retrieve phonemes from
long-term memory
.Acquired Dyslexia
2
It is typically caused by traumatic brain damage.
omprehending Known
C emantic encoding - the process by which we
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Words: Retrieving Word translate sensoryinformation(i.e.,thewrittenwordswe
Meaning from Memory see) into a meaningful representation.
Lexical access - we identify words based on letter
combinations
omprehending Unknown
C arger vocabulary contributes to textcomprehensionis
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Words: Deriving Word through learning from context.
Meanings from Context
EARCH FOR MEANING
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1. dictionaries or teachers
2. formulate meaning
CORNELL NOTES - CHAPTER 9
omprehending Ideas:
C hat factors influence our comprehension of what
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Propositional Representations we read?
Walter Kintsch has developed a model of text
comprehension based on his observations:
According to the model, as we read, we try to hold as
much information as possible in working memory to
understand what we read. We do not try, however, to
store the exact words we read in working memory.
Rather, we try to extract the fundamental ideas from
groups of words. We then store those fundamental
ideas in a simplifed representational form in working
memory.
Representational form for these fundamental ideas is
the proposition.
EXAMPLE: “Penguins are birds, and penguins can fly”
contains twopropositions.Youcanverifyindependently
whether penguins are birds and whether penguins can
fly.Ingeneral,propositionsasserteitheranaction(e.g.,
flying)orarelationship(e.g.,membershipofpenguinsin
the category of birds).