LOGIC

1) In what sense logic is a science and an art?

ANS: Logic is considered a science because it involves the
systematic study of principles governing valid inference and
reasoning. It follows a set of rules and methodologies to analyze
and evaluate arguments, making it a disciplined and structured
field of study.
On the other hand, logic is also regarded as an art because its
application requires creativity and skill in constructing persuasive
and coherent arguments. The effective use of logic often involves
an element of intuition, strategic thinking, and the ability to
communicate ideas persuasively. In this sense, mastering logic is
not just about understanding rules but also about developing the art
of constructing and presenting compelling arguments.

2) Illustrate with examples the traditional classification of

proposition.
ANS: Logic is considered a science because it involves the
systematic study of principles governing valid inference and
reasoning. It follows a set of rules and methodologies to analyze
and evaluate arguments, making it a disciplined and structured
field of study. On the other hand, logic is also regarded as an art
because its application requires creativity and skill in constructing
persuasive and coherent arguments. The effective use of logic often
involves an element of intuition, strategic thinking, and the ability
to communicate ideas persuasively. In this sense, mastering logic is
not just about understanding rules but also about developing the art
of constructing and presenting compelling arguments.
Traditional logicians have divided propositions into singular and
general. Singular propositions have a single individual as a subject.
This means, in a singular proposition, the subject is a singular
individual thing and predicate is a class of individuals.
General propositions have a group of individuals as a subject. This
means, in a General proposition, we have a group of individuals as
a subject as well as a group of individuals as a predicate.
The general propositions are of two types, universal and general.
When the general proposition says something about the entire
group indicated in the subject, it is known as a universal
proposition.
When the general proposition says something about a part of the
group indicated in the subject, it is known as a particular
proposition.
Both singular and general propositions are either affirmative or
negative. When we are told that the subject has the quality
indicated in the predicate, the proposition is said to be affirmative.
When we are told that the subject does not have the quality
indicated in the predicate, the proposition is said to be negative.
In case of affirmative propositions, in singular proposition, the
quality indicated in the group stated in the predicate is applicable to
the individual indicated in the subject, while in general proposition,
it either is applicable to the entire group indicated by the subject, as
in universal propositions, or to a part of the group indicated by the
subject, as in particular propositions.
In case of negative propositions, in singular proposition, the quality
indicated in the group stated in the predicate is not applicable to the
individual indicated in the subject, while in general proposition, it
is either not applicable to the entire group indicated by the subject,
as in universal propositions, or not applicable to a part of the group
indicated by the subject, as in particular propositions.
According to this, the general propositions are classified into four
categories.
These are:
A = Universal affirmative
E = Universal negative
I = Particular affirmative
O = Particular negative
3) What is proposition?
ANS: Proposition is a statement which is either true or false.
4) Define Analogy.
ANS: Analogy is argument from partial resemblance to further
resemblance.
5) Who is founder of logic?
ANS: Aristotle is founder of logic.
6)
7) Define Inference, Give Example.
ANS: Inference is the process of deriving conclusion on base of
premises.
Example: “This wall is white.”