Experimental Study On Direct Tensile Fatigue Perfo

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OPEN Experimental study on direct

tensile fatigue performance
of basalt fiber reinforced concrete
Xutao Zhang *, Chao Lou & Xikuan Lyu
Conducting research on the fatigue performance of concrete materials is of great significance for the
anti fatigue design of concrete structures. Currently, indirect tensile or compressive strength tests are
commonly used to study the fatigue performance of basalt fiber reinforced concrete, but there is little
research on its fatigue performance under direct tensile conditions. Using a fatigue testing machine
and a self-developed concrete axial tensile device, direct tensile fatigue tests of basalt fiber reinforced
concrete were conducted under different fiber content and stress levels. Based on fatigue test data,
the entire fatigue tensile process of basalt fiber reinforced concrete was analyzed, and the effects of
fiber content and stress level on the fatigue life of concrete specimens were explored. Strain fatigue
life curves of concrete with different fiber content were plotted. The experimental results indicate
that the failure mode of basalt fiber reinforced concrete under cyclic loading is brittle failure; with
the increase of basalt fiber content, the fatigue life of concrete first increases and then decreases.
When the fiber content is 0.3%, the fatigue life of basalt fiber concrete is the highest compared to the
benchmark concrete. When the fiber content is the same, the fatigue life of concrete decreases with
the increase of stress level. The fatigue deformation process of basalt fiber reinforced concrete can be
divided into three stages: the stage of fast strain growth, the stage of uniform strain growth, and the
stage of rapid strain growth.
During long-term service of concrete structures, in addition to bearing static forces, such as the dynamic effects
of traffic loads such as cars and trains on bridges, the repeated impacts of waves on oil extraction platforms,
and the effects of earthquake and wind loads on high-rise building structures1.This fatigue load with periodic
cyclic characteristics can cause continuous changes and redistribution of internal stress fields in concrete materi-
als, promote the continuous expansion and derivation of initial microcracks, causing progressive deterioration
and fatigue damage to the mechanical properties of concrete materials, and ultimately lead to brittle failure of
structural components below allowable s tress2,3. Therefore, conducting research on the fatigue performance of
concrete materials is of great significance for the anti fatigue design of concrete structures.
As a new generation of composite materials, fiber reinforced concrete has gradually become one of the widely
used materials in civil engineering. By adding fiber materials such as steel fibers, carbon n anotubes4–6, basalt fib-
ers, etc., the mechanical properties and durability of concrete can be significantly improved. In the past decade,
domestic and foreign scholars have conducted systematic experimental research on the fatigue performance of
fiber reinforced concrete, and have achieved relatively rich research results7,8. Among them, basalt fiber reinforced
concrete is increasingly being used due to its excellent mechanical properties.
Basalt fiber is a relatively new type of inorganic fiber produced in a harmless manner through the environ-
mentally friendly melting process of volcanic rocks9–11. It has excellent comprehensive properties, such as high
chemical stability, low usage cost, and good compatibility with silicates, making it a good candidate material for
reinforcing materials12. Compared with benchmark concrete, basalt fibers not only improve the strength and
flexural toughness of c oncrete13–16, but also enhance the fatigue resistance of concrete.
In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have mainly conducted the following research on basalt fiber
reinforced concrete. S im9 studied the mechanical and deformation properties of basalt fiber reinforced concrete
with different fiber contents. D ias17 investigated the effect of adding different volume fractions of basalt fibers
on the fracture toughness of ordinary silicate concrete through extensive experiments. The results indicate that
compared to ordinary silicate concrete, the concrete with basalt fiber added has stronger fracture energy. Li18
studied the fatigue performance of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rod reinforced sea sand concrete beams
through four point bending tests. Y ang19 studied the evolution of fine crack structures during the service life of
School of Architecture and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China. *email: zhangxutao@
lcu.edu.cn
Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 1

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basalt fiber reinforced concrete under different fatigue loads, explored the influence of basalt fiber on the fatigue
crack structure of concrete, and established a correlation model between flexural strength and internal crack
characteristics.Guo20 conducted fatigue tests on basalt fiber reinforced bridge concrete using three-point bending
tests, exploring the inhibitory effect of basalt fiber on concrete cracks under fatigue loads.
At present, research on the fatigue performance of basalt fiber reinforced concrete at home and abroad is
mostly focused on the bending fatigue performance and compressive fatigue performance under three or four
point loading, and there is little literature on its direct tensile fatigue performance. Based on this, a fatigue test-
ing machine and a concrete axial tensile device were used to conduct direct tensile fatigue tests on basalt fiber
reinforced concrete under different fiber content and stress levels. The effects of fiber content and stress level
on the tensile fatigue performance of concrete were investigated, and the strain fatigue life curve was plotted,
providing theoretical and experimental basis for the tensile fatigue design of basalt fiber reinforced concrete.
Test overview
Sample production
The design strength of basalt fiber concrete is 30 MPa, and the cement uses P.O42.5 grade ordinary portland
cement, the particle size of the crushed stone is 5–20 mm, and the fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.5, and
the grading of coarse and fine aggregates is good. The concrete mix ratio is: cement:water:sand:crushed stone
= 414.89:195:608.63:1181.48, and the physical and mechanical properties of the basalt fibers used are shown in
Table 1.
Calculate and determine the amount of cement, water, sand, coarse aggregate, and basalt fiber used. Before
the pouring of the sample, the coarse aggregate was first cleaned and air-dried. During the mixing process, first
add coarse aggregate and sand, stirring for 60 s, then add cement and half water, stirring for 30 s, and then add
basalt fibers in two more batches, stirring for 60 s.Finally, add the other half of water and stir the mixture for
180 s. Add water and basalt fibers in two steps to achieve the desired stirring state. Then measure the slump of
each sample immediately after mixing. Subsequently, pour the mixed concrete into a dumbbell shaped mold and
vibrate evenly on a vibration table. After pouring and demoulding, immediately move the sample to a standard
concrete curing room with a constant temperature of 20 ± 2 ℃ and a relative humidity of not less than 95%.
The curing time is 28 days, and care should be taken to avoid damaging the specimen during this process. The
specimens formed by pouring are shown in Fig. 1.
Test conditions
When conducting direct tensile fatigue tests on basalt fiber reinforced concrete, two main factors are considered:
the amount of basalt fiber added and the stress level (the ratio of the maximum stress value of the specimen
Elongation at break
Project Diameter (μm) Length (mm) Density (kg/m3) Tensile strength (MPa) Elastic modulus (GPa) (%)
Basalt fiber 15 6 2800 3000–3500 79.3–93.1 3.2
Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of basalt fibers.
Figure 1. Basalt fiber reinforced concrete specimen.

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to the ultimate tensile strength under static load during fatigue testing). The length of the basalt fiber used is
6 mm, considering three different mixing amounts, they are 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% respectively.Consider three
different stress levels, namely 0.75, 0.8, and 0.9. Twelve dumbbell shaped specimens were made with each fiber
content, of which three were used to test the static tensile strength of the specimens, and the remaining nine
specimens were used for three groups of fatigue tensile tests at different stress levels, with three specimens for
each set of stress levels.
Test equipment
Axial tensile test device for concrete
The axial tensile test device for concrete includes three parts: a rigid frame component, a ball joint component
and a pull head, and a specimen production component, as shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 3 is the schematic diagram of rigid frame part, the rigid frame consists of an upper beam, a lower beam
and two tensile round steels, the round steel is connected and fixed with the beam through the nuts at the upper
and lower ends; the upper and lower beams are 460 mm long, 50 mm wide and 40 mm thick; the diameter of
two round steels is 25 mm and the length is 600 mm. During the test, the tensile round steel and the concrete
specimen are pulled together to solve the problem that it is difficult to measure the tensile stress–strain curve
after the peak strength of concrete. (2) In order to solve the eccentricity problem, the spherical hinge part and
puller are designed, as shown in Fig. 4. The spherical joint is located between the concrete specimen and the
pull head of the testing machine and can rotate within a certain range. During the test, it can ensure that the
tensile force and the axis of the test piece are on the same axis, so as to eliminate the eccentricity problem. (3)
According to the characteristics of easy placing and forming of concrete material, the author designed concrete
specimen with dumbbell shape and made mould. Dimensions of dies and specimens are shown in Fig. 5. The
tension zone in the middle of the specimen is 100 mm in length, 50 mm in width and 50 mm in thickness. The
die consists of 5 parts, 1–4 is side die and 5 is base plate. The side die is bolted to the base plate. When making
the test piece, first assemble the mold and pour the concrete, disassemble the mold after its initial setting, and
Figure 2. Axial tensile test device for concrete.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of rigid frame part.

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Figure 4. Spherical hinge part and puller.
Figure 5. Concrete specimen mold.
take out the test piece for curing. The dumbbell shaped concrete specimen is perfectly matched with the pull
head, which is not only convenient to apply tension to the specimen, but also eliminates the stress concentration
caused by clamping or bonding, and effectively improves the accuracy and success rate of the test. In addition,
in order to facilitate the placing of the test piece, a 3 mm gap is reserved between the puller and the test piece,
and a rubber pad is set at the contact position between the puller and the test piece to eliminate the stress con-
centration caused by local contact.
Fatigue testing machine

The fatigue testing machine used in the experiment is shown in Fig. 6, which can dynamically collect cyclic load
and deformation data. The testing machine can complete tests such as high cycle fatigue, low cycle fatigue, crack
propagation, and fracture mechanics. The maximum load of the testing machine is 100 kN, and the loading
methods include force control, displacement control, and deformation control. The highest loading frequency
is 100 Hz, and the loading waveforms include sine wave, square wave, triangular wave, trapezoidal wave, oblique
wave, random wave, etc. The testing machine is equipped with a dynamic and static strain gauge (as shown in
Fig. 7) to collect strain data, with a maximum dynamic sampling frequency of 200 Hz. It can be connected using
full bridge, half bridge, or three wire 1/4 bridge connections.
Direct tensile static load test of basalt fiber reinforced concrete

Test steps
The axial tensile static load test of concrete is carried out using a self-developed testing device, and the main
test steps are as follows:
(1) Assemble the test device. According to the schematic diagram (Fig. 2), assemble the rigid frame part,
spherical hinge part and pull-down head of the concrete axial tensile device.
(2) Debug the test device. The tensile space of the universal testing machine was adjusted, and the upper and
lower pull bars of the device were connected and clamped with the upper and lower fixtures of the testing
machine, and strain gauges were pasted on the round steels on both sides and tested with electricity.

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Figure 6. Fatigue testing machine.
Figure 7. Dynamic and static strain collector.
(3) Install concrete test specimen. The cured specimen is taken out and the surface is dried for the test; the
specimen is installed between the pull up and down heads of the test device, and the strain gauge is pasted
on the front and rear sides; open the testing machine, first apply a small tension, observe the strain of the
round steel on both sides, ensure that the strain of the round steel on both sides is the same, if not, you can
adjust the fastening bolts at both ends of the round steel, after debugging, the tension will be unloaded to
zero.
(4) The specimen is loaded. Open the testing machine, apply tension in the way of equal strain, and continue
to load until the specimen is completely fractured; Record the tensile force F of the testing machine, the
tensile strain ε0 of the round steel and the tensile strain ε of the concrete specimen, then the tensile force
of the concrete specimen is:
F0 = F − E0 ε0 A (1)
In the formula, E0 is the elastic modulus of the round steel, A is the cross-sectional area of the round steel on
both sides, and ε0 is the tensile strain of the round steel.
The tensile stress of concrete specimens is:

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F0
ft = (2)
Ac
In the formula, Ac is the cross-sectional area in the middle of the concrete specimen.
Based on the above experimental data, the tensile strength, peak tensile strain, and complete stress–strain
curve of basalt fiber reinforced concrete can be obtained.
Direct tensile static load test results and analysis

The average static tensile strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete measured by experiments is shown in
Table 2. The numbering rules for test specimens are as follows: C represents reference concrete, BFRC represents
basalt fiber concrete,the numbers 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 after BFRC represent basalt fiber content (volume fraction)
of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%, respectively.
As shown in Fig. 8, with the increase of basalt fiber content, the tensile strength of concrete first increases and
then decreases; when the volume fraction is less than 0.2%, there are too few fibers inside the concrete, making
it difficult for the fibers to play a role in enhancing crack resistance. When the fiber volume fraction is 0.3%,
the fibers are evenly distributed in the concrete, with more fibers distributed on the crack surface, fully utiliz-
ing the performance of the fibers and preventing the development of cracks. When the fiber volume fraction
exceeds 0.3%, excessive fibers are prone to clumping inside21,22, which will actually reduce the tensile strength
of the concrete. From the perspective of tensile strength, the optimal fiber content for basalt fiber reinforced
concrete is 0.3%.
Direct tensile fatigue test of basalt fiber reinforced concrete

Test steps
(1) After assembling the test device, install the test piece between the upper and lower heads of the test device,
and stick strain gauges on both sides.
(2) Before the formal start of the test, select any specimen for pre-testing, apply a load of 1 kN to the specimen,
and repeat the test three times. The purpose of the pre-test is to detect whether the instrument has any
problems such as poor contact or fast loading speed. After the detection is correct, input the corresponding
loading frequency, average load, load amplitude, loading waveform and other test parameters, and then
turn on the fatigue testing machine to load the specimen.
Test piece type Tensile strength (MPa)

C 1.444
BFRC0.2 1.468
BFRC0.3 1.786
BFRC0.4 1.770
Table 2. Static tensile strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete.
Figure 8. Static tensile strength of basalt fiber concrete with different fiber contents.

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(3) Open the fatigue testing machine, select the force controlled loading method, apply cyclic load, with a
loading waveform of sine wave and a loading frequency of 10 Hz. The characteristic value of the load cycle
(stress ratio) is ρ = PPmax
min
= 0.1, Pmin is the minimum value of constant amplitude cyclic load acting on
the specimen, while Pmax is the maximum value of constant amplitude cyclic load acting on the specimen,
continuously loaded until the specimen completely fractures; simultaneously record the tensile strain of
the concrete specimen ε and fatigue life N. If the specimen does not fail after 106 cycles of loading, it is
considered to have an infinite fatigue life under this loading condition.
Direct tensile fatigue test results and analysis of basalt fiber reinforced concrete
Test phenomenon
As shown in Fig. 9, most of the basalt fiber concrete specimens are broken along the middle position of the speci-
mens under the circulating load. A few seconds before the failure occurred, fine cracks appear on the specimen
surface, followed by fracture and failure, accompanied by a dull sound. The fracture surface of the test piece is
flat, basically perpendicular to the axis of the test piece, without protruding coarse aggregate. There is no obvious
damage to the concrete on both sides of the fracture surface. The main forms of fracture are tensile failure of the
coarse aggregate and separation failure of the interface between the coarse aggregate and cement mortar. Basalt
fibers are basically pulled out and peeled off, with very little fracture failure.
Test results
The fatigue life and ultimate fatigue strain of basalt fiber reinforced concrete specimens measured by experiments
at various stress levels are shown in Table 3.
The influence of fiber content and stress level on the fatigue performance of concrete
The variation pattern of concrete fatigue life with basalt fiber content is shown in Table 3. Due to the different fiber
content of concrete specimens, their fatigue life shows significant dispersion at three stress levels; even though
the fatigue life of three specimens in the same group still exhibits discreteness at the same stress level, which is
similar to the research results of many domestic and foreign scholars. The reason for this phenomenon is, on
the one hand, that the fatigue life of concrete exhibits strong sensitivity to the stress level under loading, and on
the other hand, it may be due to the process issues during specimen production and the uneven distribution
of various constituent materials in the concrete, resulting in differences in the strength of concrete specimens
and affecting their overall structural performance, at the same time, errors in the data collection process and
measurement system can also have a certain impact on the experimental results.
1. Influence of fiber content on the fatigue performance of concrete. The variation pattern of concrete fatigue
life with basalt fiber content is shown in Fig. 10a. When the stress level is the same, with the increase of basalt
fiber content, the fatigue life of basalt fiber concrete first increases and then decreases, and reaches its highest at
a fiber content of 0.3%. The ultimate fatigue strain of concrete also shows a pattern of first increasing and then
decreasing with the increase of basalt fiber content, as shown in Fig. 10b, with the highest value at a fiber con-
tent of 0.3%. This is because the porosity inside the benchmark concrete is relatively large, and when subjected
to large external forces, the pores in the matrix are easily connected to form penetrating cracks, leading to the
Figure 9. Fatigue failure morphology of basalt fiber reinforced concrete specimens under direct tension.

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Fatigue life (times)

Ultimate fatigue strain
Test piece type Stress level Test-piece 1 Test-piece 2 Test-piece 3 Average fatigue life (times) (10–6)
0.9 605 767 899 757 127
C 0.8 19,670 21,259 23,924 21,618 151
0.75 39,912 49,246 72,245 53,801 176
0.9 711 936 1228 958 155
BFRC0.2 0.8 33,524 47,812 50,621 42,986 156
0.75 82,286 136,101 163,799 127,395 198
0.9 1098 1259 1501 1286 192
BFRC0.3 0.8 42,715 74,700 93,030 69,148 215
0.75 106,198 164,494 260,971 177,221 237
0.9 902 1198 1412 1171 176
BFRC0.4 0.8 37,738 65,279 82,235 61,751 189
0.75 94,395 143,112 218,782 152,096 213
Table 3. Fatigue Life and Ultimate Fatigue Strain of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete Specimens.
Figure 10. Influence of fiber content on the fatigue performance of concrete.
destruction of the benchmark concrete. When basalt fibers are added, the fatigue life will increase, this is because
basalt fibers can fill the pores in the concrete, and the uniformly distributed basalt fibers in the concrete can
effectively bond with cement mortar, when the concrete is subjected to external forces, it can offset some of the
energy, effectively hindering the generation and expansion of cracks, and overall improving the toughness and
deformation resistance of the concrete, simultaneously improving the fatigue resistance of concrete. However,
fibers are non directional distributed in concrete, when the fiber content is large, the agglomeration phenom-
enon will occur in the concrete, producing bubbles and irregular holes in the fiber overlap, which increases the
probability of internal defects in the concrete, causing stress concentration inside the concrete and reducing the
fatigue life of the concrete.
2. Influence of stress level on the fatigue performance of concrete. The variation pattern of concrete fatigue life
with stress level is shown in Fig. 11a. When the fiber content is the same, the fatigue life of concrete specimens
increases with the decrease of stress level. There are significant differences in the ultimate fatigue strain of basalt
fiber reinforced concrete under different stress levels (the ultimate fatigue strain is the strain corresponding to
the fatigue failure point). As shown in Fig. 11b, the lower the stress level, the greater the ultimate fatigue strain of
basalt fiber reinforced concrete. The effect of stress level on the ultimate fatigue strain of basalt fiber reinforced
concrete may be related to the slip amount of the fibers. When the basalt fiber concrete specimen approaches
fatigue failure, the basalt fiber is in a fully activated state due to cracking and expansion. As the crack continues
to expand, the basalt fibers at the main crack are continuously pulled out. In this case, a lower stress level means
a smaller pulling force, which helps to increase the slip of basalt fibers. Therefore, as the stress level decreases, the
ultimate fatigue strain of basalt fiber reinforced concrete increases.

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Figure 11. Influence of stress level on fatigue performance of concrete.
Fatigue stress–strain curve

The fatigue stress–strain curves of basalt fiber reinforced concrete specimens at different stress levels are shown in
Fig. 12. As the number of load cycles and plastic strain increase, the fatigue stress–strain curve gradually deviates
from the monotonic curve and continues to develop towards an increase in deformation. When approaching the
fatigue deformation limit, the slope of the curve decreases, reflecting the degradation of the stiffness of basalt fiber
reinforced concrete specimens; the curve becomes sparse, reflecting an increase in deformation rate. When the
curve begins to deviate and cannot be closed, fatigue failure occurs and cyclic loading terminates. As shown in
Figure 12. Fatigue stress–strain curve of basalt fiber reinforced concrete with a fiber content of 0.2%.

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Fig. 12, as the stress level decreases, the distance between the fatigue stress–strain curve and the monotonic curve
increases, indicating that the fatigue curve gradually transitions from a "high fine" type to a "short wide" type.
Strain fatigue life curve

From Figs. 13, 14 and 15, it can be seen that the strain fatigue life curves of concrete specimens with different
fiber contents can be divided into three stages:
In the first stage, during the initial loading stage, the strain increases rapidly, and during this stage, the initial
defects inside the concrete develop rapidly under external forces. These initial defects are often small pores
formed during the pouring process, and as the pores collapse and fail, the growth of strain tends to stabilize and
enters the middle stage of growth. This stage is approximately 10% of the fatigue life of the specimen.
In the second stage, the middle stage of fatigue loading, in this stage, the strain growth of concrete is slow
and stable, and basically develops linearly. During this period, the cracks formed in the early stages of growth
extend to the surface of hard aggregates and basalt fibers in the material, which hinder crack development and
bear stress. This stage experiences the longest time, which is 75% to 80% of the fatigue life of the specimen.
In the third stage, in the later stage of loading, the strain of concrete becomes steep from the stable develop-
ment in the middle stage of growth, and the greater the increase at the end of its lifespan, the steeper the curve. It
can be considered that a portion of the crack splits along the colloid, while a portion runs through the aggregate
and a small portion of the fibers. With the increase of the material that exits the force by splitting, the remaining
the remaining material bears increasing stress, causing the crack to expand more and more rapidly, ultimately
forming a fracture surface that runs through the entire section, causing the specimen to fail. This stage is 10%
to 15% of the fatigue life of the specimen.
Due to differences in fiber content and stress levels, there will be significant differences in the time proportion
of the three stages corresponding to different concrete specimens. When the fiber content is the same, as the
Figure 13. Strain fatigue life curve of basalt fiber reinforced concrete at a stress level of 0.9.

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stress level increases, the time proportion of the first stage will correspondingly decrease. When the stress level is
kept constant, compared with the base concrete, the strain fatigue life curve of basalt fiber reinforced concrete is
relatively smooth, and the transition between the three stages is not very obvious. This is because the benchmark
concrete has low strength, weak toughness, and due to the existing voids in the matrix, it quickly fails. After
the addition of basalt fibers, the strength and toughness of concrete are greatly improved. When the specimen
cracks, the basalt fibers in the matrix can play a bridging tensile role, effectively suppressing the generation and
expansion of cracks. When the specimen is completely destroyed, the basalt fibers in the matrix are pulled out,
offsetting a portion of the energy and greatly extending the failure time of the specimen.
Conclusion
(1) With the increase of basalt fiber content, the tensile strength of concrete first increases and then decreases;
when the fiber content is 0.3%, the tensile strength of concrete is most significantly improved.
(2) The fatigue failure morphology of concrete specimens with different fiber contents is basically consistent,
roughly breaking into two sections from the middle; however, the fracture process of basalt fiber reinforced
concrete is relatively slow compared to the benchmark concrete, and its ultimate fatigue strain is also rela-
tively large.
(3) Due to the internal non-uniformity of concrete materials, the fatigue life of concrete often has a certain
discrete. When the fiber content of basalt fiber concrete is the same, the fatigue life of the material decreases
with the increase of stress level. At the same stress level, the fatigue life of the benchmark concrete is the
smallest, and the addition of basalt fibers effectively improves the fatigue life of the concrete; when the
content of basalt fiber is 0.3%, the effect of improving the fatigue life of concrete is most significant.
(4) The stress and strain of concrete during cyclic loading were tested, and the fatigue stress–strain curves
of basalt fiber reinforced concrete at different stress levels were plotted. As the stress level decreases, the
fatigue stress–strain curve gradually transitions from a "high fine" type to a "short wide" type.
(5) The strain and fatigue life of concrete during cyclic loading were tested, and the strain fatigue life curves
of concrete with different fiber contents were plotted. During the cyclic loading process, the strain process
of concrete materials can be divided into three stages, namely: the stage of fast strain growth, the stage of
uniform strain growth, and the stage of rapid strain growth.
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
Received: 30 August 2023; Accepted: 4 January 2024
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China, ZR2022ME060.
Author contributions
X.Z. and C.L. wrote the main manuscript text. C.L. and X.L. conducted experiments and prepared figures. All
authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to X.Z.
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Experimental Study On Direct Tensile Fatigue Perfo

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OPEN Experimental study on direct

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 1

Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of basalt fibers.

Figure 1. Basalt fiber reinforced concrete specimen.

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 2

Figure 2. Axial tensile test device for concrete.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of rigid frame part.

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 3

Figure 4. Spherical hinge part and puller.

Figure 5. Concrete specimen mold.

Fatigue testing machine

Direct tensile static load test of basalt fiber reinforced concrete

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 4

Figure 6. Fatigue testing machine.

Figure 7. Dynamic and static strain collector.

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 5

Direct tensile static load test results and analysis

Direct tensile fatigue test of basalt fiber reinforced concrete

Test piece type Tensile strength (MPa)

Table 2. Static tensile strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete.

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 6

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 7

Fatigue life (times)

Figure 10. Influence of fiber content on the fatigue performance of concrete.

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 8

Figure 11. Influence of stress level on fatigue performance of concrete.

Fatigue stress–strain curve

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 9

Strain fatigue life curve

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 10

Received: 30 August 2023; Accepted: 4 January 2024

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 11

© The Author(s) 2024

Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:765 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51403-1 12

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