Ns Xii Differential Eqn

Class XII Chapter 9 – Differential Equations Maths
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Book Name: NCERT Solutions
EXERCISE- 9.1
Question 1:
d4y
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation 4
 sin  y '''   0
dx
Solution 1:
d4y
4
 sin  y '''   0
dx
 y ''''  sin  y '''   0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y '''' . Therefore, its order is
four.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree
is not defined.
Question 2:
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation y ' 5 y  0
Solution 2:
The given differential equation is:
y ' 5 y  0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y ' . Therefore, its order is one.
It is a polynomial equation in y ' . The highest power raised to y ' is 1. Hence, its degree is one.
Question 3:
4
 ds  d 2s
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation    3s 2  0
 dt  dt
Solution 3:
4
 ds  d 2s
   3s 0
 dt  dt 2
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d 2s
The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is . Therefore, its
dt 2
order is two.
d 2s ds d 2s
It is a polynomial equation in and . The power raised to is 1.
dt 2 dt dt 2
Hence, its degree is one.
Question 4:
2
 d2y   dy 
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation  2   cos    0
 dx   dx 
Solution 4:
2
 d2y   dy 
 2   cos    0
 dx   dx 
d2y
dx 2
order is 2.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree
is not defined.
Question 5:
d2y
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation  cos3x  sin 3x
dx 2
Solution 5:
d2y
 cos3x  sin 3x
dx 2
d2y
 2  cos3x  sin 3x  0
dx
d2y
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Therefore, its order is
dx 2
two.
d2y d2y
It is a polynomial equation 2 in and the power raised to 2 is 1.
dx dx

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Question 6:
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation
 y '''   y ''    y '   y 5  0
2 3 4
Solution 6:
y  y  y 
''' 2 '' 3 ' 4
 y5  0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y ''' . Therefore, its order is
three.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in y ''' , y '' , and y ' .
The highest power raised to y ''' is 2. Hence, its degree is 2.
Question 7:
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation y '''  2 y ''  y '  0
Solution 7:
y '''  2 y ''  y '  0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y ''' . Therefore, its order is
three.
It is a polynomial equation in y ''' , y '' , and y ' . The highest power raised to y ''' is 1. Hence, its
degree is 1.
Question 8:
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation y '  y  e '
Solution 8:
y'  y  e '
 y'  y  e '  0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y ' . Therefore, its order is one.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in y ' and the highest power raised to
y ' is one. Hence, its degree is one.

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Question 9:
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation y ''   y '  2 y  0
2
Solution 9:
y ''   y '  2 y  0
2
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y '' . Therefore, its order is
two.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in y '' and y ' and the highest power
raised to y '' is one.
Question 10:
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation y ''  2 y ' sin y  0
Solution 10:
y ''  2 y ' sin y  0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y '' . Therefore, its order is
two.
This is a polynomial equation in y '' and y ' and the highest power raised y '' to is one.
Question 11:
The degree of the differential equation
3
 d 2 y   dy 
2
 dy 
 2      sin    1  0 is
 dx   dx   dx 
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) not defined
Solution 11:
3
 d 2 y   dy 
2
 dy 
 2      sin    1  0
 dx   dx   dx 
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Therefore, its
degree is not defined.
Hence, the correct answer is D.

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Question 12:
The order of the differential equation
d2y dy
2 x2 2
 3  y  0 is
dx dx
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) not defined
Solution 12:
d2y dy
2 x2 2
3  y  0
dx dx
d2y
dx 2
order is two.
Hence, the correct answer is A.
EXERCISE- 9.2
Question 1:
y  ex  1 : y ''  y '  0
Solution 1:
y  ex  1
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get:
  e  1
dy d x
dx dx
 y '  ex ... 1
Now, differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:
 y '   e x 
d d
dx dx
 y e
n x
Substituting the values of y ' and y '' in the given differential equation, we get the L.H.S.
as:
y ''  y '  e x  0  RHS
Thus, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

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Question 2:
y  x2  2x  C : y'-2x-2=0
Solution 2:
y  x2  2x  C
y'=  x 2  2 x  C 
d
dx
 y'=2x+2
Substituting the value of in the given differential equation, we get:
L.H.S. = y'-2x-2=2x+2-2x-2=0 = R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.
Question 3:
y  cos x  C : y'+sinx=0
Solution 3:
y  cos x  C
d
y'=  cos x  C 
dx
 y'=sinx
L.H.S. = y'+sinx=-sinx+sinx=0 = R.H.S.
Question 4:
xy
y  1  x2 : y'=
1+x 2
Solution 4:
y  1  x2
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:

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y'=
d
dx
 1  x2 
y' 
1
.
d
1  x2 
2 1 x 2 dx
2
y' 
2 1  x2
x
y' 
1  x2
x
 y'  1  x2
1 x 2
x
 y' .y
1  x2
xy
 y'
1  x2
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Question 5:
y  Ax : xy '  y  x  0
Solution 5:
y  Ax
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get:
d
y '   Ax 
dx
 y'  A
L.H.S. = xy '  x.A=Ax  y =R.H.S.
Question 6:
y  x sin x : xy '  y  x x 2  y 2  x  0 and x  y or x   y 
Solution 6:
y  x sin x

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d
y '   x sin x 
dx
d d
 y '  sin x.  x  .  sin x 
dx dx
 y '  sin x  x cos x
L.H.S.=xy '  x sin x  x cos x 
 x sin x  x 2 cos x
 y  x 2 . 1  sin 2 x
2
 y
 yx 2
1  
x
 y  x y2  x2
= R.H.S
Question 7:
y2
xy  log y +C : y'=  xy  1
1  xy
Solution 7:
xy  log y +C
d d
 xy    log y 
dx dx
d dy 1 dy
 y.  x   x. 
dx dx y dx
1
 y  xy '  y '
y
 y  xy y '  y '
2
  xy 1 y'   y 2
y2
 y' 
1  xy
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

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Question 8:
y  cos y  x :  y sin y  cos y  x  y '  y
Solution 8:
y  cos y  x …(1)
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:
dy d d
  cos y    x 
dx dx dx
 y ' sin y. y '  1
 y ' 1  sin y   1
1
 y' 
1  sin y
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we get:
L.H.S.=  y sin y  cos y  x  y '
1
  y sin y  cos y  y  cos y  
1  sin y
1
 y 1  sin y  .
1  sin y
y
 R.H.S.
Question 9:
x  y  tan 1 y : y 2 y ' y 2  1  0
Solution 9:
x  y  tan 1 y
 x  y    tan 1 y 
d d
dx dx
 1 
 1 y '   2 
y'
1  y 
 1 
 y'  1  1
1  y
2


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1  1  y 2  
 y'  1
 1  y
2

  y2 
 y' 2
1
1  y 
 1  y 2 
 y' 
y2
  1  y 2  
L.H.S.=y y ' y  1  y 
2 2
2
2
  y2 1
 y 
 1  y 2  y 2  1
0
 R.H.S
Question 10:
dy
y  a 2  x 2 x    a.a  : x y  0  y  0
dx
Solution 10:
y  a2  x2
dy d

dx dx

a2  x2 
.  a2  x2 
dy 1 d
 
dx 2 a 2  x 2 dx
1
  2 x 
2 a2  x2
x

a2  x2
dy
dx
dy x
L.H.S.=x  y  x  a2  x2 
dx a2  x2

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 xx
0
 R.H.S.
Question 11:
The numbers of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation of fourth
order are:
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Solution 11:
We know that the number of constants in the general solution of a differential equation of order
n is equal to its order.
Therefore, the number of constants in the general equation of fourth order differential equation
is four.
Question 12:
The numbers of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of third
order are:
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
Solution 12:
In a particular solution of a differential equation, there are no arbitrary constants.

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EXERCISE- 9.3
Question 1:
x y
 1
a b
Solution 1:
x y
 1
a b
Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x, we get:
1 1 dy
 0
a b dx
1 1
  y' 0
a b
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get:
1
0  y ''  0
b
1
 y ''  0
b
 y ''  0
Hence, the required differential equation of the given curve is y ''  0 .
Question 2:
y 2  a  b2  x 2 
Solution 2:
y 2  a  b2  x 2 
dy
2y  a  2 x 
dx
 2 yy '  2ax
 yy '  ax …(1)
y '. y ' yy ''  a
  y '  yy ''  a
2
…(2)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get:

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 y '  yy" a
2

yy n ax
 xyy"  x  y '  yy"  0
2
This is the required differential equation of the given curve.
Question 3:
y  ae3 x  be2 x
Solution 3:
y  ae3 x  be2 x …(1)
y '  3ae3 x  2be2 x …(2)
y ''  9ae3 x  4be 2 x …(3)
Multiplying equation (1) with (2) and then adding it to equation (2), we get:
 2ae3x  2be2 x   3ae3x  2be2 x   2 y  y '
 5ae3 x  2 y  y '
2y  y '
 ae3 x 
5
Now, multiplying equation (1) with equation (3) and subtracting equation (2) from it, we get:
3ae3x  3be2 x   3ae3x  2be2 x   3 y  y '
 5ae3 x  3 y  y '
3y  y '
 be 2 x 
5
Substituting the values of in equation (3), we get:
y"  9.
 2 y  y '  4  3 y  y '
5 5
18 y  9 y ' 12 y  4 y '
 y"  
5 5
30 y  5 y '
 y" 
5
 y  6y  y '
"
 y"  y ' 6 y  0

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Question 4:
y  e2x  a  bx 
Solution 4:
y  e2x  a  bx  …(1)
y '  2e2 x  a  bx   e2 x .b
 y '  e2 x  2a  2bx  b  …(2)
Multiplying equation (1) with equation (2) and then subtracting it from equation (2), we get:
y ' 2 y  e2 x  2a  2bx  b   e2 x  2a  2bx 
 y ' 2  be2 x …(3)
y '' k  2 y '  2be2 x …(4)
y"  2 y '
2
y'  2 y
 y " 2 y '  2 y ' 4 y
 y " 4 y ' 4 y  0
Question 5:
y  ex  a cos x  b sin x 
Solution 5:
y  ex  a cos x  b sin x  …(1)
y '  ex  a cos x  b sin x   ex  a cos x  b sin x 
 y '  e x  a  b  cos x   a  b  sin x  …(2)
Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get:
y"  e x  a  b  cos x   a  b  sin x   e x    a  b  sin x   a  b  cos x 
y"  e x  2b cos x  2a sin x 
y"  2e x  b cos x  a sin x 
y ''
  e x  b cos x  a sin x  …(3)
2

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Adding equations (1) and (3), we get:

y ''
y  e x  a  b  cos x   a  b  sin x 
2
y"
 y  y'
2
 2y  y"  2y '
 y " 2 y ' 2 y  0
Question 6:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching the y-axis at the origin.
Solution 6:
The centre of the circle touching the y-axis at origin lies on the x-axis.
Let (a, 0) be the centre of the circle.
Since it touches the y-axis at origin, its radius is a.
Now, the equation of the circle with centre (a, 0) and radius (a) is
 x  a   y2  a2
2
 x 2  y 2  2ax …(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

2 x  2 yy '  2a
 x  yy '  a
Now, on substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get:
x 2  y 2  2  x  yy ' x
 x 2  y 2  2 x 2  2 xyy '
 2 xyy ' x 2  y 2
This is the required differential equation.

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Question 7:
Form the differential equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along
positive y-axis.
Solution 7:
The equation of the parabola having the vertex at origin and the axis along the positive y-axis
is:
x 2  4ay …(1)

2 x  4ay ' …(2)
2 x 4ay '

x 2 4ay
2 y'
 
x y
 xy '  2 y
 xy ' 2 y  0
Question 8:
Form the differential equation of the family of ellipses having foci on y-axis and centre at origin.
Solution 8:
The equation of the family of ellipses having foci on the y-axis and the centre at origin is as
follows:
x2 y 2
 1 …(1)
b2 a 2

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2 x 2 yy '
 2 0
b2 b
x yy '
 2  2 0 …(2)
b a
1 y '. y ' y. y "
 0
b2 a2
 2  2  y '2  yy "  0
1 1
b a
 2   2  y '2  yy "   0
1 1
b a
Substituting this value in equation (2), we get:
 1
  y '   yy
"
x  2  yy "   2  0
2
 a  a
  x  y '  xyy " yy '  0
2
 xyy " x  y '  yy '  0

2
Question 9:
Form the differential equation of the family of hyperbolas having foci on x-axis and centre at
origin.
Solution 9:
The equation of the family of hyperbolas with the centre at origin and foci along the x axis is:
x2 y 2
 1
a 2 b2

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Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

2 x 2 yy '
 2 0
b2 b
x yy '
 2  2 0 …(2)
a b
1 y '. y ' y. y "
 0
a2 b2
1
Substituting the value of 2 in equation (2), we get:
a
b
x

2   yy '
y '   yy "  2  0
2
b
 x  y '  xyy"  yy '  0
2
 xyy " x  y '  yy '  0

2
Question 10:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles having centre on y-axis and radius 3 units.
Solution 10:
Let the centre of the circle on y-axis be (0, b).
The differential equation of the family of circles with centre at (0, b) and radius 3 is as follows:
x 2   y  b   32
2
 x2   y  b   9
2
…(1)

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2x  2  y  b . y2  0
  y  b.y '  x
x
 y b 
y'
Substituting the value of (y – b) in equation (1), we get:
 x 
x2     9
 y' 
 1 
 x 2 1  2 
9
  y '  
 x2  y ' 1  9  y '
2 2
  x 2  9   y '  x 2  0
2
Question 11:
Which of the following differential equations has y  c1e x  c2e x as the general solution?
d2y
A.  y0
dx 2
d2y
B. y0
dx 2
d2y
C. 1  0
dx 2
d2y
D. 1  0
dx 2

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Solution 11:
The given equation is:
y  c1e x  c2e x …(1)
Differentiating with respect to x, we get:
dy
 c1e x  c2 e  x
dx
d2y
2
 c1e x  c2e x
dx
d2y
 2 y
dx
d2y
 2 y0
dx
This is the required differential equation of the given equation of curve.
Hence, the correct answer is B.
Question 12:
Which of the following differential equation has y  x as one of its particular solution?
d2y dy
A. 2
 x2  xy  x
dx dx
d2y dy
B. 2
 x  xy  x
dx dx
d2y dy
C. 2
 x2  xy  x  0
dx dx
d2y dy
D. 2
 x  xy  0
dx dx
Solution 12:
The given equation of curve is y = x.
dy
1 …(1)
dx
d2y
0
dx 2

______________________________________________________________________________
d2y dy
Now, on substituting the values of y, 2
, and from equation (1) and (2) in each of the
dx dx
given alternatives, we find that only the differential equation given in alternative C is correct.
d2y dy
2
 x2  xy  0  x 2 .1  x.x
dx dx
  x2  x2
0
Hence, the correct answer is C.
EXERCISE- 9.4
Question 1:
dy 1  cos x

dx 1  cos x
Solution 1:
dy 1  cos x

dx 1  cos x
x
2sin 2
dy 2  tan 2 x
 
dx 2 cos 2 x 2
2
dy  2 x 
   sec  1
dx  2 
Separating the variables, we get:
 x 
dy=  sec 2  1 dx
 2 
Now, integrating both sides of this equation, we get:
 x  x
∫dy = ∫  sec2  1 dx =∫ sec 2 dx - ∫dx
 2  2
x
 y  2 tan  xC
2
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 2:
dy
 4  y 2  2  y  2 
dx
Solution 2:
dy
 4  y2
dx
dy
  dx
4  y2
Now, integrating both sides of this equation, we get:
dy
 4  y 2   dx
y
 sin 1  xc
2
y
  sin  x  C 
2
 y  2sin  x  C 
Question 3:
dy
 y  1 y  1
dx
Solution 3:
dy
 y  1 y  1
dx
 dy  ydx  dx
 dy  1  y  dx
dy
  dx
1 y
Now, integrating both sides, we get:
dy
 1  y   dx

______________________________________________________________________________
 log 1  y   x  log C
 -logC-log 1-y   x
 logC 1-y    x
 C 1-y   e  x
1 x
 1 y  e
C
1
 y  1  e x
C
 1
 y  1  Ae x  where A=- 
 C
Question 4:
sec2 x tan ydx  sec2 y tan xdy  0
Solution 4:
sec2 x tan ydx  sec2 y tan xdy  0
sec2 x tan ydx  sec2 y tan xdy

tan x tan y
sec2 x sec2 y
 dx  dy  0
tan x tan y
sec 2 x sec 2 y
 dx   dy
tan x tan y
Integrating both sides of this equation, we get:
sec2 x sec2 y
 tan x dx    tan y dy ... 1
Let tan x = t.
d dt
  tan x  
dx dx
 sec xdx  dt
2
sec2 x 1
Now,  tan x dx   t dt
= log t
= log (tan x)

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sec2 x
Similarly,  tan x dy  log  tan y  .
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:
log  tan x    log  tan y   log C
 C 
 log  tan x   log  
 tan y 
C
 tan x 
tan y
 tan x tan y  C
Question 5:
e x
 e x  dy   e x  e x  dx  0
Solution 5:
e x
 e x  dy   e x  e x  dx  0
  e x  e x  dy   e x  e x  dx
 e x  e x 
 dy   x  x  dx
e  e 
 e x  e x 
   ex  e x dx  C
dy 
 e x  e x 
 y    x  x  dx  C …(1)
e  e 
Let (ex + e–x) = t.
dx
 e e 
d x x dt
dx
dt
 e x  e x 
dt
  e  e  dx  dt
x x

______________________________________________________________________________
1
y   C
t
 y  log t   C
 y  log  e x  e x   C
Question 6:
 1  x 2 1  y 2 
dy
dx
Solution 6:
 1  x 2 1  y 2 
dy
dx
 1  x 2  dx
dy

1 y 2
 1  y 2   1  x  dx
dy 2
 tan 1 y   dx   x 2 dx
x3
 tan 1 y  x  C
3
Question 7:
y log ydx  xdy  0
Solution 7:
y log ydx  xdy  0
 y log ydx  xdy
dy dx
 
y log y x
Integrating both sides, we get:

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dy dx
 y log y   x
…(1)
Let log y = t.
d dt
  log y  
dx dy
1 dt
 
y dy
1
 dy  dt
y
dt dx
 t  x
 log t  log x  log C
 log  log y   log Cx
 log y  Cx
 y  eCx
Question 8:
dy
x5   y5
dx
Solution 8:
dy
x5   y5
dx
dy dx
 5  5
y x
dx dy
 5  5 0
x y
dx dy
 x5   y5  k  where k is any constant 
  x 5dx   y 5dy  k

______________________________________________________________________________
x 4 y 4
  k
4 4
 x 4  y 4  4k
 x4  y4  C C  4k 
Question 9:
dy
 sin 1 x
dx
Solution 9:
dy
 sin 1 x
dx
 dy  sin 1 xdx
 dy   sin xdx
1
 y    sin x.1 dx
1
 d 
 y  sin 1 x. 1 dx     sin 1 x  . 1 dx  dx
 dx 
 1 
 y  sin 1 x.x    .x  dx
 1 x 
2
x
 y  sin 1 x   dx ... 1
1  x2
Let 1 – x2 = t.

d
dx
1  x2  
dt
dx
dt
 2 x 
dx
1
 xdx   dt
2
1
y  x sin 1 x   dt
2 t

______________________________________________________________________________
1
1
 y  x sin 1 x  .  t  2 dt

2
1
2
1 t
 y  x sin 1 x  .  C
2 1
 y  x sin 1 x  t  C
 y  x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C
Question 10:
e x tan ydx  (1  e x )sec2 ydy  0
Solution 10:
e x tan ydx  (1  e x )sec2 ydy  0
(1  e x )sec2 ydy  e x tan ydx
sec 2 y e x
dy  dx
tan y 1  ex
sec 2 y e x
 tan y dy   1  e x dx …(1)
Let tan y = u.
d du
  tan y  
dy dy
du
 sec 2 y 
dy
 sec 2 ydy  du
sec2 y du
 dy    log u  log  tan y 
tan y u
Now, let 1  e x  t.
 1  e x  
d dt
dx dx

______________________________________________________________________________
du
 e x 
dx
 e dx  dt
x
e x
dx    log t  log 1  e x 
dt

1 e x
t
sec 2 y e x
Substituting the values of 
tan y
dy and  1  e x dx in equation (1), we get:
 log  tan y   log 1  e x   log C
 1og  tan y   log C 1  e x  
 tan y  C 1  e x 
Question 11:
x 3
 x 2  x  1
dy
dx
 2 x 2  x; y  1 when x = 0
Solution 11:
 x3  x 2  x  1 dy
dx
 2x2  x
dy 2 x2  x
 
dx  x3  x 2  x  1
2 x2  x
 dy  dx
 x  1  x 2  1
2x2  x
 dy    x  1  x2  1
dx …(1)
2 x2  x A Bx  C
Let   2 . …(2)
 x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1
2
2 x2  x Ax 2  A   Bx  C  x  1
 
 x  1  x 2  1  x  1  x 2  1

______________________________________________________________________________
 2 x 2  x  Ax 2  A  Bx 2  Bx  Cx  C
 2 x2  x   A  B  x2   B  C  x  ( A  C )
Comparing the coefficients of x2 and x, we get:
A+B=2
B+C=1
A+C=0
Solving these equations, we get:
1 3 1
A  , B  and C 
2 2 2
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation (2), we get:
2 x2  x 1 1 1  3x  1
 . 
 x  1  x  1 2  x  1 2  x 2  1
2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes:

1 1 3x  1
 dy  2  x  1 dx   x 2  1dx
1 3 x 1 1
 y  log  x  1   2 dx   2 dx
2 2 x 1 2 x 1
1 3 2x 1
 y  log  x  1  . 2 dx  tan 1 x  C
2 4 x 1 2
 y  log  x  1  log  x 2  1  tan 1 x  C

1 3 1
2 4 2
 y   2 log  x  1  3log  x 2  1   tan 1 x  C
1 1
4 2
 y   x 2  1 x 2  1   tan 1 x  C

1 1
…(3)
4 2
Now, y = 1 when x = 0.
1 1
 1  log 1  tan 1 0  C
4 2
1 1
1 0  0  C
4 2
 C 1
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3), we get:
y   log  x 2  1  x 2  1   tan 1 x  1
1 2 3 1
4  2

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 12:
x  x 2  1
dy
 1; y  0 when x = 2
dx
Solution 12:
x  x 2  1
dy
1
dx
dx
 dy 
x  x 2  1
1
 dy  dx
x  x  1 x  1
1
 dy   x  x  1 x  1 dx …(1)
1 A B C
Let    …(2)
x  x  1 x  1 x x  1 x  1
1 A( x  1)  x  1  Bx  x  1  Cx  x  1
 
x  x  1 x  1 x  x  1 x  1

 A  B  C  x2   B  C  x  A
x  x  1 x  1
Comparing the coefficients of x2, x, and constant, we get:
A = -1
B–C=0
A+B+C=0
1 1
Solving these equations, we get B = and C = .
2 2
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation (2), we get:
1 1 1 1
  
x  x  1 x  1 x 2  x  1 2  x  1
1 1 1 1 1
 dy    x dx  2  x  1 dx  2  x  1 dx
1 1
 y   log x  log  x  1  log  x  1  log k
2 2
1  k  x  1 x  1 
2
 y  log   ...  3
2  x2 

______________________________________________________________________________
1  k 2  2  1 2  1 
 0  log  
2  4 
 3k 2 
 log  0
 4 
3k 2
 1
4
 3k 2  4
4
 k2 
3
Substituting the value of k2 in equation (3), we get:
1  4  x  1 x  1 
y  log  
2  3x 2 
1  4  x 2  1 
y  log  2

2  3x 
Question 13:
 dy 
cos    a  a  R  ;1 when x = 0
 dx 
Solution 13:
 dy 
cos    a
 dx 
dy
  cos 1 a
dx
 dy  cos 1 adx
 dy  cos a dx
1
 y  cos 1 a.x  C
 y  x cos 1 a  C ... 1
 1  0.cos 1 a  C
 C 1

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y  x cos 1 a  1
y 1
  cos 1 a
x
 y 1 
 cos  a
 x 
Question 14:
dy
 y tan x; y  1 when x= 0
dx
Solution 14:
dy
 y tan x
dx
dy
  tan xdx
dx
dy
 y   tan xdx
 log y  log  sec x   log C
 log y  log  C sec x 
 y  C sec x 1
 1  C  sec 0
 1  C 1
 C 1
y = sec x
Question 15:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 0) and whose differential equation is
y '  e x sin x .

______________________________________________________________________________
Solution 15:
The differential equation of the curve is:
y '  e x sin x
dy
  e x sin x
dx
 dy  e x sin x
 dy   e sin xdx
x
... 1
Let I=  e x sin xdx
d 
 I  sin x  e x dx     sin x  . e x dx  dx
 dx 
 I  sin x.e   cos x.e dx
x x
 d  
 I  sin x.e x  cos x.   cos x  . e x dx  dx 
  dx  
 I  sin x.e x  cos xe x     sin x  .e x dx 
 I  ex sin x  e x cos x 1
 2 I  e x  sin x  cos x 
e x  sin x  cos x 
I 
2
e x  sin x  cos x 
y C …(2)
2
Now, the curve passes through point (0, 0).
e0  sin 0  cos 0 
0  C
2
1 0  1
0 C
2
1
C 
2
1
Substituting C  in equation (2), we get:
2
e  sin x  cos x  1
x
y 
2 2
 2 y  e x  sin x  cos x   1
 2 y  1  e x  sin x  cos x 
Hence, the required equation of the curve is 2 y 1  ex sin x  cos x 

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Question 16:
dy
For the differential equation xy   x  2  y  2  find the solution curve passing through the
dx
point (1, –1).
Solution 16:
The differential equation of the given curve is:
dy
xy   x  2  y  2 
dx
 y   x2
  dy    dx
 y2  x 
 2   2
 1   dy  1   dx
 y2  x
 2   2
 1  y  2  dy   1  x  dx
1 1
  dy  2 dy   dx  2 dx
y2 x
 y  2log  y  2   x  2log x  C
 y  x  C  log x 2  log  y  2 
2
 y  x  C  log  x2  y  2  ... 1

2
 
Now, the curve passes through point (1, –1).
 1  1  C  log 1  1  2  
2 2
 
 2  C  log1  0
 C  2
Substituting C = –2 in equation (1), we get:
y  x  2  log  x2  y  2 
2
 
This is the required solution of the given curve.

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Question 17:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, –2) given that at any point (x, y) on
the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y-coordinate of the point is equal to the x-
coordinate of the point.
Solution 17:
Let x and y be the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of the curve respectively.
dy
We know that the slope of a tangent to the curve in the coordinate axis is given by the
dx
According to the given information, we get:
dy
y x
dx
 ydy  xdx
 ydy   xdx
y 2 x2
  C
2 2
 y  x  2C
2 2
... 1
Now, the curve passes through point (0, –2).
∴ (–2)2 – 02 = 2C
⇒ 2C = 4
Substituting 2C = 4 in equation (1), we get: y2 – x2 = 4
This is the required equation of the curve.
Question 18:
At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line segment
joining the point of contact to the point (–4, –3). Find the equation of the curve given that it
passes through (–2, 1).
Solution 18:
It is given that (x, y) is the point of contact of the curve and its tangent.
y3
The slope ( m1 ) of the line segment joining (x, y) and (–4, –3) is .
x4
dy
We know that the slope of the tangent to the curve is given by the relation,
dx
dy
 Slope  m2  of tangent =
dx
According to the given information:

______________________________________________________________________________
m2  2m1
dy 2  y  3
 
dx x4
dy 2dx
 
y3 x4
dy dx
 y  3  2 x  4
 log  y  3  2 log  x  4   log C
 log  y  3 log C  x  4 
2
 y  3  C  x  4
2
…(1)
This is the general equation of the curve.
It is given that it passes through point (–2, 1).
 1  3  C  2  4 
2
 4  4C
 C 1
y + 3 = (x + 4)2
Question 19:
The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius
is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after t seconds.
Solution 19:
Let the rate of change of the volume of the balloon be k (where k is a constant).
dy
 k
dt
d 4  4
   r3   k [Volume of sphere =  r 3 ]
dt  3  3
4 dr
  .3r 2 .  k
3 dt
 4 r dr  k dt
2

4  r 2 dr  k  dt

______________________________________________________________________________
r3
 4 .  kt  C
3
 4 r 3  3 kt  C  …(1)
Now, at t = 0, r = 3:
⇒ 4π × 33 = 3 (k × 0 + C)
⇒ 108π = 3C
⇒ C = 36π
At t = 3, r = 6:
⇒ 4π × 63 = 3 (k × 3 + C)
⇒ 864π = 3 (3k + 36π)
⇒ 3k = –288π – 36π = 252π
⇒ k = 84π
Substituting the values of k and C in equation (1), we get:
4 r 3  384 t  36 
 4 r 3  4  63t  27 
 r 3  63t  27
1
 r   63t  27  3
1
Thus, the radius of the balloon after t seconds is  63t  27  3 .
Question 20:
In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of r% per year. Find the value of r if Rs
100 doubles itself in 10 years (loge 2 = 0.6931).
Solution 20:
Let p, t, and r represent the principal, time, and rate of interest respectively.
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of r% per year.
dp  r 
  p
dt  100 
dp  r 
   dt
p  100 
dp r
 p  100  dt

______________________________________________________________________________
rt
 log p  k
100
rt
k
 pe 100
…(1)
It is given that when t = 0, p = 100.
⇒ 100 = ek … (2)
Now, if t = 10, then p = 2 × 100 = 200.
rt
k
200  e10
r
 200  e10 .ek
r
 200  e10 .100 (From (2))
r
 e10  2
r
  log e 2
10
r
  0.6931
10
 r  6.931
Hence, the value of r is 6.93%.
Question 21:
In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. An amount of Rs 1000 is
deposited with this bank, how much will it worth after 10 years  e0.5  1.648 .
Solution 21:
Let p and t be the principal and time respectively.
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year.
dp  5 
  p
dt  100 
dp p
 
dt 20
dp dt
 
p 20
dp 1
 p  20  dt

______________________________________________________________________________
t
 log p  C
20
t
C
 pe 20
…(1)
Now, when t = 0, p = 1000.
⇒ 1000 = ec … (2)
At t = 10, equation (1) becomes:
1
C
pe 2
 p  e0.5  eC
 p  1.648 1000
 p  1648
Hence, after 10 years the amount will worth Rs. 1648.
Question 22:
In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2 hours.
In how many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional
to the number present?
Solution 22:
Let y be the number of bacteria at any instant t.
It is given that the rate of growth of the bacteria is proportional to the number present.
dy
 y
dt
dy
  ky (where k is a constant)
dt
dy
  kdt
y
dy
 y  k  dt
 log y  kt  C …(1)
Let y0 be the number of bacteria at t = 0.
⇒ log y0 = C
Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get:

______________________________________________________________________________
 log y  kt  log y0
 log y  log y0  kt
 y
 log    kt
 y0 
 y
 kt  log   …(2)
 y0 
Also, it is given that the number of bacteria increases by 10% in 2 hours.
110
y y0
100
y 11
  …(3)
y0 10
 11 
k .2  log  
 10 
1  11 
k  log  
2  10 
1  11   y
log   .t  log  
2  10   y0 
 y
2 log  
t   y0  …(4)
 11 
log  
 10 
Now, let the time when the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000 be t1 .
⇒ y = 2y0 at t = t1
From equation (4), we get:
 y
2 log  
t1   y0   2 log 2
 11   11 
log   log  
 10   10 
2log 2
Hence, in hours the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000.
 11 
log  
 10 

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 23:
dy
The general solution of the differential equation  e x  y is
dx
A. e x  e y  C
B. ex  e y  C
C. e x  e y  C
D. e x  e y  C
Solution 23:
dy
 e x  y  e x .e y
dx
dy
 y  e x dx
e
 e y dy  e x dx
e dy   e x dx
y
 e  y  e x  k
 e x  e  y  k
 e x  e y  c (c = - k)
Hence, the correct answer is A.
EXERCISE- 9.3
Question 1:
x 2
 xy  dy   x 2  y 2  dx
Solution 1:
The given differential equation i.e., (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx can be written as:
dy x 2  y 2
 …(1)
dx x 2  xy
x2  y 2
Let F (x, y) = .
x 2  xy
  x     y   x 2  y 2   0 .F x , y
2 2
Now,F   x,  y    
  x     x   y  x  xy
2 2
This shows that equation (1) is a homogeneous equation.

______________________________________________________________________________
To solve it, we make the substitution as:

y = vx
dy dv
vx
dx dx
dy
Substituting the values of v and in equation (1), we get:
dx
dv x   vx 
2 2
vx  2
dx x  x  vx 
dv 1  v 2
vx 
dx 1  v
x
dv 1  v 2
 v 
1  v 2   v 1  v 
dx 1  v 1 v
dv 1  v
x 
dx 1  v
 1 v  dx
   dv 
 1 v  x
 2 1  v  dx
  dv 
 1 v  x
 2  dx
  1 dv 
 1 v  x
2 log 1  v   v  log x  log k
 v  2 log 1  v   log x  log k
 k 
 v  log  2
 x 1  v  
 
 
y  k 
  log
x   y 2 
 x 1   
  x 
y  kx 
  log  2
x   x  y  

______________________________________________________________________________
y
kx
  ex
 x  y
2
y
  x  y   kxe x
2
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 2:
x y
y'
x
Solution 2:
x y
y'
x
dy x  y
  …(1)
dx x
x y
Let F (x, y) =
x
 x,  y x  y
Now,F   x,  y      0 F  x, y 
x x
Thus, the given equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
dy dv
vx
dx dx
dy
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), we get:
dx
dv x  vx
vx 
dx x
dv
vx  1 v
dx
dv
x 1
dx
dx
 dv 
x

______________________________________________________________________________
v  log x  C
y
  log x  C
x
 y  x log x  Cx
Question 3:
 x  y  dy   x  y  dx  0
Solution 3:
 x  y  dy   x  y  dx  0
dy x  y
  …(1)
dx x  y
x y
Let F  x, y   .
x y
x   y x  y
 F   x,  y      0 .F  x, y 
x   y x  y
Thus, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 vx
dx dx
dy
dx
dv x  vx 1  v
vx  
dx x  vx 1  v
dv 1  v 1  v  v 1  v 
x  v 
dx 1  v 1 v
dv 1  v 2
x 
dx 1  v
1 v dx
 dv 
1  v 2  x

______________________________________________________________________________
 1 v  dx
  2 
dx 
 1 v 1 v 
2
x
tan 1 v  log 1  v 2   log x  C
1
2
 y 1
1
  y 2 
 tan    log 1      log x  C
x 2   x  
 y 1  x2  y 2 
 tan 1    log    log x  C
x 2
2
 x 
 y 1
 tan 1    log  x 2  y 2   log x 2   log x  c
x 2
 y 1
 tan 1    log  x 2  y 2   C
x 2
Question 4:
x 2
 y 2  dx  2 xy dy  0
Solution 4:
x 2
 y 2  dx  2 xy dy  0
dy   x  y 
2 2
  …(1)
dx 2 xy
  x2  y 2 
Let F  x, y  
2 xy
   x 2    y 2    x 2  y 2 
 F   x,  y       0 F  x, y 
 2   x   y   2 xy
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx

______________________________________________________________________________
dy
dx
dv  x 2   vx 2 
v x   
dx  2 x.  vx  
dv v 2  1
vx 
dx 2v
dv v  1
2
v 2  1  2v 2
x  v 
dx 2v 2v
x
dv

1  v 2
dx 2v
2v dx
 dv  
1 v 2
x
log 1  v 2    log x  log C  log
C
x
C
 1  v2 
x
 y2  C
 1  2  
 x  x
 x 2  y 2  Cx
Question 5:
dy
x2  x 2  2 y 2  xy
dx
Solution 5:
dy
x2  x 2  2 y 2  xy
dx
dy x 2  2 y 2  xy
 …(1)
dx x2
x 2  2 y 2  xy
Let F  x, y  
x2
  x   2( y )2  ( x)( y)  x 2  2 y 2  xy   0 F ( x, y )
2
 F   x,  y  
 x
2
x2

______________________________________________________________________________

y = vx
dy dv
 vx
dx dx
dy
dx
dv x  2  vx   x.  vx 
2 2
vx 
dx x2
dv
 v  x  1  2v 2  v
dx
dv
 x  1  2v 2
dx
dv dx
 
1  2v 2
x
1 dv dx
 . 
2 1  v2 x
2
 
 
1  dv   dx
 .
2  1  2
 x
   v 2

  2  
1
v
1 1 2
. log  log x  C
2 2 1 1
v
2 2
1 y

1 x
 log 2  log x  C
2 2 1 y

2 x
1 x  2y
 log  log x  C
2 2 x  2y
This is the required solution for the given differential equation.

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 6:
xdy  ydy  x 2  y 2 dx
Solution 6:
xdy  ydy  x 2  y 2 dx
 xdy   y  x 2  y 2  dx
 
dy y  x 2  y 2
 …(1)
dx x2
y  x2  y 2
Let F  x, y   .
x2
x   x  x
2 2
y  x2  y 2
 F   x,  y      0 F  x, y 
x x
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dy
Substituting the values of v and in equation (1), we get:
dx
dv vx  x   vx 
2 2
vx 
dx x
dv
 v  x  v  1  v2
dx
dv dx
 
1  v2 x
log v  1  v 2  log x  log C
y y2
 log  1  2  log Cx
x x
y  x2  y 2
 log  log Cx
x
 y  x 2  y 2  Cx 2

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 7:
  y  y    y  y 
 x cos    y sin    ydx   y sin    x cos    xdx
 x  x   x  x 
Solution 7:
  y  y    y  y 
 x cos    y sin    ydx   y sin    x cos    xdx
 x  x   x  x 
  y  y 
 x cos    y sin    y
dy  x  x 
 …(1)
dx   y  y 
 y sin    x cos    x
 x  x 
  y  y 
 x cos    y sin    y
x  x 
Let F  x, y   
  y  y 
 y sin    x cos    x
 x  x 
 y    y 
 x cos     y sin    y
  x    x 
 F   x,  y  
 y    y 
 y sin     x cos    x
  x    x 
  y  y 
 x cos    y sin    y
x  x 

  y  y 
 y sin    x cos    x
 x  x 
  0 .F  x, y 
y = vx
dy dv
 v x 
dx dx
dy
dx
dv  x cos v  vx sin v  .vx
vx 
dx  vx sin v  x cos v  .x

______________________________________________________________________________
dv v cos v  v 2 sin v
v x 
dx v sin v  cos v
dv v cos v  v 2 sin v
x  v
dv v cos v  v 2 sin v  v 2 sin v  v cos v
x 
dv 2v cos v
x 
 v sin v  cos v  2dx
  dv 
 v cos v  x
 1 2dx
  tan v   dv 
 v x
log  sec v   log v  2 log x  log C
 sec v 
 log    log  Cx 
2
 v 
 sec v 
   Cx
2
 v 
 sec v  Cx 2v
 y y
 sec    C.x 2 .
x x
 y
 sec    Cxy
x
 y 1 1 1
 cos     .
 x  Cxy C xy
 y  1
 xy cos    k k  
x  C
Question 8:
dy  y
x  y  x sin    0
dx x

______________________________________________________________________________
Solution 8:
dy  y
x  y  x sin    0
dx x
dy  y
x  y  x sin  
dx x
 y
y  x sin  

dy
 x …(1)
dx x
 y
y  x sin  
Let F ( x, y)  x
x
 y   y
 y   x sin   y  x sin  
dy
 F   x,  y    x    x    0 .F x, y
 
dx x x
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dy
dx
dv vx  x sin v
vx 
dx x
dv
 v  x  v  sin v
dx
dv dx
 
sin v x
dx
 cos ec vdv  
x
C
log cos ecv  cot v   log x  log C  log
x
 y  y C
 cos ec    cot   
x  x x

______________________________________________________________________________
 y
cos  

1
 x C
 y  y x
sin   sin  
x x
  y   y
 x 1  cos     C sin  
  x  x
Question 9:
 y
ydx  x log   dy  2 xdy  0
x
Solution 9:
 y
ydx  x log   dy  2 xdy  0
x
  y 
 ydx   2 x  x log    dy
  x 
dy y
  ... 1
dx  y
2 x  x log  
x
y
Let F  x, y  
 y
2 x  x log  
x
y y
 F   x,  y      0 .F  x, y 
 y   y
2   x     x  log   2 x  log  
 x   x
y = vx
dy d
   vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 vx
dx dx
dy
dx

______________________________________________________________________________
dv vx
vx 
dx 2 x  x log v
dv v
vx 
dx 2  log v
dv v
x  v
dx 2  log v
dv v  2v  v log v
x 
dx 2  log v
dv v log v  x
x 
dx 2  log v
2  log v dx
 dv 
v  log v  1 x
1  1  log v   dx
  dv 
 v  log v  1  x
 1 1 dx
   dv 
 v  log v  1 v  x
1 1 1
 v  log v  1 dv   v dv   xdx
dv
  log v  log x  log C ...  2 
v  log v  1
 Let log v  1  t
d dt
  log v  1 
dv dv
1 dt
 
v dv
dv
  dt
v
dt
   log v  log x  log C
t
 y
 log t  log    log  Cx 
x
  y   y
 log log    1  log    log  Cx 
 x  x

______________________________________________________________________________
  y 
 log  x   1 
 log      log  Cx 
 y 
 x 
x  y 
 log    1  Cx
y   x  
 y
 log    1  Cy
x
Question 10:
 x
 y 
x
x
 1  e y
 dx  e 1   dy  0
   y
Solution 10:
 x
 y 
x
x
1  e  dx  e 1   dy  0
y
   y
 x
 x
 x
 1  e  dx  e y 1   dy
y
   y
 
 x
x
e y  1  

dx
  y ... 1
x
dy
1 e y
 x
x
e y  1  
Let F  x, y    y
x
1 e y
x
 x  y  x
x
y
e  1   y  e  1 
   y 
 F   x,  y   x x
  0 .F  x, y 
1 e y 1 e y
x = vy

______________________________________________________________________________
d d
  x    vy 
dy dy
dx dv
 v y
dy dy
dx
Substituting the values of x and in equation (1), we get:
dy
dv e 1  v 
v
v y 
dy 1  ev
dv ev  vev
y  v
dy 1  ev
dv ev  vev  v  vev
y 
dy 1  ev
dv  v  ev 
y   v 
dy 1 e 
 1  ev  dy
 v
dv  
v  e  y
C 
 log  v  ev    log y  log C  log  
 y
x x
 C
   ey  
 y  y
x
 x  ye  C
y
Question 11:
 x  y  dy   x  y  dx  0; y  1when x=1
Solution 11:
 x  y  dy   x  y  dx  0
  x  y  dy    x  y  dx
dy   x  y 
  ... 1
dx x y

______________________________________________________________________________
 x  y
Let F  x, y  
x y
  x   y    x  y 
 F   x,  y      0 .F  x, y 
x   y x y
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dy
dx
dv   x  vx 
vx 
dx x  vx
dv v  1
vx 
dx v  1
dv v  1 v  1  v  v  1
x  v 
dx v  1 v 1
dv v  1  v  v  1  v 
2 2
x  
dx v 1 v 1

 v  1 dv   dx
1  v2 x
 v 1  dx
  2
dv  
1  v 1  v 
2
x
log 1  v 2   tan 1 v   log x  k
1
2
 log 1  v 2   2 tan 1 v  2 log x  2k
 log 1  v 2  .x 2   2 tan 1 v  2k
 y2   y
 log 1  2  .x 2   2 tan 1  2k
 x   x
 log  x 2  y 2   2 tan 1  2k
y
...  2 
x
Now, y = 1 at x = 1.

______________________________________________________________________________
 log 2  2 tan 1 1  2k

 log 2  2   2k
4

  log 2  2k
2
Substituting the value of 2k in equation (2), we get:
 y 
log  x 2  y 2   2 tan 1     log 2
x 2
Question 12:
x2 dy   xy  y 2  dx  0; y  1 where x=1
Solution 12:
x 2 dy   xy  y 2  dx  0
 x 2 dy    xy  y 2  dx
dy   xy  y 
2
  ... 1
dx x2
  xy  y 2 
Let F  x, y  
x2
 x. y    y 2    xy  y 2 
 F   x,  y        .F  x, y 
 x
2 2
x
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dv   x.vx   vx  
 2

vx  2
 v  v 2
dx x
dv
 x  v 2  2v  v  v  2 
dx

______________________________________________________________________________
dv dx
 
v  v  2 x
1   v  2  v  dx
   dv  
2  v  v  2  x
1 1 1  dx
    dv  
2 v v  2 x
1
log v  log  v  2     log x  log C
2
1  v  C
 log    log
2 v2 x
2
v C 
  
v2  x 
y
2
xC 
  
2  x 
y
x
y C2
  2
y  2x x
x2 y
  C2 ...  2 
y  2x
Now, y = 1 at x = 1.
1
  C2
1 2
1
 C2 
3
1
Substituting C 2  in equation (2), we get;
3
x2 y 1

y  2x 3
 y  2 x  3x 2 y

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 13:
 2 x  
 x sin   y   dx  xdy  0; y when x = 1
 y  4
Solution 13:
 2 y 
 x sin  x   y  dx  xdy  0
   
  y 
  x sin 2    y 
x 
 
dy
 ... 1
dx x
  y 
  x sin 2    y 
x 
Let F  x, y   
x
  x    
  y    x sin 2    y 
y
  x sin 2  
y  x
 F   x,  y          .F ( x, y )
x x
To solve this differential equation, we make the substitution as:
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x 
dx dx
dy
dx
dv   x sin v  vx 
2
vx 
dx x
dv
 v  x   sin 2 v  v   v  sin 2 v
dx
dv
 x   sin 2 v
dx
dv dx
 2

sin v dx
dx
 cos ec 2 dv  
dx

______________________________________________________________________________
 cot v   log x  C
 cot v  log x  C
 y
 cot    log x  log C
x
 y
 cot    log Cx ...  2 
x

Now, y  at x = 1
4
 
 cot    log C
4
 1  log C
 C  e1  e
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:
 y
cot    log ex
x
Question 14:
dy y  y
  cos ec    0; y  0 when x=1
dx x x
Solution 14:
dy y  y
  cos ec    0
dx x x
dy y  y
   cos ec   ... 1
dx x x
y  y
Let F  x, y    cos ec  
x x
y  y 
 F   x,  y    cos ec  
x  x 
y  y
 F   x,  y   cos ec    F  x, y     .F  x, y 
x x
y = vx

______________________________________________________________________________
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dy
dx
dv
vx  v  cos ecv
dx
dv dx
 
cos ecv x
dx
  sin vdx 
x
cos v  log x  log C  log Cx
 y
 cos    log Cx ...  2 
x
Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
 cos  0   log C
 1  log C
 C  e1  e
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:
 y
cos    log (ex)
x
Question 15:
dy
2 xy  y 2  2 x 2  0; y  2 when x = 1
dx
Solution 15:
dy
2 xy  y 2  2 x 2 0
dx
dy
 2x 2  2 xy  y 2
dx
dy 2 xy  y 2
  ... 1
dx 2x 2

______________________________________________________________________________
2 xy  y 2
Let F  x, y  
2x 2
2   x   y     y 
2
2 xy  y 2
 F   x,  y       .F  x, y 
2 x 
2 2
2x
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dy
Substituting the value of y and in equation (1), we get:
dx
dv 2 x  vx    vx 
2
vx 
dx 2x 2
dv 2v  v 2
vx 
dx 2x 2
dv v2
vx v
dx 2
2 dx
 2 dv 
v x
v 21
2.  log x  C
2  1
2
   log x  C
v
2
   log x  C
y
x
2x
  log x  C ...  2 
y
Now, y = 2 at x = 1.
 1  log 1  C
 C  1
2x
  log x  1
y

______________________________________________________________________________
2x
  1  log x
y
2x
y ,  x  0, x  e 
1  log x
Question 16:
dx x
A homogeneous differential equation of the form  h   can be solved by making the
dy  y
Substitution
A. y = vx
B. v = yx
C. x = vy
D. x = v
Solution 16:
dx x
For solving the homogeneous equation of the form  h   , we need to make the
dy  y
substitution as x = vy.
Question 17:
Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?
A.  4x  6 y  5 dy  3 y  2x  4 dx  0
B.  xy  dx   x3  y3  dy  0
C. x 3
 2 y 2  dx  2 xydy  0
D. y 2 dx   x 2  xy 2  y 2  dy  0
Solution 17:
Function F (x, y) is said to be the homogenous function of degree n, if F ( x,  v)   n F ( x, y )
for any non-zero constant (λ).
Consider the equation given in alternative D:
y 2 dx   x 2  xy 2  y 2  dy  0
dy  y2 y2
  2 
dx x  xy 2  y 2 y 2  xy  x 2
y2
Let F  x, y  
y 2  xy  x 2

______________________________________________________________________________
 y 
2
 F   x,  y  
  y     x   y     x 
2 2
 2 y2

 2  y 2  xy  x 2 
 y2 
 0  2 2 
 y  xy  x 
  0 .F  x, y 
Hence, the differential equation given in alternative D is a homogenous equation.
EXERCISE- 9.4
Question 1:
dy
 2 y  sin x
dx
Solution 1:
dy
The given differential equation is  2 y  sin x .
dx
dy
This is in the form of  py  Q  where p=2 and Q=sinx  .
dx
Now, I.F = e  e  e2 x
pdx 2 dx
The solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,

y  L.F     Q  I.F dx  C
 ye 2 x   sin x.e 2 x dx  C ... 1

Let I   sin x.e 2 x
d 
 I  sin x. e 2 x dx     sin x  . e 2 x dx  dx
 dx 
e 2x
 e 
2x
 I  sin x.    cos x. dx
2  2 
e 2 x sin x 1  d  
I   cos x. e 2 x     cos x  . e 2 x dx dx 
2 2  dx  
e2 x sin x 1  e2 x  e2 x  
I   cos x.     sin x  . dx 
2 2 2  2  

______________________________________________________________________________
e2 x sin x e2 x cos x 1
I      sin x.e2 x  dx
2 4 4
2x
e 1
I  2sin x  cos x   t
4 4
2x
5 e
 I  2sin x  cos x 
4 4
e2 x
I  2sin x  cos x 
5
e2 x
ye 2x
 2sin x  cos x   C
5
1
 y   2sin x  cos x   Ce2 x
5
Question 2:
dy
 3 y  e 2 x
dx
Solution 2:
 py  Q  where p=3 and Q=e 2 x  .
dy
The given differential equation is
dx
Now, I.F = e  e  e3 x .
pdx 3dx

y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 ye3 x    e2 x  e3 x   C
 ye3 x   e x dx  C
 ye3 x  e x  C
 y  e2 x  Ce3 x

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Question 3:
dy y
  x2
dx x
Solution 3:
dy  1 
 py  Q  where p= and Q=x 2 
dx  x 
1
 dx
Now, I.F = e   e x  elog x  x .
pdx

y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 y  x     x 2 .x  dx  C
 xy   x 3 dx  C
x4
 xy  C
4
Question 4:
dy  
 sec xy  tan x  0  x  
dx  2
Solution 4:
dy
 py  Q  where p=sexx and Q=tanx 
dx
Now I.F = e  e
pdx sec xdx
 elog(sec xtan x)  sec x  tan x .
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 y  sec x  tan x    tan x  sec x  tan x dx  C
 y  sec x  tan x    sec x tan xdx   tan 2 xdx  C
 y  sec x  tan x   sec x    sec 2 x  1 dx  C

 y  sec x  tan x   sec x  tan x  x  C

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Question 5:
x
0
2
cos 2 xdx
Solution 5:
x
Let I = 0
2
cos 2 xdx
 sin 2 x 
 cos 2 xdx     Fx
2 
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
 
I  F    F 0
2
1   
  sin 2    sin 0 
2 2 
1
 sin   sin 0
2
1
  0  0  0
2
Question 6:
dy
x  2 y  x 2 log x
dx
Solution 6:
dy
x  2 y  x 2 log x
dx
dy 2
  y  x log x
dx x
This equation is in the form of a linear differential equation as:
dy  2 
 py  Q  where p= and Q=xlogx 
dx  x 
2
 dx
Now, I.F = e   e x  e2log x  elog x  x 2
pdx 2
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 y.x 2    x log x.x 2  dx  C

______________________________________________________________________________
 x2 y    x3 log x  dx  C
d 
 x 2 y  log x. x 3dx     log x  . x 3dx dx  C
 dx 
x4  1 x4 
 x 2 y  log x.    . dx  C
4 x 4 
4
x log x 1 3
 x2 y    x dx  C
4 4
x log x 1 x 4
4
 x2 y   . C
4 4 4
1
 x 2 y  x 4  4 log x  1  C
16
1
 y  x 4  4 log x  1  Cx 2
16
Question 7:
dy 2
x log x  y  log x
dx x
Solution 7:
dy 2
x log x  y  log x
dx x
dy y 2
   2
dx x log x x
This equation is the form of a linear differential equation as:
dy  1 2 
 py  Q  where p= and Q= 2 
dx  xlogx x 
1
 dx
Now, I.F = e  e x log  elog log x   log x
pdx
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 2 
 y log x    2 log x  dx  C ... 1
x 
 2   1 
Now,   2 log x  dx  2  log x. 2  dx.
x   x 

______________________________________________________________________________
 1 d 1  
 2 log x. 2 dx     log x  . 2 dx dx 
 x  dx x  
  1   1  1  
 2 log x       .    dx 
  x   x  x  
 log x 1 
 2    2 dx 
 x x 
 log x 1 
 2   
 x x
2
  1  log x 
x
 2 
Substituting the value   2 log x dx of in equation (1), we get:
x 
2
y log x   1  log x   C
x
Question 8:
1  x  dy  2xy dx  cot xdx  x  0
2
Solution 8:
1  x  dy  2xy dx  cot xdx
2
dy 2 xy cot x
  
dx 1  x 2
1  x2
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:
dy  2x cotx 
 py  Q  where p= and Q= 
dx  1 x 2
1+x 2 
log 1 x 
2x
 2 dx
Now, I.F = e   e 1 x  e
2
pdx
 1  x2 .
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 cotx 
 y 1  x 2      1  x 2  dx  C
1+x 
2
 y 1  x    cot xdx  C
2
 y 1  x 2   log sin x  C

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 9:
dy
x  y  x  xy cot x  0  x  0 
dx
Solution 9:
dy
x  y  x  xy cot x  0
dx
dy
 x  y 1  x cot x   x
dx
dy  1 
    cot x  y  1
dx  x 
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:
dy  1 
 py  Q  where p= +cotx and Q=1
dx  x 
1 
  cot x dx
Now, I.F. = e  e  x
log x log sin x 
 e    x sin x
pdx
e
log x sin x
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 y  x sin x    1 x sin x  dx  C
 y  x sin x     x sin x  dx  C
d 
 y  x sin x   x  sin x dx     x  . sin x dx   C
 dx 
 y  x sin x   x   cos x    1.   cos x  dx  C
 y  x sin x    x cos x  sin x  C
 x cos x sin x C
y  
x sin x x sin x x sin x
1 C
 y   cot .x  
x x sin x
Question 10:
dy
 x  y 1
dx
Solution 10:
dy
 x  y 1
dx

______________________________________________________________________________
dy 1
 
dx x  y
dx
  x y
dy
dx
 x y
dy
This is a linear differential equation of the form:
dy
 py  Q  where p=  1 and Q=y 
dx
Now, I.F = e  e  e y .
pdy  dy
x  I.F    Q  I.Fdy  C
 xe  y    y.e  y  dy  C
d 
 xe  y  y. e  y dy     y   e  y dy dy  C
 dy 
 xe  y  y  e  y     e  y  dy  C
 xe  y   ye  y   e  y dy  C
 xe  y   ye  y  e  y  C
 x   y  1  Ce y
 x  y  1  Ce y
Question 11:
ydx   x  y 2  dy  0
Solution 11:
ydx   x  y 2  dy  0
 ydx   y 2  x  dy
dx y 2  x x
   y
dy y y
dx x
  y
dy y

______________________________________________________________________________
dy  1 
 py  Q  where p= and Q=y 
dx  y 
1
 dy
Now, I.F. = e  e y  e y  elog y  y .
pdy
x  I.F    Q  I.Fdy  C
 xy    y. y  dy  C
 xy   y 2 dy  C
y3
 xy  C
3
y2 C
x 
3 y
Question 12:
 x  3 y  dy
3
dx
 y  y  0
Solution 12:
 x  3 y  dy
3
dx
y
dy y
 
dx x  3 y 2
dx x  3 y 2 x
    3y
dy y y
dx x
   3y
dy y
dy  1 
 py  Q  where p=  and Q=3y 
dx  y 
dy 1

Now, I.F = e  e y  e log y  e
log  
pdy 1
 y
. 
y
x  I.F    Q  I.Fdy  C

______________________________________________________________________________
1  1
 x    3 y   dy  C
y  y
x
  3y  C
y
 x  3 y 2  Cy
Question 13:
dy 
 2 y tan x  sin x; y  0 when x =
dx 3
Solution 13:
dy
The given differential equation is  2 y tan x  sin x
dx
This is a linear equation of the form:
dy
 py  Q  where p=2tanx and Q=sinx 
dx
log sec x 
Now, I.F = e  e
2
pdx 2tan xdx
e e  sec2 x.
2log sec x
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 y  sec2 x     sin x.sec 2 x dx  C
 y sec 2 x    sec x.tan x  dx  C

 y sec 2 x  sec x  C 1

Now, y = 0 at x = .
3
Therefore,
 
0  sec2  sec C
3 3
 0  2C
 C  2
y sec2 x  sec x  2
 y  cos x  2cos2 x
Hence, the required solution of the given differential equation is y  cos x  2 cos 2 x

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Question 14:
1  x  dy
2
dx
 2 xy 
1
1 x 2
; y  0 when x = 1
Solution 14:
1  x  dy
2
dx
 2 xy 
1
1 x 2
dy 2 xy 1
  
dx 1  x 1  x2 
2 2

 
dy 2x 1
 py  Q  where p= and Q= 
 1 x 1  x  
2 2
dx 2

log 1 x 
2 xdx
 2
Now I.F = e   e 1 x  e
2
pdx
 1  x2.
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 
 y 1  x    . 1  x  dx  C
2  1 2 
 1  x 2 2 
 
 y 1  x 2   
1
dx  C
1  x2
 y 1  x 2   tan 1 x  C ... 1
Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
Therefore,
0  tan 1 1  C

C 
4

Substituting C   in equation (1), we get:
4

y 1  x 2   tan 1 x 
4

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Question 15:
dy 
 3 y cot x  sin 2 x; y  2 when x =
dx 2
Solution 15:
dy
The given differential equation is  3 y cot x  sin 2 x .
dx
dy
 py  Q  where p=  3cot x and Q= sin 2 x 
dx
1
Now, I.F. = e   e 
pdx 3 cot xdx 3log sin x
log 11
e  e sin x 
sin 3 x
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
1  1 
 y.   sin 2 x. 3 dx  C
 sin x 
3
sin x
 y cos ec 3 x  2   cot x cos ecx  dx  C
 y cos ec 3 x  2 cos ec x  C
2 3
 y 
cos ec x cos ec 3 x
2
 y  2sin 2 x  C sin 3 x ...(1)


Now, y= 2 at x = .
2
Therefore, we get:
2=-2+C
C = 4
y  2sin 2 x  4sin 3 x
 y  4sin 3 x  2sin 2 x
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation.
Question 16:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the origin given that the slope of the tangent to the
curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the coordinates of the point.

______________________________________________________________________________
Solution 16:
Let F (x, y) be the curve passing through the origin.
dy
At point (x, y), the slope of the curve will be .
dx
dy
 x y
dx
dy
 yx
dx
dy
 py  Q  where p=  1 and Q=x 
dx
Now, I.F = e  e
pdx  1dx
 e x
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 ye  x   xe  x dx  C ... 1
d 
Now, xe  x dx  x  e  x dx     x  . e  x dx  dx
 dx 
  xe x   e x dx
  xe x   e x 
 e x  x  1
Substituting in equation (1), we get:
ye x  e x  x  1  C
 y    x  1  Ce x
 x  y  1  Ce x ...  2 
The curve passes through the origin.
1=C
 x  y  1  ex
Hence, the required equation of curve passing through the origin is x  y  1  e x

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 17:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given that the sum of the coordinates
of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the slope of the tangent to the curve at that
point by 5.
Solution 17:
Let F (x, y) be the curve and let (x, y) be a point on the curve. The slope of the tangent
dy
to the curve at (x, y) is
dx
dy
5 x y
dx
dy
  y  x5
dx
dy
 py  Q  where p=  1 and Q=x  5 
dx
Now, I.F = e  e
pdx  1dx
 e x
The general equation of the curve is given by the relation,
y  I.F    Q  I.Fdx  C
 y.e  x    x  5 e  x dx  C ... 1

d 
Now,  x  5 e  x dx   x  5   e  x dx     x  5  . e  x dx  dx
 dx 
  x  5   e x     e x dx
  5  x  e  x   e  x 
  4  x  e x
ye x   4  x  e x  C
 y  4  x  Ce x
 x  y  4  Ce x ...  2 
The curve passes through point (0, 2).
0 + 2 – 4 = Ce0
⇒–2=C
⇒C=–2

______________________________________________________________________________
x  y  4  2e x
 y  4  x  2e x
Question 18:
dy
The integrating factor of the differential equation x  y  2 x 2 is
dx
A. e x
B. e y
1
C.
x
D. x
Solution 18:
dy
x  y  2x2
dx
dy y
   2x
dx x
dy  1 
 py  Q  where p=  and Q=2x 
dx  x 
The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,
e
pdx
 
1
 - x dx log x 1 1
 I.F=e  e log x  e  x 1 
x
Question 19:
The integrating factor of the differential equation.
1  y 2  dy
dx
 yx  ay  1  y  1 is
1
A.
y 1 2

______________________________________________________________________________
1
B.
y2 1
1
C.
1 y2
1
D.
1 y2
Solution 19:
1  y 2  dy
dx
 yx  ay
dy yx ay
  
dx 1  y 1  y 2
2

dy  y ay 
 py  Q  where p=  and Q= 
dx  1 y 2
1 y2 
The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,
e
pdx
 1 
log  
 
y
 1-y2 dx 1
 I.F=e e
pdy  log 1 y 2  1 y 2  1
e 2
e  

1 y2
Miscellaneous EXERCISE
Question 1:
For each of the differential equations given below, indicate its order and degree (if defined).
2
d2y  dy 
(i)  5x    6 y  log x
 dx 
2
dx
3 2
 dy   dy 
(ii)    4    7 y  sin x
 dx   dx 
4
d y  d3y 
(iii)  sin  3 0
dx 2  dx 

______________________________________________________________________________
Solution 1:
(i)The differential equation is given as:
2
d2y  dy 
 5x    6 y  log x
 dx 
2
dx
2
d2y  dy 
  5x    6 y  log x
 dx 
2
dx
d2y
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Thus, its order is two.
dx 2
d2y
The highest power raised to 2 is one. Hence, its degree is one.
dx
(ii)The differential equation is given as:
3 2
 dy   dy 
   4    7 y  sin x
 dx   dx 
3 2
 dy   dy 
    4    7 y  sin x  0
 dx   dx 
dy
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Thus, its order is one.
dx
dy
The highest power raised to is three. Hence, its degree is three.
dx
(iii)The differential equation is given as:
d4y  d3y 
 sin  3 0
dx 2  dx 
d4y
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 4 . Thus, its order is four.
dx
However, the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation. Hence, its degree is not
defined.
Question 2:
For each of the exercises given below, verify that the given function (implicit or explicit) is a
solution of the corresponding differential equation.
d2y dy
 i  y  ae x  be x  x 2 : x 2
 2  xy  x 2  2  0
dx dx
d2y dy
 ii  y  e x  a cos x  b sin x  : 2
 2  2y  0
dx dx
d2y
 iii  y  x sin 3x :  9 y  6cos3x  0
dx 2

______________________________________________________________________________
 iv  x 2  2 y 2 log y : x 2
 y2 
dy
dx
 xy  0
Solution 2:
i  y  aex  be x  x2
d2y
 a  e x   b  e x    x 2 
d d d
2
dx dx dx dx
dy
  ae x  be x  2 x
dx
d2y
2
 ae x  be x  2
dx
dy d2y
Now, on substituting the values of and in the differential equation, we get:
dx dx 2
L.H.S.
d2y dy
x 2
 2  xy  x 2  2
dx dx
 x  ae x  be x  2   2  ae x  be  x  2 x   x  ae x  be  x  x 2   x 2  2
  axe x  bxe x  2 x    2ae x  2be  x  4 x    axe x  bxe  x  x 3   x 2  2
 2ae x  2be x  x 2  6 x  2
0
L.H.S.  R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is not a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
ii  y  ex  a cos x  b sin x   aex cos x  bex sin x
 a.  e x cos x   b.  e x sin x 
dy d d
dx dx dx
 a  e x cos x  e x sin x   b.  e x sin x  e x cos x 

dy

dx
dy
   a  b  e x cos x   b  a  sin x
dx
d2y
  a  b  .  e x cos x    b  a   e x sin x 
d d
2
dx dx dx

______________________________________________________________________________
d2y
   a  b  . e x cos x  e x sin x    b  a  e x sin x  e x cos x 
dx 2
d2y
 2  e x  a  b  cos x  sin x    b  a  sin x  cos x  
dx
d2y
 2  e x  a cos x  a sin x  b cos x  b sin x  b sin x  b cos x  a sin x  a cos x 
dx
d2y
 2   2e x  b cos x  a sin x  
dx
d2y dy
Now, on substituting the values of 2
and in the L.H.S. of the given differential equation,
dx dx
we get:
 2e x  b cos x  a sin x   2e x  a  b  cos x   b  a  sin x   2e x  a cos x  b sin x 
  2b cos x  2a sin x    2a cos x  2b cos x  
 ex  
   2bsinx  2a sin x    2a cos x  2b sin x  
 e x  2b  2a  2b  cos x   e x  2a  2b  2a  2b  sin x 
0
Hence, the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
iii  y  x sin3x
dy d
  x sin 3 x   sin 3 x  x.cos 3 x.3
dx dx
dy
  sin 3 x  3 x cos 3 x
dx
d2y d d
2
  sin 3x   3  x cos 3x 
dx dx dx
2
d y
 2  3cos 3x  3 cos 3 x  x   sin 3 x  .3
dx
d2y
 2  6cos 3x  9 x sin 3x
dx
d2y
Substituting the value of in the L.H.S. of the given differential equation, we get:
dx 2
d2y
 9 y  6 cos 3 x
dx 2
  6.cos 3 x  9 x sin x   9 x sin 3 x  6 cos 3 x
0

______________________________________________________________________________

iv  x2  2 y2 log y
d
2 x  2.   y 2 log y 
dx
 dy 1 dy 
 x   2 y.log y.  y 2 . . 
 dx y dx 
dy
x  2 y log y  y 
dx
dy x
 
dx y 1  2 log y 
dy
Substituting the value of in the L.H.S. of the given differential equation, we get:
dx
x 2
 y2 
dy
dx
 xy
  2 y 2 log y  y 2  .
x
 xy
y 1  2 log y 
x
 y 2 1  2 log y  .  xy
y 1  2 log y 
 xy  xy
0
Question 3:
Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given by  x  a   2 y 2  a 2
2
where a is an arbitrary constant.

Solution 3:
 x  a  2 y 2  a2
2
 x 2  a 2  2ax  2 y 2  a 2
 2 y 2  2ax  x 2 1
dy 2a  2 x
2y 
dx 2

______________________________________________________________________________
dy a  x
 
dx 2y
dy 2ax  2 x 3
  ...  2 
dx 4 xy
From equation (1), we get:
2ax = 2 y 2  x 2
On substituting this value in equation (3), we get:
dy 2 y 2  x 2  2 x3

dx 4 xy
dy 2 y 2  x 2
 
dx 4 xy
dy 2 y 2  x 2
Hence, the differential equation of the family of curves is given as  .
dx 4 xy
Question 4:
Prove that x 2  y 2  c  x 2  y 2  is the general solution of differential equation
2
x 3
 3xy 2  dx   y 3  3x 2 y  dy, where c is a parameter.
Solution 4:
x 3
 3xy 2  dx   y 3  3x 2 y  dy
dy x3  3xy 2
  ... 1
dx y 3  3x 2 y
This is a homogeneous equation. To simplify it, we need to make the substitution as:
y = vx
d d
  y    vx 
dx dx
dy dv
 v x
dx dx
dv
dx
x 3  3 x  vx 
2
dv
vx 
dx  vx 3  3 x 2  vx 
dv 1  3v 2
v x 
dx v3  3v

______________________________________________________________________________
dv 1  3v 2
x  v
dx v3  3v
dv 1  3v  v  v  3v 
2 3
x 
dx v 3  3v
dv 1  v 4
x  3
dx v  3v
 v 3  3v  dx
 4 
dv 
 1 v  x
 v3  3v 
  1  v4 dv  log x  log C ' ...  2 
 v3  3v  v3  3v vdv
Now,  4 
dv    3
 1 v  1 v 1  v4
4
 v3  3v  v3dv vdv
Now,  4 
dv  I1  3I 2 , where I1   and I 2   ...  3
 1 v  1 v 1  v4
4
Let 1  v 4 = t.
 1  v 4  
d dt
dv dv
dt
 4v 3 
dv
dt
 v 3 dv  
4
 dt
  log t   log 1  v 4 
1 1
Now, I1  
4t 4 4
vdv vdv
And, I 2   
1 v 1   v2 
4 2
Let v2 = p.
 v2  
d dp
dv dv
dp
 2v 
dv
dp
 vdv 
2
1 dp 1 1 p 1 1  v2
 I2    log  log
2 1  p2 2  2 1 p 4 1  v2

______________________________________________________________________________
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in equation (3), we get:

 v3  3v  1  v2
  1  v4  dv   4 log 1  v   4 log 1  v2
1 4 3

1  v2
log 1  v   log
1 3
4
 log x  log C '
4 4 1  v2
 2 3
4  1 v 
  log 1  v  
1
2 
  log C ' x
4   1  v  
1  v   C ' x
2 4
 
4

 
1  v 2 2
4
 y2 
1  
x2 

1
2

 y2  C '4 x 4
1  
 x2 

x  y   1
2 2 4
x x  y  2 2 4 4
4 C' x
2
 x  y   C ' x  y 
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
 x  y   C ' x  y  2 2
2
2 2 2
 x  y  C  x  y  , where C = C ' 2 2 2
2 2 2
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 5:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first quadrant which touch the
coordinate axes.
Solution 5:
The equation of a circle in the first quadrant with centre (a, a) and radius (a) which touches the
coordinate axes is:
 x  a   y  a  a2 ... 1
2 2

______________________________________________________________________________

dy
2 x  a  2 y  a  0
dx
  x  a   y  a y '  0
 x  a  yy ' ay '  0
 x  yy ' a 1  y '   0
x  yy '
a
1 y '
Substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get:
2 2
  x  yy '     x  yy '    x  yy ' 
2
x      y      
  1  y '     1  y '   1  y ' 
  x  y  y '   y  x   x  yy ' 
2 2 2
      1 y ' 
 1  y '    1  y '   
  x  y  . y '2   x  y    x  yy '
2 2 2
  x  y  1   y '    x  yy '
2 2 2
 
Hence, the required differential equation of the family of circles is
 x  y 1   y '2    x  yy '2
2
 
Question 6:
dy 1 y2
Find the general solution of the differential equation  0
dx 1  x2
Solution 6:
dy 1 y2
 0
dx 1  x2

______________________________________________________________________________
dy 1 y2
 
dx 1  x2
dy dx
 
1 y2 1  x2
sin 1 y   sin 1 x  C
 sin 1 x  sin 1 y  C
Question 7:
dy y 2  y  1
Show that the general solution of the differential equation   0 is given by
dx x 2  x  1
(x + y + 1) = A (1 – x – y – 2xy), where A is parameter.
Solution 7:
dy y 2  y  1
 0
dx x 2  x  1

dy
 2
 y 2  y  1
dx x  x 1
dy dx
 2  2
y  y 1 x  x 1
dy dx
 2  2 0
y  y 1 x  x 1
dy dx
 y 2  y  1   x2  x  1  C
dy dx
 2
 2
C
1  3 1  3
2 2
 
 y    x   
 2  2   2  2 
 1  1
 y   x 
2 2   2 tan 1  2 C
 tan 1 
3  3  3  3 
 2   2 
 2 y  1 1  2 x  1  3C
 tan 1    tan   2
 3   3 

______________________________________________________________________________
 2 y 1 2x 1 
  
3 3 3C
 tan 1  
  2 y  1  2 x  1  2
1  . 
 3 3 
 2x  2 y  2 
  3C
 tan 1  3 
1   4 xy  2 x  2 y  1   2
  3


 2 3  x  y  1  3C
 tan 1  
 2 1  x  y  2 xy   2
3  x  y  1  3C   3C 
  tan    B, where B  tan  
2 1  x  y  2 xy   2   2 
2B
 x  y 1  1  xy  2 xy 
3
2B
 x  y  1  A 1  x  y  2 xy  , where A 
3
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 8:
 
Find the equation of the curve passing through the point  0,  whose differential equation is,
 4
sin x cos ydx + cos x sin ydy = 0
Solution 8:
The differential equation of the given curve is:
sin x cos ydx + cos x sin ydy = 0
sin x cos ydx + cos x sin ydy
 0
cosxcosy
 tan xdx  tan ydy  0
log (sec x) + log (sec y) = log C
log sec x.sec y   log C
 sec x.sec y  C …(1)
 
The curve passes through point  0,  .
 4

______________________________________________________________________________
1 2  C
C  2
On substituting in equation (1), we get:
sec x.sec y  2
1
 sec x.  2
cos y
sec x
 cos y 
2
sec x
Hence, the required equation of the curve is cos y  .
2
Question 9:
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
1  e  dy  1  y  e dx  0 , given that y = 1 when x = 0
2x 2 x
Solution 9:
1  e  dy  1  y  e dx  0
2x 2 x
dy e x dx
  0
1  y 2 1  e2 x
e x dx
tan 1 y   C …(1)
1  e2 x
Let ex  t  e2 x  t 2 .
 ex  
d dt
dx dx
dt
 ex 
dx
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:
dt
tan 1 y   C
1 t2
 tan 1 y  tan 1 t  C
 tan 1 y  tan 1  e x   C ...  2 
Now, y = 1 at x = 0.
tan 1 1  tan 1 1  C

______________________________________________________________________________
 
  C
4 4

C 
2

Substituting C  in equation (2), we get:
2

tan 1 y  tan 1  e x  
2
Question 10:
x
 x 
Solve the differential equation ye y dx   xe y  y 2  dy  y  0 
 
 
Solution 10:
x
 xy 
ye dx   xe  y 2  dy
y
 
 
x x
dx
 ye  xe y  y 2
y
dy
 dx 
x
 e y  y.  x   y 2
 dy 
 dx 
x  y.  x
 ey.   1
dy
…(1)
y2
x
y
Let e = z.
Differentiating it with respect to y, we get:
d  y  dz
x
e  
dy   dy
d  x  dz
x
e . y
 
dy  y  dy

______________________________________________________________________________
 dx 
 y. dy  x  dz
x
 e . y
2
 …(2)
 y  dy
 
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get:
dz
1
dy
 dz  dy
z  y C
x
 e  yC
y
Question 11:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation  x  y  dx  dy   dx  dy , given that
y = – 1, when x = 0 (Hint: put x – y = t)
Solution 11:
 x  y  dx  dy   dx  dy
  x  y  1 dy  1  x  y  dx
dy 1  x  y
 
dx x  y  1
dy 1   x  y 
  ... 1
dx 1   x  y 
Let x – y = t.
d dt
  x  y 
dx dx
dy dt
 1 
dx dx
dt dy
 1 
dx dx
dy
Substituting the values of x – y and in equation (1), we get:
dx
dt 1  t
1 
dx 1  t

______________________________________________________________________________
dt  1 t 
  1  
dx  1 t 
dt 1  t   1  t 
 
dx 1 t
dt 2t
 
dx 1  t
 1 t 
  dt  2dx
 t 
 1
 1   dt  2dx ...  2 
 t
t  log t  2 x  C
  x  y   log x  y  2 x  C
 log x  y  x  y  C ...  3
Now, y = –1 at x = 0.
log 1 = 0 – 1 + C
⇒C=1
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3) we get:
log x  y  x  y  1
Question 12:
 e2 x y  dx
Solve the differential equation     1 x  0 
 x x  dy
Solution 12:
 e2 x y  dx
   1
 x x  dy
dy e 2 x y
  
dx x x
dy y e 2 x
  
dx x x
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form

______________________________________________________________________________
dy 1 e 2 x
 Py  Q, where P  and Q 
dx x x
1
 dx
Now, I.F=e   e x  e 2 x
pdx
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by,

y (I.F.) =  Q  I.F. dx  C
 e2 x 2 
 ye2 x
  e x
dx  C
 x
 
1
 ye2 x
 dx  C
x
 ye2 x
 2 x C
Question 13:
dy
Find a particular solution of the differential equation  y cot x  4 x cos ecx  x  0  ,given that
dx

y = 0 when x 
2
Solution 13:
dy
 y cot x  4 x cos ecx
dx
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
 Py  Q, where P  cot x and Q  4 x cos ecx
dx
Now, I.F=e   e 
pdx cot x.dx
e  sin x
log sin x

y (I.F.) =   Q  I.F. dx  C
 y sin x    4 x cos ecx.sin x  dx  C
 y sin x  4 xdx  C
x2
 y sin x  4. C
2
 y sin x  2 x 2  C ...(1)

Now, y = 0 at x 
2

______________________________________________________________________________
2
0  2 C
4
2
C 
2
2
Substituting C   in equation (1), we get:
2
2
y sin x  2 x 2 
2
Question 14:
dy
Find a particular solution of the differential equation  x  1  2e  y  1 , given that y = 0 when
dx
x=0
Solution 14:
dy
 x  1  2e  y  1
dx
dy dx
 y 
2e  1 x  1
e y dy dx
 
2e y
x 1
e y dy
 2  e y  log x  1  log C ... 1
Let 2  e y  t.

d
dy
 2  ey  
dt
dy
dt
 e y 
dy
 e y dt  dt
dt
 t  log x  1  log C
  log t  log C  x  1
  log 2  e y  log C  x  1
1
  C  x  1
2  ey

______________________________________________________________________________
1
 2  ey  ...  2 
C  x  1
Now, at x = 0 and y = 0, equation (2) becomes:
1
 2 1 
C
 C 1
1
2  ey 
x 1
1
 ey  2 
x 1
2x  2 1
 ey 
x 1
2x 1
 ey 
x 1
2x 1
 y  log ,  x  1
x 1
Question 15:
The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number of its
inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20000 in 1999 and 25000 in
the year 2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009?
Solution 15:
Let the population at any instant (t) be y.
It is given that the rate of increase of population is proportional to the number of inhabitants at
any instant.
dy
 y
dx
dy
  ky  k is a constant 
dt
dy
  kdt
y
log y = kt + C … (1)
In the year 1999, t = 0 and y = 20000.
Therefore, we get:

______________________________________________________________________________
log 20000 = C … (2)

In the year 2004, t = 5 and y = 25000.
Therefore, we get:
log 25000  k.5  C
 log 25000  5k  log 20000
 25000  5
 5k  log    log  
 20000  4
1 5
 k  log   ...  3
5 4
In the year 2009, t = 10 years.
Now, on substituting the values of t, k, and C in equation (1), we get:
1 5
log y  10  log    log  20000 
5 4
 5 
2
 log y  log  20000    

  4  
5 5
 y  20000  
4 4
 y  31250
Hence, the population of the village in 2009 will be 31250.
Question 16:
ydx  xdy
The general solution of the differential equation  0 is
y
A. xy = C
B. x = Cy2
C. y = Cx
D. y = Cx2
Solution 16:
ydx  xdy
0
y
ydx  xdy
 0
xy
1 1
 dx  dy  0
x y

______________________________________________________________________________

log x  log y  log k
x
 log  log k
y
x

y
1
y x
k
1
 y  Cx where C=
k
Question 17:
dx
The general solution of a differential equation of the type  P1 x  Q1 is
dy
A. y.e    Q1e  dy  C
P1dy P1dy
 
B. y.e    Q1e  dx  C
P1dx P1dx

 
C. xe    Q1e  dy  C
Pdy Pdy

1 1
 
D. xe    Q1e  dx  C
Pdx Pdx

1 1
 
Solution 17:
 P1 x  Q1 is e  .
dx P1dy
The integrating factor of the given differential equation
dy
The general solution of the differential equation is given by,
x  I.F     Q  I.F.dy  C
 x.e     Q1e   dx  C
P1dy P1dy
 

______________________________________________________________________________
Question 18:
The general solution of the differential equation e x dy   ye x  2 x  dx  0 is
A. xey + x2 = C
B. xey + y2 = C
C. yex + x2 = C
D. yey + x2 = C
Solution 18:
e x dy   ye x  2 x  dx  0
dy
 ex  ye x  2 x  0
dx
dy
  y  2 xe  x
dx
This is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
 Py  Q, where P  1 and Q  2 xe  x
dx
Now, I.F=e   e   e x
pdx dx

y  I.F     Q  I.F. dx  C
 ye x    2 xe  x .e x  dx  C
 ye x    2 xdx  c
 ye x   x 2  C
 ye x  x 2  C

Ns Xii Differential Eqn

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Ns Xii Differential Eqn

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Class XII Chapter 9 – Differential Equations Maths

Book Name: NCERT Solutions

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Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get:

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This is the required differential equation of the given curve.

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Adding equations (1) and (3), we get:

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

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Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

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Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

 xyy " x  y '  yy '  0

This is the required differential equation.

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Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

 xyy " x  y '  yy '  0

This is the required differential equation.

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Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

This is the required differential equation.

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Substituting this value in equation (1), we get:

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Integrating both sides of this equation, we get:

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 1og  tan y   log C 1  e x  

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Therefore, equation (1) becomes:

 y  log  x  1  log  x 2  1  tan 1 x  C

 y   x 2  1 x 2  1   tan 1 x  C

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Substituting C = 1 in equation (1), we get:

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 y  x  C  log  x2  y  2  ... 1

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Integrating both sides, we get:

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