CE 211_ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1ST SEMESTER 2023-2022

TOPIC 1: WEEK 2

Module 1: Introduction of Differential

Equation
INTRODUCTION

This module intends that all engineering students have a firm foundation in differential equations in preparation
for their degree-specific advanced mathematics courses. Students must also relate differential equations to
various practical engineering and scientific problems. To begin our study of this subject, we introduce different
classifications and solutions to problems regarding the differential equation from this module.

LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Apply differentiation and integration in solving differential equations;
 Use differential equation techniques on system of functions and equations; and
 Explain the physical application of differential equations in solving engineering problems.

LEARNING CONTENT

Topic No. 1/2nd Week: Introduction of Differential Equation

Differential Equation (DE) contains one or more terms involving derivatives of one variable (the dependent
variable, y) with respect to another variable (the independent variable, x).

Example:
2
d x dx
1. + a +kx=0 , t is the independent variable and x is the dependent variable, while a and k is
dt 2
dt
coefficient.
∂u ∂u
2. − =x−2 y , x and y is the independent variable and u is the dependent variable,
∂x ∂ y

Types of Differential Equation.

1. Ordinary Differential Equation (ODEs)

- An equation containing only one independent variable, thus having only ordinary derivatives in the
equation
Example:
a. (2 xy + x2 ) dx+ 2 ydy =0

( ) ( )
3 2 2 3
d y d y 3
b. 3
−x 2
+ x =0
dx dx

2. Partial Differential Equation (PDEs)

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 CE 211_ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
1ST SEMESTER 2023-2022
TOPIC 1: WEEK 2
- An equation containing two or more
independent variable, thus having only partial derivatives in the equation

Example:
∂u ∂u
a. − =3
∂x ∂ y

Differential Equation can be described as the attributes such as order or degree.

ORDER of DE
The order of DE is the order of the Highest ordered derivative which appears in the equation.

Examples:
dy
a. First Order: =2 x 2 +5 x+ 6
dx
d2 y
b. Second Order: 2
=4 x 2+12 x +3
dx
d3 y 2
c. Third Order: 3
=3 x + 6 x+ 4
dx

DEGREE of DE
The degree of DE whose terms are polynomials in the derivatives is defined as the highest power of the highest
order derivative.

Examples:

( )
3
d2 y d2 y
a. First Order: x 2+ =10
dx d x2

( )( )
2 3
d2 y d2 y
b. Second Order: x + =10
d x2 d x2

Types of Solutions of Differential Equations

1. General Solution – the solution has at least one arbitrary constant
Example:
3
x −3 y=C where: C=arbitrary constant

2. Particular Solution – the solution that has no arbitrary constant.

Example:
2 xy+ y 2−2=0

Teaching and Learning Activities

Determine the order and degree of the differential equation.

( )
4 3
d y 2 dy
1. 2 x +5 x −xy =0 Ans. Fourth order, 1st degree
dx
4
dx

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 CE 211_ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
1ST SEMESTER 2023-2022
TOPIC 1: WEEK 2

2. 5
d2 x
dt 2
+4 ( )
dy
dx
+ 9 x =2cos 3t Ans.
Second order, 1st degree
3. y'’=4y Ans. Second order, 1st degree
4. y’’’=5t Ans. Third order, 1st degree
d2 w dv
5. ( 2 ¿ 3 +xy( ¿ + w= k Ans. Second order, 3rd degree
dx dx

Recommended Learning Materials and Resources for Supplementary Reading.

Struthers A. and Potter M., 2019, Differential Equation: For Scientist and Engineers 2 nd Edition,
Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Strang G., 2014, Differential Equations and Linear Algebra 1 st Edition, Department of
Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wellesley - Cambridge Press
Nagle, Kent R., Saff, E.B., Snider, David A., 2014, Fundamentals of Differential Equations 8 th
edition, Pearson Education Limited

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM)adopted

Asynchronous (Module reading before discussion)- Module Uploaded Via Google Classroom
Synchronous Discussion thru Google Meet

Assessment Task
Perform Quiz 1

References
Struthers A. and Potter M., 2019, Differential Equation: For Scientist and Engineers 2 nd Edition, Springer
Nature Switzerland AG.
Strang G., 2014, Differential Equations and Linear Algebra 1 st Edition, Department of Mathematics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wellesley - Cambridge Press
Nagle, Kent R., Saff, E.B., Snider, David A., 2014, Fundamentals of Differential Equations 8 th edition,
Pearson Education Limited

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