Review Notes in Police Photography 2022

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Review Notes IN Police Photography 2022
Criminal Law (University of Baguio)
Scan to open on Studocu
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Princess Lyka DG. Garingarao (princess.garingarao.gsbm@pcu.edu.ph)
lOMoARcPSD|33872625
REVIEW NOTES IN POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Introduction to PHOTOGRAPHY
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOGRAPHY
 In 1818, France, Niepce obtained camera images on paper sensitized with

silver-chloride solution; however, the fixation is only partial. Niepce regarded
the results as “Imperfect failures” because they are reversed in tonality
(negatives).
 In the early part of 1820’s, produced “heliographic drawings” contact-print

image of engravings or other line copy on class, paper or metal coated with a
bitumen varnish that hardens when exposed.
 Come 1826 in France, Niepce achieved the first permanent photograph in a

camera on a plate coated with light gray bitumen. After an 8-hours exposure, a
direct-positive image results when oil of lavender dissolves away unexposed,
unhardened bitumen to let the dark metal plate represent shadow. Various
amounts of hardened bitumen remain to from highlights middle tones.
 In 1829, He used silver plate and devised a way to remove bitumen from
highlights after darkening shadow area which Daguerre forms a partnership
with Niepce to perfect this invention. In 1833, Niepce died, Daguerre took over
the actual experimentation.
 In 1835, England. W.H.F. Talbot obtains negative images on silver-chloride

paper by long “printing out” exposures in a camera obscura; they are
imperfectly fixed.
 Still in 1835, France, Daguerre discovers that mercury fumes will develop an
invisible (latent) image on a silver plate that is sensitized with iodine fumes
before exposure.
 In 1839, England, William H. Fox Talbot points out the basis of modern
photography: Positive copies as desire by contract printing.
 In August 19, 1839 “Daguerre type,” the first practical photographic process, is
given to the world.
 In 1840, Talbot discovers methods of developing paper-negative images that

greatly reduces the exposure required in the camera.
 In 1840, U.S. J.W. Draper is one of the first to produce photographs portraits
using a lens with a diameter of five inches and a focus of seven inches,
 In 1840, Australia – Hungary, J.M. Petzvel designs the first lens specifically for
photographic use. The lens is produced the following year by Vioglander for
use in the first all-metal, utilized camera.
 1841, Talbot patents the calotype process, later called the talotype. Negative
on paper sensitized with silver nitrate, and gallic acid are developed in gallic
acid.
 In 1842, England, Herschel invent the ferroprusiate (blueprints, cyanotype)

process.
 In 1848, Abel Niepce De Sanit-Voctor perfected the use of albumen to hold

light-sensitive compounds on a glass plate to make negatives on an absolutely
smooth and transparent material.

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 In 1850, France, L.D. Blanquart-Evrard invents albumen high resolution

obtainable with glass-plate negtives.
 In 1851, England, F.S. Archer publishes a method of using collodion in place of

albumen for negative on glass.
 In 1852, U.S. Collodion direct positive-like ambrotypes, but produced on dark

metal-are introduced as ferrotype.
 In 1853 England, J.B. dancer makes the first model of a twin-lens camera for
stereo photography, designs suggested in 1849 by Sir David Brewster in 1856.
 In 1858 France, Nadar takes the first aerial photographs over Paris from a free
balloon.
 In 1861 Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell published research in color perception

and the three color separation of light.
 In 1862 U.S. reversal process to obtain positive images is first demonstrated by

bleaching out the negative.
 In 1865, U.S. building on a demonstration of photograph.
 In 1868, France, Ducos da Hauron publishes methods for both additive and
substractive color synthesis of images by photography and suggest the use of
a three color monopack plate.
 In 1871, England, Richard Leach Maddox invents the first truly practical dry
plate negative process, using gelatin in place of collodion to bind silver halides
to glass plate.
 In 1872, U.S. Edward James Muybridge makes the first attempts to

photographically analyze a horse’s gallop, for Leland Stanford.
 In 1873, Germany, Professor H.W. Vogel discovers the use of dye substances
to extend the sensitivity of photographic emulsion from the blue into the green
region of the spectrum making possible orthochromatic plates (meaning
“correct color,” although they are still red-blind).
 In 1875, England, Leon Warnerke invents a roll holder for use with studio and
field (view) cameras.
 In 1879, U.S., E.J. Muybridge invents the Zoopraxiscope to project continuous

movement from photographic images.
 In 1880, England, Sir William Abbey discovers the use of hydroquinone as a

developing agent.
 1n 1882, France, Etinne marey begins chrono-photography to records stages

in the flow of movement by recording successive images on a single plate at
constant rate of 12 per second and faster.
 In 1882, England, Sir William Abney produces silverchloride gelatin emulsion

for printing-out paper.
 1884, U.S. Eastman negative paper is introduced; it consists of light-sensitive

emulsion or paper which, after development is made transparent enough for
printing by treating it with hot castor oil.
 1888, U.S. John Carbutt Manufacture the celluloids-base sheet film.

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 The Eastman Dry plate and film company introduces the number one Kodak
camera.
 1889, U.S. The first commercial transparent roll film, perfected by Eastman
and his research chemist, is put on the market.
 1890, England, Hunter and Driffield publish the results of 20 years of research
into the response of photographic materials.
 In 1891, U.S. Metol and glycin are first used as developing agents. Thomas
Edison produces motion pictures on a continuous length of Eastman celluloid
film in his kinescope camera and projector.
 In 1892, U.S. Frederick e. Ives invents a camera to take three color separation
negatives. The process was patented in 1894 and later manufactured as
“Kromscop”
 In 1893, Ireland, John Joly invented the additive color process using regular
line screen checkered with red, green and blue squares.
 In 1895, U.S. Reverend Hannibal Goodwin is granted a patent covering roll

film composed of a silver-bromide gelatin emulsion on a celluloid base.
 In 1990, France, Auguste and Louis Lumiere invent the photodrama, which
takes and projects 360 degree panoramic photographs.
 In 1901, France, Cellulose acetate was invented; its non flammable properties
promote its adoption as a safety base still films.
 In 1904, Germany, B. Homoka and E. Konig who had studied with H.W. Vogel,
invent dye sensitizers that extent emulsion sensitivity into the yellow and red
regions of the spectrum.
 Written and Wainwright begin commercial production of panchromatic (‘all-

color”) plates two years later in England.
 In 1907, France, M. Lumiere color process, the Autochrome plate, become the
first commercially manufactured practical color process in photography.
 In 1910, France, Dioptichrome color materials are produced based on patents

of Louis Dufay. Later products based on similar principles include Dufay color.
 1912, Germany. Friedrich Deckel invents the compound shutter, which uses
gears to control slow speeds and a clock work movements to control fast
speed.
 In 1914, U.S. Eastman Kodak company introduces a two color subtractive

process called Kodachrome it is dropped after a few years, but the name is use
again, 21 years later for a tree-color process based on different principles.
 1921, U.S. Radio transmitional photograph is demonstrated the mention is

eventually used widely as phototelegraphy (“wirephoto”) invented in 1904.
 1923, U.S. Amateur movie-making becomes possible with the introduction of

16 mm reversal black – and – white film, by Eastman Kodak Company.
 1924, Germany, E. Leits begins production of the Leica camera designed by

Oskar Barnack. Although not the first to use 35 mm film, it succeeds in
establishing a new kind of photography.

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 1927, U.S. A full length film, “The Jazz Singer” is a Vitaphone production with
synchronized sound on disc. Later the Bell Labs/Fox-movie tone process
produces integral sound on film.
 1928, Germany, modern twin-lens roll film reflex camera, the Rollieflex, was
introduced by Francke and Heidecke.
 1929, Germany, J. Ostermeler produces the first commercially acceptable self-

contained flash-bulb aluminum foil sealed in an oxygen-filled bulb.
 In 1932, U.S. The first photoelectric exposure meter is produced by Western

Electric Instrument Company.
 In 1934, Holland, The first wire-filled flashbulb is introduced by Philips.
 In 1939, U.S. a gas-discharge tube emitting white light is introduced for

electronic flash photography.
 Mannes and Grodowsky, working with the staff of the Kodak Research
Laboratory, invented kodachrome film.
 In 1936, Germany. Agfacolor reversal films is introduced; it is the first tree color
monopack film in which subtractive dye-formers are incorporated in each
emulsion layer.
 In 1939, Germany. Negative positive subtractive color cine materials are
developed using agfa tripack emulsion.
 Still in 1939, Germany. A Rott and E. Weyde independently develop diffusion

transfer processing of negative images.
 In 1940, U.S. and England, Multiple contrast black and white printing paper is
introduced in the U.S.
 In 1942, U.S, kodacolor negative film is introduced in the market.
 In 1942, England, A new developing agent, phenidone, is patented by Ilford; it

is similar to metol.
 In 1943, U.S. Reversal print material, Ansco Printer, for making color prints
from slider or transparencies, is introduced for user processing.
 In 1945, U.S. Reversal print incorporated color couples, development during

world War ii are available to the public first unscocclor film in 1945, then
Ektachrome film in 1946.
 In 1946, U.S. Kodak dye transfers process is introduced it is a commercial

process that represents the culmination of various printing methods utilizing
dyed or pigmented bichromate-gelatin emulsion that hardens on exposure and
development in an tanning developer.
 In 1947, U.S. Edwin H. Land Introduces Polaroid “one step photography” with
a self-processing black – and – white film that yield a positive print by the
diffusion transfer reversal method.
 In 1950, U.S. Color couplers for self-masking color correction are introduced in
kodak color negative films.
 In 1950, U.S. The first modern wide-screen motion picture are produced using
an anamorphic system, which optional squeezes the 2.1 1mm motion picture
frame, and restores it to full width upon projection.

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 In 1995, U.S. Kodak Tri-X (ASA 200) and Royal X pan (ASA 650) films, and
Kodak Ektacolor paper from color negatives, are introduced.
 In 1960, U.S. a self-processing color print material based on the Polaroid

diffusion transfer system is demonstrated; it is marketed as Polacolor film in
1963.
 In 1963, U.S. A modern dye destruction, or silver dye bleach, reversal color-
print material Cibachrome is introduced in both professional and home
processing versions.
 In 1963, U.S. The loading of iflm is still cameras is greatly simplified with the
production of a film cartridge made with a built-in prethreaded take-up spool.
 In 1972, U.S. Polaroid Corporation demonstrates a new camera and film as
the SX-70 system, the camera is a unique single lens reflex design and the film
is an integral diffusion transfer materials that produces a full color print without
any peel-away, discardable component.
 In 1976, U.S. Kodak instant print film PR10 is introduced.
 In 1978, U.S. Polavision self-processing color movie film is marketed; it

combines a self-processing diffusion transfer emulsion with an integral additive
color line screen.
PHOTOGRAPHY – defined as an Art or Science of reproducing image by the action of light

on sensitized material with the aid of an image forming device known as camera and the
chemical process involved therein.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre – He is a French national, who is considered the father
of photography. His major contribution into the field of photography is the “Daguerro Type
Theory”.
Police or Forensic Photography – Is an Art or Science that deals with the study of
principles of photography, in relation to police work and preparation/presentation of
photographic evidence in court. Presentation of documents in the court as an evidence for a
case.
Edward Burke – An American who is considered the advocator of Police/Forensic

Photography. The Father of Police/Forensic Photography.
II. Light and its characteristics:
a. Light – Is an electromagnetic redial energy to which excites the retina of the eye and
makes things visible.
The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum is composed of both visible radiant energy (light)
and invisible radiant energy (ultraviolet and infrared).
Light differs:
Speed of travel = medium – space
- Air
- Glass
- Water
- Light is being measure through its wavelength 1 Millionth of a meter or
1 millionth of a millimeter. (Millimicron)
b. Characteristics of Light:
1. Speed
2. Wavelength
3. Frequency

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
c. The three are interrelated to each other.
Speed – Is the rate of travel per second.

Wavelength – Is the distance in between light travels in air/wave 186,000 miles per
second.
Frequency – Is the number of wave passing to one point in one second.
Color of Light:
1. Blue
2. Green
3. Red
The three are considered Primary Colors.
Yellow – Is considered complimentary color of the primary color

Cyan – Secondary color
Magenta – Secondary color
Blue – Is measured from 400-500 millimicron

Green – Is Measured from 500-600 millimicron
Red – is measured from 600-700 millimicron
Colors – Are the even mixture of all wavelengths. Sufficient wavelength of all colors.
Black - Absent of light.
Gray – A little mixtures of light.
The Sources of Light:

1. Sun/Moon/Stars
2. Natural Light
3. Reflection of Water
4. Reflection of Clothes
Natural Light – None man made (we do not know).

Artificial Light – Man Made (Thomas Jefferson).
Available Light – Is the combination of natural and artificial light.
Note: We see color because of our nerve cell and Retina of our eye called “Cones”.
The RATD LAW – Reflected, Absorbed, Transmitted and Diffraction.
Refraction – It is the bending of lights when strike to an object.
III. Light and Materials:
Focal Length – Is the distance between the center of the lens and the film plane when the
lens is focused at infinity.
Lens – Is a medium or a system which converge or diverge rays of light passing through it
and it form an image.
Types of Camera Lenses:

1. Wide Angle Lens – From 25MM to 45MM
2. Normal Lenses – 50MM
3. Telephoto Lens – 55MM to 1000MM or more
(Zoom Lens)
Zoom Lens – It is considered as a variable lenses.
a. LENS ABERRATIONS OR DEFECTS

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
An aberration is an optical imperfection responsible for image distortion. These

defects are not the results of the manufacturers’ carelessness. They are cause by the
behavior of light. It can be avoided by combining several lenses and by eliminating
marginal rays refracted through the outer edges of the lens.
Astigmatism
The inability of a lens to project a sharply focused image of both vertical and
horizontal lines upon the same plane, at one lens to image distance. Lenses corrected
for astigmatism are termed anastigmatic.
Coma
A pear-shaped image of a small circle or point near to the edges of the image
plane. To correct or minimize coma in a compound lens, positive and negative
elements of varying radii of curvature are combined in a lens system, and the size of
the aperture is reduced.
Chromatic Aberration
The inability of a simple lens to bring the different wavelengths (colors) of white
light to a focused on the same plane. Correction is made when the compound lens is
constructed by placing a simple negative lens in optical contact with a simple positive
lens.
Curvature of Field
A simple lens produces a curved, concave, or saucer – shaped image of wan
object which has a flat surface. This type of aberration is more apparent in lenses
which have a wide angle of view.
Distortion (Curvilinear Distortion)

Maybe defined as a lens inability to produced the same enlargement in the image
formed by the edges of the lens as in that part formed by the center of the lens.
Barrel Distortion
Lines near the margins of the image curve inward like the sides of a barrel.
Pincushion Distortion
Lines curve inward like the sides of a stuffed pincushion. Placing the aperture
behind the lens causes this affect.
Flare
Flares exhibits itself as a misty haze, or a cloudy semicircular patch of light, which
may cover part or all of the image. When it appears as a small pear-shaped bright
spot it is called coma.
Optical Flare
Is the result of double reflections from inner lens surfaces.
Mechanical Flare
Is the result of reflections from worn shiny parts of the lens such as stop, shutter,
lens mount or from inside of the camera itself.
Spherical Aberration
When parallel marginal and axial rays passing through a simple lens focused at
different planes along the optical axis, causing fuzzy images.
b. PRINTING PAPERS
Because of the fact that all negatives do not print best on one kind of paper, and in
order to permit printing for special effects, photographic paper is made in several

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
different grades of contrast and surface texture. Velox paper made by Kodak offers
the most and in six degrees of contrast and glossy (F) surface.
Velox, No. 0
Used for printing from extremely contrast negatives, the low contrast in the paper
sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the negative, to give a new print.
Velox, No. 1
Used for high contrast negatives.
Velox No. 2
A paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives.
Velox, No. 3
For used with negatives that are a little weak in contrast.
Velox, No. 4
Provides sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It is
useful in printing silhouettes and other such pictures in which high contrast is desired.
Velox, No. 5
For negatives so flat as to be otherwise unprintable.
Module II
Specific Objectives: At the end of the review the students should be able to:
a) Appreciate darkroom photography
b) Recall the parts of camera
I: Darkroom Photography and Sensitized Materials:
a. Darkroom – A light tight room used for developing film making contact print and
enlargement.
- A room protected from rays of light harmful to sensitized materials, plates and
papers.
Two distinct sides:

1. Dry Side – Enlarger side and materials that must be kept away from water.
2. Wet Side – Processing area, chemical, stock solutions, trays and other materials.
Chemical Processes:
Developing process of film – the latent image becomes permanent and visible in a
reverse way thus producing a negative.
Developing process of photo paper – the permanent and visible image produces
positive print or photographs.
Two Factors to be considered in developing process:

1. Density – is the degree of darkness of the image developed – too dark or to light.
2. Contrast – is the different of tone from another.
a.1. Factors that affect chemical development of the sensitized material:

1. Concentration or strength of the working solution – used mixture procedure by
manufacturers.
2. Temperature of chemical involved in the development process
3. Time of development
4. Agitation of the sensitized material during development.
a.2. Chemical Processing:

1. Development – processes of reduction, exposed silver halides are reduced into
metallic silver.

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
2. Stop-bath – it is an intermediate bath between development and fixer.

- To prevent contamination of the chemical.
3. Fixation – the process of removing unexposed silver halides remaining in the
emulsion after the first stage of development of the latent image.
4. Washing – use of running water.
5. The application “Wetting Agent”/Photo-flo/Foto-glo – to prevent watermark and
easier to dry.
6. Drying.
a.3. Chemical component of a fixer:

1. Dissolving Agent – Hypo or sodium thiosulphite
2. Preservative – Sodium sulphite
3. Neutralizer – boric and acetic acid
4. Hardener – Potassium alum.
Two systems of film developing:

1. Repeated use system – after each development the solution is poured in a
container for use again.
2. One shot system - after development the solution is poured into the sink.
Faults and Remedy on Negatives:

1. Intensification – under-exposed negative
2. Reduction – over exposed negative
3. Increasing or Decreasing development time.
4. Use of development that increase or subdues contrast.
Intensification – the addition of minute part of another metal usually chromium or mercury
on the top of the metallic silver formed to strengthen contrast to obtain good density. Under
exposed negatives.
Reduction – the reducing of density in the negative-overexposed negatives potassium

ferry cyanide and sodium thiosulphite or Hypo or Farmer’s Reducer.
a.4. Printmaking Process:

1. Printmaking – the final stage in making photograph.
2. Enlarger – It is a machine used in making enlargement.
3. Contact Printing – photograph is made through direct negative and paper contact.
Factors to consider in selecting negative:

1. Sharpness
2. Density
3. Contrast
a.5. Enlarger Parts and Functions:

1. Enlarger Head – the main working part of enlarger contains: Light, condenser,
lens, negative holder, the lens itself.
2. Lamp – light that passes through the negative that exposed photo paper.
3. Condenser Lens – lens that spread the light coming from the lamp of the enlarger.
4. Negative Darrier – hold the negative flat and level.
5. Lens Aperture – the opening of the lens that control rays of light passing through it.
6. Lens – it is the one responsible in forming the image coming from the negative.
7. Focusing Mechanism – it moves the lens up and down to focus the projected image.
8. Enlarger Column – it is the holder of the enlarger head and commonly serves as a
rail in controlling the height of enlarger head.
9. Elevating Control Knob – control size of image by raising or lowering the enlarger
head.
10. Base Board – the support of the entire unit of the enlarger.
a.c. Procedure in Film Processing. (Black and White)

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
1. Prepare of solution needed in the development process.

2. Check the temperature of the solution and make it constant by using
temperature control pan.
3. Turn off the lights and check the room weather its totally dark.
4. Open the film cassette or film holder.
5. Place film in the developer reel or film hanger.
6. Soak or immerse the developing reel or film hanger into the developer tank.
7. Tap the bottom of developing tank to dislodge air bubbles.
8. Place the light tight cover to the developer tank.
9. Set the timer on the specified time, remove and rinse the film for 10 seconds.
10. Slowly agitate the developer tank for five seconds every minutes of the
development time.
11. At end of development time, remove and rinse the film for 10 seconds.
12. Soak or immerse the developer reel or film hanger into the stop batch tank, tap
the developer reel or hanger at the bottom for 30 seconds.
13. Remove and raise the film for 10 seconds.
14. Soak and immerse developer reel and film hanger into the fixing bath tank for
30 seconds and let film stand still in the solution for required fixing time.
15. After fixing period switch on the light wash the film developer or negatives in
running water for 30 minutes.
B. Sensitized Materials:
Sensitized paper/photographic paper – a paper coated with emulsion.
Photographs – is result of both mechanical and chemical process of photography.
Emulsion – the sensitized of a film or paper usually silver halides in gelatin on acetate,
polyester or paper.
Silver Halides – the component that sensitize to light.
Film
B.1. Film Layer (Black & White)

1. Emulsion
2. Gray or Anti-halation backing
3. Acetate – “Plastic”
4. Base
B.2. Kinds of films in terms of speed – sensitivity to light

Fast Film – Hi-speed - sensitivity to light (ISO 25 TO 50 mu)
Mid Film – Mid-speed – sensitivity to light (ISO 50 to 400 mu)
Slow Film – Slow-speed – sensitivity to light (ISO 400 to 3200 high latitude)
Higher density – more black/higher contrast the bigger the size of the silver crystal
granules the higher sensitivity to light the finer the granules the slower sensitivity.
B.3. Component of a film from top to bottom:

1. Over Coating – hard gelatin solvent
2. Gelatin Solvent with grains of silver salt (halide) – Emulsion- sensitive to light
3. Gum Arabic (Sticky gelatin substance) – substratum layer
4. Celluloid Acetate/clear plastic – base of the film
5. Substratum layer
6. Anti-halation backing – black substance 0.004 of a millimeter
Ilford
The name of the sensitized material.
Generally, there are two types of color film, namely:

1. Positive color film
2. Negative color film
B.4. Sensitized paper/photographic paper
10

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Photograph
Is the result of both mechanical and chemical process of photography.
Sensitized material/paper – a paper coated with emulsion.
Emulsion
The sensitivity of a film or paper usually silver halides in gelatin on acetate,
polyester or paper.
Silver Halides
The component that sensitized to light.
Types of Emulsion
1. Silver Chloride Emulsion
2. Silver Bromide Emulsion
3. Silver Chloride-Bromide Emulsion
Types of paper according to emulsion content:

1. Chloride paper - paper that contains silver chloride in their emulsion.
2. Bromide paper – paper that contains silver bromide in their emulsion
3. Chloro Bromide paper – paper that contains the combination or both chloro
and bromide emulsion.
4. Ecta color
Basic types of paper

1. Enlarging paper/Projection paper – Bromide paper
2. Contact printing paper – producing prints with the same size as the paper.
Chloride paper.
Chloro bromide paper
- general use – contact or enlarging paper
Three important factors to consider on photo paper:

1. Types of emulsion
2. contrast – refers to the relative densities – the range of gray tone from black
and white
3. Physical characteristic of paper
Contrast control:
1. Variable Contrast/selective contrast paper – enlargement of negative is
done with the use of filters, to correct the contrast on the print or
photograph.
2. Graded Contrast paper – the traditional method which requires different
grades of paper for every contrasts.
B.5. Physical Characteristics – construction of photographic papers
a. Conventional Paper
- Gelatin over coat
- Silver halide crystals in gelatin emulsion
- Baryta layer (pigmented)
- Photographic paper base
b. Resin-Coated (R.C.) Paper

- Gelatin over coat
- Resin layer (pigmented)
- Resin layer
11

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Physical Characteristics:
a. Paper Base – Must be able to with stand immersion of paper in various
processing solution as well as prolonged washing during processing-made seven (7)
different wood pulp that have the unity and strength necessary for high grade base.
b. Base Weight – this refers to the thickness of the paper.
Types of paper according to weight:

1. Single weight
2. Double weight
Note: 1. Emulsion side of paper is the shiny part.

2. Emulsion side of film – the dull side.
c. Water Resistant Base – possible good dimensional stability less absorption

of chemicals, shorts processing time as the fiber base.
d. Paper Sizes – may supplement in standard sizes sheet or long roll of various
width for automatic processing common sizes of paper. Post card, 5 X 7, 7.5 X 5.5, 8
X 10, 11 X 14, 16 X 20 & 20 X 24.
e. Base Tinx – refers to the color of the paper.

a. White
b. Cream
f. Image Tone – refers to the color of sharp silver image colors gray from brown
through warm black and neutral black and blue black.
g. Florescent Brightness – refers to the brightness in prints.
h. Color Sensitivity – Panchromatic paper are sensitive to all color but less
sensitive to red.
Types of paper according to surface:

1. Glossy or smooth
2. Matt-rough
3. Semi-matt
Special purpose papers:

1. Printing out paper – produces image by the action of light alone, no
development is required, use to provide temporary portrait prints.
Example: Polaroid Photos.
2. Direct-positive paper – can be expose in a camera and reversal-processed to

yield a positive point.
II. Camera and the Eye:
Camera – is a light tight box machine use to record an image through the aid of a sensitize
materials if lights is allowed to pass into it.
Essential Part of Camera:

1. Light tight box – Is a box which devoid light.
2. Lens – is a medium used as the passage of light.
3. Film Holder – Its hold the film.
4. Shutter – Is a contraction placed on the path of the light passing through the lens.
5. Viewing system/view finder. (Note: This is accessory part)
Flash Unit:
12

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
1. Flash bulb
2. Electronic flash
3. Cube flash
Equipments to hold the Camera:

1. Bipod
2. Tripod
3. Camera Stand
Essential Functions of the Camera:
1. Surveillance
2. Police Public Relation
3. Presentation
4. Preservation
5. Entrapment
6. Re-enactment
7. Police Communication
Microphoto-microfilming
Photo Micro – using of a microscope attached in the lens of a camera. (For

small/minute object enlargement)
Photo Macro – Using a tube lens, connected in the lens of a camera.
Eye – Is the most important part of our human body without it, we can not appreciate the
beauty of the world.
Depth of Field – In relation of the distance of the subject to the focused that is accepted to
the background of the focused.
- It is the distance measure from the nearest to the farthest object when the lens is
focused in a particular distance.
F – Numbers
F1.4/F2/F2.8/F3.5/F5.6/F8/F11/F16/F22
Shutters
B 1 2 4 8 15 30 60 125 250 500 1000
Pincushion or Barrel Distortion – The line is bend, the principle of light travels can be
distort/bend.
Rectillinear Lens – The lens that cures the pincushion or barrel distortion.
Aberration – lens defect.
Module III
Specific Objectives:
a) Evaluate the application of photography
b) Justify the importance of photographic evidence
CAMERA OPERATION
I. Normal Photography:
1. Load the Film – Make sure not to load the film in direct sunlight/subject:
a. Pull up the film rewind crank fully until the cover is unlocked and open;
b.Place the film cartridge in the film compartment with the emulsion side of film
facing the lens;
c. Pull the film leader and insert the film tip into the slot of the film take up
spool.
d. Turn the film advance lever and wind the film around the take-up spool and
film advance sprocket engage the perforation in the film;
e. Take two blank shots releasing the shutter after each shot. The film counter
will advance from “S” mark to “O”, with one more advanced, the camera will
be ready for the first shot.
2. Set the ASA/ISO bating of film

3. Wind the advance lever
13

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
4. Look through the viewfinder and focus

5. Compose the picture within the viewing frame of camera
6. Determine the exposure with the built-in meter
7. Press the shutter release button gently.
Take Note: The importance of camera manual for more modified operations.
a) Four (4) Important controls in a camera to be manipulated and adjusted:

1. Focusing Control – In order to form a sharp image.
Focus – Is the means by which the object distance is established or calculated
to form a sharp image.
Three types of focusing device:

a. Range finder type
b. Ground glass focusing type
c. Scale bed type
2. Shutter Speed Control
3. Diaphragm or Aperture Control
4. Shutter Speed and F- Number together
b) Shutter Speed Control

Factors to consider:
a. Light sensitivity of film
b. Motion of the subject on different angles
c. The purpose of photo
Two Types of Shutters;

1. Leaf Shutter
2. Focal Plane
c) SS and F-Number together

F-Number Shutter Speed
F22 1/2000
F16 1/100
F11 1/500
F8 1/250
F5.6 1/125
F4 1/60
F2
F1.4
d) Photographic Techniques:
1. Look at the Light
2. Use color for best effect
3. Make shape the subject
3.1. Near shape
3.2. Far shape
4. Bring-out subject form
5. Emphasize subject texture
6. Find and use subject pattern

7. Give your subject/picture depth
8. Turn around the camera
a. Change the viewpoint and angle
9. Shot around the subject
10. Frame your shot
11. Position your subject
12. Decide what to include
13. Pose your subject
14. Look for alternative shot
15. Create a sense of movement
16. Use on-camera flash
a. Flash fall-off c. Flash fill-in
14

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
b. Defused flash d. Action-stopping flash
II. Kinds of Photography and its Application.
a. Kinds of Photography:
1. Photomicrography – Kinds of photography that make enlargement minute
object from 1 to 50 times. (Aid of Microscope)
- It is used usually in question documents and Fire Arm Identification.
Things that are being examine:

1. Elements
2. Features
3. Characteristics
2. Photomacrography – Type of photography that enlarge a minute object up

to 10 times and commonly used in Personal Identification like Finger Print,
Foot Print, Palm Print, tube/extension bilus
3. Microphotography – The process of reducing big object or things of minute
object.
*Example : micro-film
4. Crime Scene Photography – Deals with the photographing the scene of the
crime on details of perpetuated crime.
*Example: Man Slaughter

1. Identification photograph of the victim
2. Specific place where the victim, is found
3. Minute object, article found in the scene
4. The place where the victim is remove
b. Classification of crimes committed

1. Injury sustain by the victim
2. General view of the scene must be photograph
3. The point of view must be photograph
4. The general view of the building where crime is committed
*Specific Crime Scene:

The following must be photograph into the case of hanging
1. The photograph of the victim when still hang, the distance between the
feet and the floor
2. Close-up photograph of the rope tied around the neck
3. The four corner where the victim is found
4. Close-up view of the knot
Rape Cases: (People Vs. Cezar Guy [Aug. 19___ SCRA])

a. The identification of the victim
b. Photograph of the victim with clothing
Photograph of the victim without clothing
c. Photograph of the victim in the stomach
d. Photograph of the vagina (close-up)
e. The area of laceration (close-up)
f) Place where the crime is committed
g) Close-up of the contusion, abrasion, hematomma
*Note: One with markings and one without
5. Surveillance Photography – Deals with the photograph of individual

without his knowledge, such is the same in clandestine photography.
6. Infrared Photography – deals with the photographing of object visible,
divisible, invisible even with haze.
15

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
7. Ultra-Violet Photography – deals with the photographing of object or

markings which is invisible using reflected or fluorescent.
8. X-Ray Photography – deals with photographing of hidden object or

things.
9. Traffic Accident Photography – deals with the photographing of traffic
incident or occurrence especially in a vehicular accident.
a. Place of occurrence/accident.
b. Photograph of vehicle toward on both side of the drivers
c. Close-up photograph of the impact (You can identify through
center point of the point of impact
d. Close-up photograph of the debris
Photograph on the view of the witness
e. Identification photograph of both drivers involves
f. Photograph of some of the spectator around to include
passengers of both vehicles.
g. Close-up photograph of the damages occurred/sustain by both
vehicle
h. Photograph of both plate numbers
i. Photograph the specific place where the coalition took place
j. Photograph the skid mark.
10. Investigative Photography – deals with the study of the concept of

photography its application to law enforcement or investigation
process and the preparation of photographic evidence for court
presentation.
11. Mug Photography – Deals with the study of photographing individual
for identification process.
12. Finger Print Photography – Deals with the application of macro-
photography so as to produces an enlargement of finger print for
comparison purposes.
13. Firearm Identification photography – Deals with the photographing of
firearm shells and bullet. It is also where photomicrography is
applied.
14. Question Documents - process of photographing document for

purposes of examination and as a substitute for duplicate copy
when original is lost and the purpose of duplicate photograph is to
establish the contents of the lost original document.
15. Arson and Questionable Fires – It is the willful and malicious burning
of property, usually a building or dwelling unit.
* Photographing the scene of arson especially when the fire is in

progress can establish the following:
1. The origin of fire. Very often in the crime of arson, fires started in
several places or area of the building. All of these occurrence must be
shown in the photographs;
2. The direction and fast spreading of the fires must be
photographed;
3. Recorded color of the smoke, color of the flame and the size of the
flame can establish the nature of burning substance which can be the
proximate cause of fires. Color film must be used in photographing the
fires while in progress;
4. The entire area of the scene of the crime must be photographed in
such a manner that spectators, who are watching the fires must be
included. Usually, the arsonist will stay at the scene of the fire to watch
the burning of the property.
* Importance of Photography in Law Enforcement:
16

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
1. For Records
2. For identification
3. For Presentation/Preservation
4. Substitution (Manila Vs. Cabangis, 10 Phil. 151)
5. Extension of man visual/limitation
6. Communication
7. Information
III. Preparation of Photographic Evidence:
a. Definition of Terms:
Preparation of Photographic Evidence – The moment the photographer received the

order to have/conduct a photograph with the crime scene.
Comparison Photograph – Using a comparison microscope with an aid of a camera
attached into the eye piece of the latter.
Juxtaposition – Is the result between two object/image in a comparison microscope with

camera attachment.
Composite Photograph – Use in comparing question hand writing from the standard to
the one in question.
Overlay – To determine whether the document hand writing is trace or

original/standard.
Sources of Photographic Evidence:

1. Police Photographer
2. Amateur Photographer
3. Media Photographer
b. Crime Scene Photography:
Criminal Investigation – determination of facts and circumstances surrounding the

commission of the crime and the identification of perpetuators.
Investigator – Persons who collect facts to accomplish the triple G:

1. Identity the Guilty Party
2. Locate the Guilty Party
3. To provide evidence of Guilt
c. Three methods of recording the crime scene:

1. Note Taking
2. Sketching
3. Photographing
 Purpose:
• Record Original Scene & Conditions
• Document Appearance of Evidence
• Capture Permanent Record
 Admissibility Issues:
• Photo must be relevant
• Non-prejudicial
• Distortion-free
• Accurate representation
d. DO’s and DON’Ts of Police Photographer

 Photograph the scene as soon as possible
 Use Photo Log for documentation
 Utilize various views of the scene
• Overall
17

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
• Medium
• Close-up (with and without scale)
 Photograph all evidence prior to collection

 Photograph the scene completely to include:
• Points of entry/exit
• Surrounding area/neighborhood
 Take photographs at eye level
 Photographs supplement sketches and notes - they do not stand alone
 FILM IS CHEAP! Use it!
 Body with five (5) Angles
 Close-up of Obvious Wounds
 Weapons
 Trace Evidence
 Signs of Prior Activity
 Evidence of Struggle
 Witness Perspective Shots
 Autopsy
 Do take your time
• Doing more is better than less
 Don’t Reposition Evidence
 Don’t destroy in the process
REVIEW NOTES IN POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Introduction to PHOTOGRAPHY
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOGRAPHY
 In 1818, France, Niepce obtained camera images on paper sensitized with

silver-chloride solution; however, the fixation is only partial. Niepce regarded
18

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
the results as “Imperfect failures” because they are reversed in tonality

(negatives).
 In the early part of 1820’s, produced “heliographic drawings” contact-print

image of engravings or other line copy on class, paper or metal coated with a
bitumen varnish that hardens when exposed.
 Come 1826 in France, Niepce achieved the first permanent photograph in a

camera on a plate coated with light gray bitumen. After an 8-hours exposure, a
direct-positive image results when oil of lavender dissolves away unexposed,
unhardened bitumen to let the dark metal plate represent shadow. Various
amounts of hardened bitumen remain to from highlights middle tones.
 In 1829, He used silver plate and devised a way to remove bitumen from
highlights after darkening shadow area which Daguerre forms a partnership
with Niepce to perfect this invention. In 1833, Niepce died, Daguerre took over
the actual experimentation.
 In 1835, England. W.H.F. Talbot obtains negative images on silver-chloride

paper by long “printing out” exposures in a camera obscura; they are
imperfectly fixed.
 Still in 1835, France, Daguerre discovers that mercury fumes will develop an
invisible (latent) image on a silver plate that is sensitized with iodine fumes
before exposure.
 In 1839, England, William H. Fox Talbot points out the basis of modern
photography: Positive copies as desire by contract printing.
 In August 19, 1839 “Daguerre type,” the first practical photographic process, is
given to the world.
 In 1840, Talbot discovers methods of developing paper-negative images that

greatly reduces the exposure required in the camera.
 In 1840, U.S. J.W. Draper is one of the first to produce photographs portraits
using a lens with a diameter of five inches and a focus of seven inches,
 In 1840, Australia – Hungary, J.M. Petzvel designs the first lens specifically for
photographic use. The lens is produced the following year by Vioglander for
use in the first all-metal, utilized camera.
 1841, Talbot patents the calotype process, later called the talotype. Negative
on paper sensitized with silver nitrate, and gallic acid are developed in gallic
acid.
 In 1842, England, Herschel invent the ferroprusiate (blueprints, cyanotype)

process.
 In 1848, Abel Niepce De Sanit-Voctor perfected the use of albumen to hold

light-sensitive compounds on a glass plate to make negatives on an absolutely
smooth and transparent material.
 In 1850, France, L.D. Blanquart-Evrard invents albumen high resolution

obtainable with glass-plate negtives.
 In 1851, England, F.S. Archer publishes a method of using collodion in place of

albumen for negative on glass.
 In 1852, U.S. Collodion direct positive-like ambrotypes, but produced on dark

metal-are introduced as ferrotype.
19

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 In 1853 England, J.B. dancer makes the first model of a twin-lens camera for
stereo photography, designs suggested in 1849 by Sir David Brewster in 1856.
 In 1858 France, Nadar takes the first aerial photographs over Paris from a free
balloon.
 In 1861 Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell published research in color perception

and the three color separation of light.
 In 1862 U.S. reversal process to obtain positive images is first demonstrated by

bleaching out the negative.
 In 1865, U.S. building on a demonstration of photograph.
 In 1868, France, Ducos da Hauron publishes methods for both additive and
substractive color synthesis of images by photography and suggest the use of
a three color monopack plate.
 In 1871, England, Richard Leach Maddox invents the first truly practical dry
plate negative process, using gelatin in place of collodion to bind silver halides
to glass plate.
 In 1872, U.S. Edward James Muybridge makes the first attempts to

photographically analyze a horse’s gallop, for Leland Stanford.
 In 1873, Germany, Professor H.W. Vogel discovers the use of dye substances
to extend the sensitivity of photographic emulsion from the blue into the green
region of the spectrum making possible orthochromatic plates (meaning
“correct color,” although they are still red-blind).
 In 1875, England, Leon Warnerke invents a roll holder for use with studio and
field (view) cameras.
 In 1879, U.S., E.J. Muybridge invents the Zoopraxiscope to project continuous

movement from photographic images.
 In 1880, England, Sir William Abbey discovers the use of hydroquinone as a

developing agent.
 1n 1882, France, Etinne marey begins chrono-photography to records stages

in the flow of movement by recording successive images on a single plate at
constant rate of 12 per second and faster.
 In 1882, England, Sir William Abney produces silverchloride gelatin emulsion

for printing-out paper.
 1884, U.S. Eastman negative paper is introduced; it consists of light-sensitive

emulsion or paper which, after development is made transparent enough for
printing by treating it with hot castor oil.
 1888, U.S. John Carbutt Manufacture the celluloids-base sheet film.
 The Eastman Dry plate and film company introduces the number one Kodak
camera.
 1889, U.S. The first commercial transparent roll film, perfected by Eastman
and his research chemist, is put on the market.
 1890, England, Hunter and Driffield publish the results of 20 years of research
into the response of photographic materials.
20

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 In 1891, U.S. Metol and glycin are first used as developing agents. Thomas
Edison produces motion pictures on a continuous length of Eastman celluloid
film in his kinescope camera and projector.
 In 1892, U.S. Frederick e. Ives invents a camera to take three color separation
negatives. The process was patented in 1894 and later manufactured as
“Kromscop”
 In 1893, Ireland, John Joly invented the additive color process using regular
line screen checkered with red, green and blue squares.
 In 1895, U.S. Reverend Hannibal Goodwin is granted a patent covering roll

film composed of a silver-bromide gelatin emulsion on a celluloid base.
 In 1990, France, Auguste and Louis Lumiere invent the photodrama, which
takes and projects 360 degree panoramic photographs.
 In 1901, France, Cellulose acetate was invented; its non flammable properties
promote its adoption as a safety base still films.
 In 1904, Germany, B. Homoka and E. Konig who had studied with H.W. Vogel,
invent dye sensitizers that extent emulsion sensitivity into the yellow and red
regions of the spectrum.
 Written and Wainwright begin commercial production of panchromatic (‘all-

color”) plates two years later in England.
 In 1907, France, M. Lumiere color process, the Autochrome plate, become the
first commercially manufactured practical color process in photography.
 In 1910, France, Dioptichrome color materials are produced based on patents

of Louis Dufay. Later products based on similar principles include Dufay color.
 1912, Germany. Friedrich Deckel invents the compound shutter, which uses
gears to control slow speeds and a clock work movements to control fast
speed.
 In 1914, U.S. Eastman Kodak company introduces a two color subtractive

process called Kodachrome it is dropped after a few years, but the name is use
again, 21 years later for a tree-color process based on different principles.
 1921, U.S. Radio transmitional photograph is demonstrated the mention is

eventually used widely as phototelegraphy (“wirephoto”) invented in 1904.
 1923, U.S. Amateur movie-making becomes possible with the introduction of

16 mm reversal black – and – white film, by Eastman Kodak Company.
 1924, Germany, E. Leits begins production of the Leica camera designed by

Oskar Barnack. Although not the first to use 35 mm film, it succeeds in
establishing a new kind of photography.
 1927, U.S. A full length film, “The Jazz Singer” is a Vitaphone production with
synchronized sound on disc. Later the Bell Labs/Fox-movie tone process
produces integral sound on film.
 1928, Germany, modern twin-lens roll film reflex camera, the Rollieflex, was
introduced by Francke and Heidecke.
 1929, Germany, J. Ostermeler produces the first commercially acceptable self-

contained flash-bulb aluminum foil sealed in an oxygen-filled bulb.
21

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 In 1932, U.S. The first photoelectric exposure meter is produced by Western

Electric Instrument Company.
 In 1934, Holland, The first wire-filled flashbulb is introduced by Philips.
 In 1939, U.S. a gas-discharge tube emitting white light is introduced for

electronic flash photography.
 Mannes and Grodowsky, working with the staff of the Kodak Research
Laboratory, invented kodachrome film.
 In 1936, Germany. Agfacolor reversal films is introduced; it is the first tree color
monopack film in which subtractive dye-formers are incorporated in each
emulsion layer.
 In 1939, Germany. Negative positive subtractive color cine materials are
developed using agfa tripack emulsion.
 Still in 1939, Germany. A Rott and E. Weyde independently develop diffusion

transfer processing of negative images.
 In 1940, U.S. and England, Multiple contrast black and white printing paper is
introduced in the U.S.
 In 1942, U.S, kodacolor negative film is introduced in the market.
 In 1942, England, A new developing agent, phenidone, is patented by Ilford; it

is similar to metol.
 In 1943, U.S. Reversal print material, Ansco Printer, for making color prints
from slider or transparencies, is introduced for user processing.
 In 1945, U.S. Reversal print incorporated color couples, development during

world War ii are available to the public first unscocclor film in 1945, then
Ektachrome film in 1946.
 In 1946, U.S. Kodak dye transfers process is introduced it is a commercial

process that represents the culmination of various printing methods utilizing
dyed or pigmented bichromate-gelatin emulsion that hardens on exposure and
development in an tanning developer.
 In 1947, U.S. Edwin H. Land Introduces Polaroid “one step photography” with
a self-processing black – and – white film that yield a positive print by the
diffusion transfer reversal method.
 In 1950, U.S. Color couplers for self-masking color correction are introduced in
kodak color negative films.
 In 1950, U.S. The first modern wide-screen motion picture are produced using
an anamorphic system, which optional squeezes the 2.1 1mm motion picture
frame, and restores it to full width upon projection.
 In 1995, U.S. Kodak Tri-X (ASA 200) and Royal X pan (ASA 650) films, and
Kodak Ektacolor paper from color negatives, are introduced.
 In 1960, U.S. a self-processing color print material based on the Polaroid

diffusion transfer system is demonstrated; it is marketed as Polacolor film in
1963.
 In 1963, U.S. A modern dye destruction, or silver dye bleach, reversal color-
print material Cibachrome is introduced in both professional and home
processing versions.
22

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 In 1963, U.S. The loading of iflm is still cameras is greatly simplified with the
production of a film cartridge made with a built-in prethreaded take-up spool.
 In 1972, U.S. Polaroid Corporation demonstrates a new camera and film as
the SX-70 system, the camera is a unique single lens reflex design and the film
is an integral diffusion transfer materials that produces a full color print without
any peel-away, discardable component.
 In 1976, U.S. Kodak instant print film PR10 is introduced.
 In 1978, U.S. Polavision self-processing color movie film is marketed; it

combines a self-processing diffusion transfer emulsion with an integral additive
color line screen.
PHOTOGRAPHY – defined as an Art or Science of reproducing image by the action of light

on sensitized material with the aid of an image forming device known as camera and the
chemical process involved therein.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre – He is a French national, who is considered the father
of photography. His major contribution into the field of photography is the “Daguerro Type
Theory”.
Police or Forensic Photography – Is an Art or Science that deals with the study of
principles of photography, in relation to police work and preparation/presentation of
photographic evidence in court. Presentation of documents in the court as an evidence for a
case.
Edward Burke – An American who is considered the advocator of Police/Forensic

Photography. The Father of Police/Forensic Photography.
II. Light and its characteristics:
a. Light – Is an electromagnetic redial energy to which excites the retina of the eye and
makes things visible.
The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum is composed of both visible radiant energy (light)
and invisible radiant energy (ultraviolet and infrared).
Light differs:
Speed of travel = medium – space
- Air
- Glass
- Water
- Light is being measure through its wavelength 1 Millionth of a meter or
1 millionth of a millimeter. (Millimicron)
b. Characteristics of Light:
1. Speed
2. Wavelength
3. Frequency
c. The three are interrelated to each other.
Speed – Is the rate of travel per second.

Wavelength – Is the distance in between light travels in air/wave 186,000 miles per
second.
Frequency – Is the number of wave passing to one point in one second.
Color of Light:
1. Blue
23

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
2. Green
3. Red
The three are considered Primary Colors.
Yellow – Is considered complimentary color of the primary color

Cyan – Secondary color
Magenta – Secondary color
Blue – Is measured from 400-500 millimicron

Green – Is Measured from 500-600 millimicron
Red – is measured from 600-700 millimicron
Colors – Are the even mixture of all wavelengths. Sufficient wavelength of all colors.
Black - Absent of light.
Gray – A little mixtures of light.
The Sources of Light:

1. Sun/Moon/Stars
2. Natural Light
3. Reflection of Water
4. Reflection of Clothes
Natural Light – None man made (we do not know).

Artificial Light – Man Made (Thomas Jefferson).
Available Light – Is the combination of natural and artificial light.
Note: We see color because of our nerve cell and Retina of our eye called “Cones”.
The RATD LAW – Reflected, Absorbed, Transmitted and Diffraction.
Refraction – It is the bending of lights when strike to an object.
III. Light and Materials:
Focal Length – Is the distance between the center of the lens and the film plane when the
lens is focused at infinity.
Lens – Is a medium or a system which converge or diverge rays of light passing through it
and it form an image.
Types of Camera Lenses:

1. Wide Angle Lens – From 25MM to 45MM
2. Normal Lenses – 50MM
3. Telephoto Lens – 55MM to 1000MM or more
(Zoom Lens)
Zoom Lens – It is considered as a variable lenses.
a. LENS ABERRATIONS OR DEFECTS
An aberration is an optical imperfection responsible for image distortion. These

defects are not the results of the manufacturers’ carelessness. They are cause by the
behavior of light. It can be avoided by combining several lenses and by eliminating
marginal rays refracted through the outer edges of the lens.
Astigmatism
The inability of a lens to project a sharply focused image of both vertical and
horizontal lines upon the same plane, at one lens to image distance. Lenses corrected
for astigmatism are termed anastigmatic.
24

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Coma
A pear-shaped image of a small circle or point near to the edges of the image
plane. To correct or minimize coma in a compound lens, positive and negative
elements of varying radii of curvature are combined in a lens system, and the size of
the aperture is reduced.
Chromatic Aberration
The inability of a simple lens to bring the different wavelengths (colors) of white
light to a focused on the same plane. Correction is made when the compound lens is
constructed by placing a simple negative lens in optical contact with a simple positive
lens.
Curvature of Field
A simple lens produces a curved, concave, or saucer – shaped image of wan
object which has a flat surface. This type of aberration is more apparent in lenses
which have a wide angle of view.
Distortion (Curvilinear Distortion)

Maybe defined as a lens inability to produced the same enlargement in the image
formed by the edges of the lens as in that part formed by the center of the lens.
Barrel Distortion
Lines near the margins of the image curve inward like the sides of a barrel.
Pincushion Distortion
Lines curve inward like the sides of a stuffed pincushion. Placing the aperture
behind the lens causes this affect.
Flare
Flares exhibits itself as a misty haze, or a cloudy semicircular patch of light, which
may cover part or all of the image. When it appears as a small pear-shaped bright
spot it is called coma.
Optical Flare
Is the result of double reflections from inner lens surfaces.
Mechanical Flare
Is the result of reflections from worn shiny parts of the lens such as stop, shutter,
lens mount or from inside of the camera itself.
Spherical Aberration
When parallel marginal and axial rays passing through a simple lens focused at
different planes along the optical axis, causing fuzzy images.
b. PRINTING PAPERS
Because of the fact that all negatives do not print best on one kind of paper, and in
order to permit printing for special effects, photographic paper is made in several
different grades of contrast and surface texture. Velox paper made by Kodak offers
the most and in six degrees of contrast and glossy (F) surface.
Velox, No. 0
Used for printing from extremely contrast negatives, the low contrast in the paper
sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the negative, to give a new print.
Velox, No. 1
Used for high contrast negatives.
Velox No. 2
25

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
A paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives.
Velox, No. 3
For used with negatives that are a little weak in contrast.
Velox, No. 4
Provides sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It is
useful in printing silhouettes and other such pictures in which high contrast is desired.
Velox, No. 5
For negatives so flat as to be otherwise unprintable.
Module II
Specific Objectives: At the end of the review the students should be able to:
c) Appreciate darkroom photography
d) Recall the parts of camera
I: Darkroom Photography and Sensitized Materials:
a. Darkroom – A light tight room used for developing film making contact print and
enlargement.
- A room protected from rays of light harmful to sensitized materials, plates and
papers.
Two distinct sides:

1. Dry Side – Enlarger side and materials that must be kept away from water.
2. Wet Side – Processing area, chemical, stock solutions, trays and other materials.
Chemical Processes:
Developing process of film – the latent image becomes permanent and visible in a
reverse way thus producing a negative.
Developing process of photo paper – the permanent and visible image produces
positive print or photographs.
Two Factors to be considered in developing process:

1. Density – is the degree of darkness of the image developed – too dark or to light.
2. Contrast – is the different of tone from another.
a.1. Factors that affect chemical development of the sensitized material:

1. Concentration or strength of the working solution – used mixture procedure by
manufacturers.
2. Temperature of chemical involved in the development process
3. Time of development
4. Agitation of the sensitized material during development.
a.2. Chemical Processing:

1. Development – processes of reduction, exposed silver halides are reduced into
metallic silver.
2. Stop-bath – it is an intermediate bath between development and fixer.
- To prevent contamination of the chemical.
3. Fixation – the process of removing unexposed silver halides remaining in the
emulsion after the first stage of development of the latent image.
4. Washing – use of running water.
5. The application “Wetting Agent”/Photo-flo/Foto-glo – to prevent watermark and
easier to dry.
6. Drying.
a.3. Chemical component of a fixer:
26

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
1. Dissolving Agent – Hypo or sodium thiosulphite

2. Preservative – Sodium sulphite
3. Neutralizer – boric and acetic acid
4. Hardener – Potassium alum.
Two systems of film developing:

1. Repeated use system – after each development the solution is poured in a
container for use again.
2. One shot system - after development the solution is poured into the sink.
Faults and Remedy on Negatives:

1. Intensification – under-exposed negative
2. Reduction – over exposed negative
3. Increasing or Decreasing development time.
4. Use of development that increase or subdues contrast.
Intensification – the addition of minute part of another metal usually chromium or mercury
on the top of the metallic silver formed to strengthen contrast to obtain good density. Under
exposed negatives.
Reduction – the reducing of density in the negative-overexposed negatives potassium

ferry cyanide and sodium thiosulphite or Hypo or Farmer’s Reducer.
a.4. Printmaking Process:

1. Printmaking – the final stage in making photograph.
2. Enlarger – It is a machine used in making enlargement.
3. Contact Printing – photograph is made through direct negative and paper contact.
Factors to consider in selecting negative:

1. Sharpness
2. Density
3. Contrast
a.5. Enlarger Parts and Functions:

1. Enlarger Head – the main working part of enlarger contains: Light, condenser,
lens, negative holder, the lens itself.
2. Lamp – light that passes through the negative that exposed photo paper.
3. Condenser Lens – lens that spread the light coming from the lamp of the enlarger.
4. Negative Darrier – hold the negative flat and level.
5. Lens Aperture – the opening of the lens that control rays of light passing through it.
6. Lens – it is the one responsible in forming the image coming from the negative.
7. Focusing Mechanism – it moves the lens up and down to focus the projected image.
8. Enlarger Column – it is the holder of the enlarger head and commonly serves as a
rail in controlling the height of enlarger head.
9. Elevating Control Knob – control size of image by raising or lowering the enlarger
head.
10. Base Board – the support of the entire unit of the enlarger.
a.c. Procedure in Film Processing. (Black and White)

16. Prepare of solution needed in the development process.
17. Check the temperature of the solution and make it constant by using
temperature control pan.
18. Turn off the lights and check the room weather its totally dark.
19. Open the film cassette or film holder.
20. Place film in the developer reel or film hanger.
21. Soak or immerse the developing reel or film hanger into the developer tank.
22. Tap the bottom of developing tank to dislodge air bubbles.
23. Place the light tight cover to the developer tank.
24. Set the timer on the specified time, remove and rinse the film for 10 seconds.
27

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
25. Slowly agitate the developer tank for five seconds every minutes of the
development time.
26. At end of development time, remove and rinse the film for 10 seconds.
27. Soak or immerse the developer reel or film hanger into the stop batch tank, tap
the developer reel or hanger at the bottom for 30 seconds.
28. Remove and raise the film for 10 seconds.
29. Soak and immerse developer reel and film hanger into the fixing bath tank for
30 seconds and let film stand still in the solution for required fixing time.
30. After fixing period switch on the light wash the film developer or negatives in
running water for 30 minutes.
B. Sensitized Materials:
Sensitized paper/photographic paper – a paper coated with emulsion.
Photographs – is result of both mechanical and chemical process of photography.
Emulsion – the sensitized of a film or paper usually silver halides in gelatin on acetate,
polyester or paper.
Silver Halides – the component that sensitize to light.
Film
B.1. Film Layer (Black & White)

1. Emulsion
2. Gray or Anti-halation backing
3. Acetate – “Plastic”
4. Base
B.2. Kinds of films in terms of speed – sensitivity to light

Fast Film – Hi-speed - sensitivity to light (ISO 25 TO 50 mu)
Mid Film – Mid-speed – sensitivity to light (ISO 50 to 400 mu)
Slow Film – Slow-speed – sensitivity to light (ISO 400 to 3200 high latitude)
Higher density – more black/higher contrast the bigger the size of the silver crystal
granules the higher sensitivity to light the finer the granules the slower sensitivity.
B.3. Component of a film from top to bottom:

1. Over Coating – hard gelatin solvent
2. Gelatin Solvent with grains of silver salt (halide) – Emulsion- sensitive to light
3. Gum Arabic (Sticky gelatin substance) – substratum layer
4. Celluloid Acetate/clear plastic – base of the film
5. Substratum layer
6. Anti-halation backing – black substance 0.004 of a millimeter
Ilford
The name of the sensitized material.
Generally, there are two types of color film, namely:

1. Positive color film
2. Negative color film
B.4. Sensitized paper/photographic paper
Photograph
Is the result of both mechanical and chemical process of photography.
Sensitized material/paper – a paper coated with emulsion.
Emulsion
The sensitivity of a film or paper usually silver halides in gelatin on acetate,
polyester or paper.
28

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Silver Halides
The component that sensitized to light.
Types of Emulsion
1. Silver Chloride Emulsion
2. Silver Bromide Emulsion
3. Silver Chloride-Bromide Emulsion
Types of paper according to emulsion content:

1. Chloride paper - paper that contains silver chloride in their emulsion.
2. Bromide paper – paper that contains silver bromide in their emulsion
3. Chloro Bromide paper – paper that contains the combination or both chloro
and bromide emulsion.
4. Ecta color
Basic types of paper

1. Enlarging paper/Projection paper – Bromide paper
2. Contact printing paper – producing prints with the same size as the paper.
Chloride paper.
Chloro bromide paper
- general use – contact or enlarging paper
Three important factors to consider on photo paper:

1. Types of emulsion
2. contrast – refers to the relative densities – the range of gray tone from black
and white
3. Physical characteristic of paper
Contrast control:
1. Variable Contrast/selective contrast paper – enlargement of negative is
done with the use of filters, to correct the contrast on the print or
photograph.
2. Graded Contrast paper – the traditional method which requires different
grades of paper for every contrasts.
B.5. Physical Characteristics – construction of photographic papers
a. Conventional Paper
- Gelatin over coat
- Baryta layer (pigmented)
b. Resin-Coated (R.C.) Paper

- Gelatin over coat
- Resin layer (pigmented)
- Resin layer
Physical Characteristics:
a. Paper Base – Must be able to with stand immersion of paper in various
processing solution as well as prolonged washing during processing-made seven (7)
different wood pulp that have the unity and strength necessary for high grade base.
b. Base Weight – this refers to the thickness of the paper.
Types of paper according to weight:
29

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
1. Single weight
2. Double weight
Note: 1. Emulsion side of paper is the shiny part.

2. Emulsion side of film – the dull side.
c. Water Resistant Base – possible good dimensional stability less absorption

of chemicals, shorts processing time as the fiber base.
d. Paper Sizes – may supplement in standard sizes sheet or long roll of various
width for automatic processing common sizes of paper. Post card, 5 X 7, 7.5 X 5.5, 8
X 10, 11 X 14, 16 X 20 & 20 X 24.
e. Base Tinx – refers to the color of the paper.

a. White
b. Cream
f. Image Tone – refers to the color of sharp silver image colors gray from brown
through warm black and neutral black and blue black.
g. Florescent Brightness – refers to the brightness in prints.
h. Color Sensitivity – Panchromatic paper are sensitive to all color but less
sensitive to red.
Types of paper according to surface:

1. Glossy or smooth
2. Matt-rough
3. Semi-matt
Special purpose papers:

1. Printing out paper – produces image by the action of light alone, no
development is required, use to provide temporary portrait prints.
Example: Polaroid Photos.
2. Direct-positive paper – can be expose in a camera and reversal-processed to

yield a positive point.
II. Camera and the Eye:
Camera – is a light tight box machine use to record an image through the aid of a sensitize
materials if lights is allowed to pass into it.
Essential Part of Camera:

1. Light tight box – Is a box which devoid light.
2. Lens – is a medium used as the passage of light.
3. Film Holder – Its hold the film.
4. Shutter – Is a contraction placed on the path of the light passing through the lens.
5. Viewing system/view finder. (Note: This is accessory part)
Flash Unit:
1. Flash bulb
2. Electronic flash
3. Cube flash
Equipments to hold the Camera:

1. Bipod
2. Tripod
3. Camera Stand
Essential Functions of the Camera:
1. Surveillance
30

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
2. Police Public Relation

3. Presentation
4. Preservation
5. Entrapment
6. Re-enactment
7. Police Communication
Microphoto-microfilming
Photo Micro – using of a microscope attached in the lens of a camera. (For

small/minute object enlargement)
Photo Macro – Using a tube lens, connected in the lens of a camera.
Eye – Is the most important part of our human body without it, we can not appreciate the
beauty of the world.
Depth of Field – In relation of the distance of the subject to the focused that is accepted to
the background of the focused.
- It is the distance measure from the nearest to the farthest object when the lens is
focused in a particular distance.
F – Numbers
F1.4/F2/F2.8/F3.5/F5.6/F8/F11/F16/F22
Shutters
B 1 2 4 8 15 30 60 125 250 500 1000
Pincushion or Barrel Distortion – The line is bend, the principle of light travels can be
distort/bend.
Rectillinear Lens – The lens that cures the pincushion or barrel distortion.
Aberration – lens defect.
Module III
Specific Objectives:
c) Evaluate the application of photography
d) Justify the importance of photographic evidence
CAMERA OPERATION
I. Normal Photography:
1. Load the Film – Make sure not to load the film in direct sunlight/subject:
a. Pull up the film rewind crank fully until the cover is unlocked and open;
b.Place the film cartridge in the film compartment with the emulsion side of film
facing the lens;
c. Pull the film leader and insert the film tip into the slot of the film take up
spool.
d. Turn the film advance lever and wind the film around the take-up spool and
film advance sprocket engage the perforation in the film;
e. Take two blank shots releasing the shutter after each shot. The film counter
will advance from “S” mark to “O”, with one more advanced, the camera will
be ready for the first shot.
2. Set the ASA/ISO bating of film

3. Wind the advance lever
4. Look through the viewfinder and focus
5. Compose the picture within the viewing frame of camera
6. Determine the exposure with the built-in meter
7. Press the shutter release button gently.
Take Note: The importance of camera manual for more modified operations.
a) Four (4) Important controls in a camera to be manipulated and adjusted:

1. Focusing Control – In order to form a sharp image.
Focus – Is the means by which the object distance is established or calculated
to form a sharp image.
31

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Three types of focusing device:

a. Range finder type
b. Ground glass focusing type
c. Scale bed type
2. Shutter Speed Control
3. Diaphragm or Aperture Control
4. Shutter Speed and F- Number together
b) Shutter Speed Control

Factors to consider:
d. Light sensitivity of film
e. Motion of the subject on different angles
f. The purpose of photo
Two Types of Shutters;

1. Leaf Shutter
2. Focal Plane
c) SS and F-Number together

F-Number Shutter Speed
F22 1/2000
F16 1/100
F11 1/500
F8 1/250
F5.6 1/125
F4 1/60
F2
F1.4
d) Photographic Techniques:
1. Look at the Light
2. Use color for best effect
3. Make shape the subject
3.1. Near shape
3.2. Far shape
4. Bring-out subject form
5. Emphasize subject texture
6. Find and use subject pattern

7. Give your subject/picture depth
8. Turn around the camera
b. Change the viewpoint and angle
9. Shot around the subject
10. Frame your shot
11. Position your subject
12. Decide what to include
13. Pose your subject
14. Look for alternative shot
15. Create a sense of movement
16. Use on-camera flash
a. Flash fall-off c. Flash fill-in
b. Defused flash d. Action-stopping flash
II. Kinds of Photography and its Application.
a. Kinds of Photography:
2. Photomicrography – Kinds of photography that make enlargement minute
object from 1 to 50 times. (Aid of Microscope)
- It is used usually in question documents and Fire Arm Identification.
32

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
Things that are being examine:

1. Elements
2. Features
3. Characteristics
4. Photomacrography – Type of photography that enlarge a minute object up

to 10 times and commonly used in Personal Identification like Finger Print,
Foot Print, Palm Print, tube/extension bilus
5. Microphotography – The process of reducing big object or things of minute
object.
*Example : micro-film
5. Crime Scene Photography – Deals with the photographing the scene of the
crime on details of perpetuated crime.
*Example: Man Slaughter

1. Identification photograph of the victim
2. Specific place where the victim, is found
3. Minute object, article found in the scene
4. The place where the victim is remove
b. Classification of crimes committed

5. Injury sustain by the victim
6. General view of the scene must be photograph
7. The point of view must be photograph
8. The general view of the building where crime is committed
*Specific Crime Scene:

The following must be photograph into the case of hanging
3. The photograph of the victim when still hang, the distance between the
feet and the floor
4. Close-up photograph of the rope tied around the neck
5. The four corner where the victim is found
6. Close-up view of the knot
Rape Cases: (People Vs. Cezar Guy [Aug. 19___ SCRA])

c. The identification of the victim
d. Photograph of the victim with clothing
Photograph of the victim without clothing
f. Photograph of the victim in the stomach
g. Photograph of the vagina (close-up)
h. The area of laceration (close-up)
h) Place where the crime is committed
i) Close-up of the contusion, abrasion, hematomma
*Note: One with markings and one without
8. Surveillance Photography – Deals with the photograph of individual

without his knowledge, such is the same in clandestine photography.
9. Infrared Photography – deals with the photographing of object visible,
divisible, invisible even with haze.
10. Ultra-Violet Photography – deals with the photographing of object or
markings which is invisible using reflected or fluorescent.
10. X-Ray Photography – deals with photographing of hidden object or

things.
11. Traffic Accident Photography – deals with the photographing of traffic
incident or occurrence especially in a vehicular accident.
a. Place of occurrence/accident.
b. Photograph of vehicle toward on both side of the drivers
33

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
c. Close-up photograph of the impact (You can identify through

center point of the point of impact
d. Close-up photograph of the debris
Photograph on the view of the witness
e. Identification photograph of both drivers involves
f. Photograph of some of the spectator around to include
passengers of both vehicles.
g. Close-up photograph of the damages occurred/sustain by both
vehicle
h. Photograph of both plate numbers
i. Photograph the specific place where the coalition took place
j. Photograph the skid mark.
16. Investigative Photography – deals with the study of the concept of

photography its application to law enforcement or investigation
process and the preparation of photographic evidence for court
presentation.
17. Mug Photography – Deals with the study of photographing individual
for identification process.
18. Finger Print Photography – Deals with the application of macro-
photography so as to produces an enlargement of finger print for
comparison purposes.
19. Firearm Identification photography – Deals with the photographing of
firearm shells and bullet. It is also where photomicrography is
applied.
20. Question Documents - process of photographing document for

purposes of examination and as a substitute for duplicate copy
when original is lost and the purpose of duplicate photograph is to
establish the contents of the lost original document.
21. Arson and Questionable Fires – It is the willful and malicious burning
of property, usually a building or dwelling unit.
* Photographing the scene of arson especially when the fire is in

progress can establish the following:
1. The origin of fire. Very often in the crime of arson, fires started in
several places or area of the building. All of these occurrence must be
shown in the photographs;
2. The direction and fast spreading of the fires must be
photographed;
3. Recorded color of the smoke, color of the flame and the size of the
flame can establish the nature of burning substance which can be the
proximate cause of fires. Color film must be used in photographing the
fires while in progress;
4. The entire area of the scene of the crime must be photographed in
such a manner that spectators, who are watching the fires must be
included. Usually, the arsonist will stay at the scene of the fire to watch
the burning of the property.
* Importance of Photography in Law Enforcement:

8. For Records
9. For identification
10. For Presentation/Preservation
11. Substitution (Manila Vs. Cabangis, 10 Phil. 151)
12. Extension of man visual/limitation
13. Communication
14. Information
III. Preparation of Photographic Evidence:
34

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
b. Definition of Terms:
Preparation of Photographic Evidence – The moment the photographer received the

order to have/conduct a photograph with the crime scene.
Comparison Photograph – Using a comparison microscope with an aid of a camera
attached into the eye piece of the latter.
Juxtaposition – Is the result between two object/image in a comparison microscope with

camera attachment.
Composite Photograph – Use in comparing question hand writing from the standard to
the one in question.
Overlay – To determine whether the document hand writing is trace or

original/standard.
Sources of Photographic Evidence:

4. Police Photographer
5. Amateur Photographer
6. Media Photographer
b. Crime Scene Photography:
Criminal Investigation – determination of facts and circumstances surrounding the

commission of the crime and the identification of perpetuators.
Investigator – Persons who collect facts to accomplish the triple G:

4. Identity the Guilty Party
5. Locate the Guilty Party
6. To provide evidence of Guilt
c. Three methods of recording the crime scene:

1. Note Taking
2. Sketching
3. Photographing
 Purpose:
• Record Original Scene & Conditions
• Document Appearance of Evidence
• Capture Permanent Record
 Admissibility Issues:
• Photo must be relevant
• Non-prejudicial
• Distortion-free
• Accurate representation
d. DO’s and DON’Ts of Police Photographer

 Photograph the scene as soon as possible
 Use Photo Log for documentation
 Utilize various views of the scene
• Overall
• Medium
• Close-up (with and without scale)
 Photograph all evidence prior to collection

 Photograph the scene completely to include:
• Points of entry/exit
• Surrounding area/neighborhood
 Take photographs at eye level
 Photographs supplement sketches and notes - they do not stand alone
35

lOMoARcPSD|33872625
 FILM IS CHEAP! Use it!

 Body with five (5) Angles
 Close-up of Obvious Wounds
 Weapons
 Trace Evidence
 Signs of Prior Activity
 Evidence of Struggle
 Witness Perspective Shots
 Autopsy
 Do take your time
• Doing more is better than less
 Don’t Reposition Evidence
 Don’t destroy in the process
36

Review Notes in Police Photography 2022

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review Notes in Police Photography 2022

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|33872625

Review Notes IN Police Photography 2022

Criminal Law (University of Baguio)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

REVIEW NOTES IN POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOGRAPHY

 In 1818, France, Niepce obtained camera images on paper sensitized with

 In the early part of 1820’s, produced “heliographic drawings” contact-print

 Come 1826 in France, Niepce achieved the first permanent photograph in a

 In 1835, England. W.H.F. Talbot obtains negative images on silver-chloride

 In 1840, Talbot discovers methods of developing paper-negative images that

 In 1842, England, Herschel invent the ferroprusiate (blueprints, cyanotype)

 In 1848, Abel Niepce De Sanit-Voctor perfected the use of albumen to hold

Downloaded by Princess Lyka DG. Garingarao (princess.garingarao.gsbm@pcu.edu.ph)

 In 1850, France, L.D. Blanquart-Evrard invents albumen high resolution

 In 1851, England, F.S. Archer publishes a method of using collodion in place of

 In 1852, U.S. Collodion direct positive-like ambrotypes, but produced on dark

 In 1861 Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell published research in color perception

 In 1862 U.S. reversal process to obtain positive images is first demonstrated by

 In 1865, U.S. building on a demonstration of photograph.

 In 1872, U.S. Edward James Muybridge makes the first attempts to

 In 1879, U.S., E.J. Muybridge invents the Zoopraxiscope to project continuous

 In 1880, England, Sir William Abbey discovers the use of hydroquinone as a

 1n 1882, France, Etinne marey begins chrono-photography to records stages

 In 1882, England, Sir William Abney produces silverchloride gelatin emulsion

 1884, U.S. Eastman negative paper is introduced; it consists of light-sensitive

 1888, U.S. John Carbutt Manufacture the celluloids-base sheet film.

Downloaded by Princess Lyka DG. Garingarao (princess.garingarao.gsbm@pcu.edu.ph)

 In 1895, U.S. Reverend Hannibal Goodwin is granted a patent covering roll

 Written and Wainwright begin commercial production of panchromatic (‘all-

 In 1910, France, Dioptichrome color materials are produced based on patents

 In 1914, U.S. Eastman Kodak company introduces a two color subtractive

 1921, U.S. Radio transmitional photograph is demonstrated the mention is

 1923, U.S. Amateur movie-making becomes possible with the introduction of

 1924, Germany, E. Leits begins production of the Leica camera designed by

Downloaded by Princess Lyka DG. Garingarao (princess.garingarao.gsbm@pcu.edu.ph)

 1929, Germany, J. Ostermeler produces the first commercially acceptable self-

 In 1932, U.S. The first photoelectric exposure meter is produced by Western

 In 1934, Holland, The first wire-filled flashbulb is introduced by Philips.

 In 1939, U.S. a gas-discharge tube emitting white light is introduced for

 Still in 1939, Germany. A Rott and E. Weyde independently develop diffusion

 In 1942, U.S, kodacolor negative film is introduced in the market.

 In 1942, England, A new developing agent, phenidone, is patented by Ilford; it

 In 1945, U.S. Reversal print incorporated color couples, development during

 In 1946, U.S. Kodak dye transfers process is introduced it is a commercial

Downloaded by Princess Lyka DG. Garingarao (princess.garingarao.gsbm@pcu.edu.ph)

 In 1960, U.S. a self-processing color print material based on the Polaroid

 In 1976, U.S. Kodak instant print film PR10 is introduced.

 In 1978, U.S. Polavision self-processing color movie film is marketed; it

PHOTOGRAPHY – defined as an Art or Science of reproducing image by the action of light

Edward Burke – An American who is considered the advocator of Police/Forensic

II. Light and its characteristics:

Downloaded by Princess Lyka DG. Garingarao (princess.garingarao.gsbm@pcu.edu.ph)

c. The three are interrelated to each other.

Speed – Is the rate of travel per second.

Yellow – Is considered complimentary color of the primary color

Blue – Is measured from 400-500 millimicron

The Sources of Light:

Natural Light – None man made (we do not know).

The RATD LAW – Reflected, Absorbed, Transmitted and Diffraction.

Refraction – It is the bending of lights when strike to an object.

III. Light and Materials: