NSTP1 - CWTS1

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
NSTP 1 Module 093254 - national service training program
Developmental Psychology (Eastern Samar State University)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|22202122
NSTP 1
CIVIC WELFARE
TRAINING
SERVICE
ii

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
A technologically advanced university producing professionals and competitive leaders for

local and national development.
To provide quality education responsive to the national and global needs focused on
generating knowledge and technology that will improve the lives of the people.
In pursuing its mission, goals, and objectives, the Eastern Samar State University officials,
faculty, staff, and students adhere to the following values:
Individual commitment to excellence is central to the values that ESSU promotes. The
university will be able to achieve excellence through adherence to the highest
standards of performance and by collaborating with the best in the fields of instruction,
research, extension, and production.
Every member of the ESSU community is accountable for his every action, decision,
or activities and for whatever money or property the university entrusts to him. He must
accept responsibility for whatever will be the consequences it may bring and to disclose
the results in a transparent manner. Thus, he must act with caution and utmost
consideration for ethics and honesty in the workplace.
Service is the commitment of the university to serve not only its stakeholders to provide
quality instruction, research, extension, and production but also to serve the need of every
member of the ESSU community to advance their well-being.
Copyright Disclaimer:
Some of the contents of this module, including but not limited to texts, graphs, images,
illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts, quotations, and the like are protected by
copyright and other pertinent rights by its original authors and are used in this module
in accordance with the provisions as stated in Philipine IP Code also known as RA 8293,
in particular. Chapter VIII (Limitations on Copyright), Section 184.1 (e) and Section
185.1 (Fair Use of Copyrighted Work). Hence, no copyright infringement (including other
pertinent IP rights) to the original authors or publishers of the aforementioned works is
committed by Eastern Samar State University including the author (s) of the module.
iii

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Table of Contents
Title Page i
Overview of the Module ii
Chapter 1 Introduction to NSTP 1

Lesson 1 Brief History of NSTP 1
Lesson 2 NSTP Program and its Components 2
Lesson 3 The National Service Reserve Corps 5
Chapter 2 Good Citizenship 9

Lesson 1 The Bill of Rights of Filipinos 9
Lesson 2 The Basic Values of Filipinos 12
Lesson 3 Nationalism and Patriotism 14
Chapter 3 Drugs and Substance Abuse Prevention and Control 16

Lesson 1 The Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse 18
(FAQs)
Lesson 2 The National Drug Situation 20
Lesson 3 Myth versus Fact: Drug abuse and Illicit 25
Trafficking
Lesson 4 The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 28
2002
Lesson 5 The Youth and Government’s Response to the 29
Drug Problem
Chapter 4 Disaster Risk Reduction & Management 34

Lesson 1 Overview of The Philippines Disasters 34
Management System
Lesson 2 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management 40
Concepts
Lesson 3 Geographic Hazards and Disaster Risk 41
Profiles of The Philippines
Lesson 4 Vulnerability of the Urban Environment 46
Chapter 5 Environmental Awareness & Protection 50

Lesson 1 Basic Concepts and Laws Governing 51
Environmental Education
Lesson 2 Seven Environmental Principles 55
Lesson 3 Climate Change 58
Lesson 4 Ecological Solid Waste Management 62
Chapter 6 National Security System 71

Lesson 1 Concept of National Security 72
Lesson 2 Understanding Values of Peace 77
References 80
iv

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to NSTP
This is module designed to explore and promote civic consciousness and

citizenship among students by reflective community service. It also helps the
students to develop their being independent, self-reliant and effective learners.
The students are trained so that they can appreciate and apply the knowledge
they learn in the real world situation. It is hoped that they will be able to effectively
facilitate learning when they become professionals in their own fields from the
lessons that they acquire in this subject.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students are expected to:
1. Explain the history and significance of the NSTP in the purview of national
security and development;
2. Support the implementation of NSTP-related activities and endeavors; and
3. Appreciate the value of NSTP as a citizenship training program.
Lesson 1: Brief History of NSTP

With the creation of Commonwealth Act No. 1 also known as the National
Defense Act, the National Service Training Program started. This is the first statutory
enactment by the Commonwealth government.
December 23, 1935

In Commonwealth Act No.1. President Manuel L. Quezon requiring all college
students to take of compulsory courses of military instruction pursuant to
Commonwealth Act Order no. No. 207
Thru this act, all college male students, were required to finish two (2) years
or four (4) semester of military training to be reserved cadet for National Defense of
the Philippines.
August 8, 1980
President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1706 known
as the National Service Law. In this decree states that all citizens are mandated to
render national service in any of the three (3) programs (Section 2, PD No. 1706)
namely:
- Civic Welfare Service
- Law Enforcement Service
- Military Service
The college students were given an option to choose one among these three
components to comply with the requirements for tertiary education.
President Corazon C. Aquino Presidential Memorandum Order No. 1
suspended the National Service Law except the provision on Military Service. It
became the Basic Reserve Training Officer Corps or ROTC effective in the school
year 1986-1987.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
1991 Republic Act 7077

The Implementing the Rules and Regulation (IRR) modified the Basic ROTC
course into Expanded ROTC program which program offered two (2) curriculum
years of training students. It consist the basic military training and three (3) service
components such as:
1. Military Training Service (MTS)
2. Civic Welfare Service (CWS)
3. Law Enforcement Service (LES)
During this implementation on that year, in the Expanded ROTC handbook
states that all male students enrolled in the initial baccalaureate degree programs
must take and complete the Expanded ROTC course while the female students may
take this as an optional basis and may then be exempted from the required physical
education subjects. The students enrolled in non-degree courses may not undertake
the expanded ROTC program.
Due to some protest and debates in implementing the ROTC programs in
colleges and universities, Senator Renato Cayetano and Senator Ramon Magsaysay
Jr. (Committee on National Defense and Security) conduct some dialogues to
different government agencies like CHED and AFP with the consensus also to the
administrators, presidents and students leaders both private and publics school was
to make the ROTC an optional Course. After the long process of hearings they have
the final action
Senate Bill 1824

An act providing for an optional Reserve Officers Training Officers Corps
(ROTC), establishing alternative national service Training Program such as:
Peacekeeping and Civic Welfare and Community Service in Collegiate Institution,
and for other purposes.
Pursuant to section 12 Republic Act No. 9163

This also known as the NSTP Act of 2001. This fact is signed into law on
January 23, 2002 by President Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo known as Act establishing
alternative National Service Training Program (NSTP) for Tertiary level students,
amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 1706, and for other purposes.
Lesson 2: NSTP Program and Its Component

The National Service Training Program is designed to orient and train the
students in programs and activities contributory to the general welfare and
betterment of life of the members of the community and in the enhancement of the
facilities, especially, those which are devoted to health, education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry (RA 9163, Section 3,
d). It gives the student an overview of their role in nation building.
It promotes civic consciousness, develops their physical, moral spiritual,
intellectual and social well-being needed to enable them to render fruitful and
meaningful service to their community (Section 2). The quality of NSTP program
therefore is evident not only in student’s transformation but also in the community
transformation.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
What is the guiding principle in establishing the NSTP?

Section 1 of R.A. 9163 affirmed that it is the prime duty of the government to
serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the responsibility of the citizens to
defend the security of the state and in fulfillment thereof, the government may require
each citizen to render personal, military or civil service.
In Rule II – Definition of Terms, Section 3. As used in this implementing
Rules and Regulations (IRR), the following terms shall means:
a. National Service Training Program (NSTP) refers to the programs
aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in
youth by developing the ethics of the three (3) program components
especially designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to the
general welfare.
b. Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) refers to the program
component, institutionalized under section 38 and 39 of the Republic Act
No. 7077, designed to prove military training to tertiary level students in
order to motivate, train organize and mobilize them for national defense
preparedness.
c. Literacy Training Program (LTS) refers to the program component
designed to train the students to teach literacy and numeracy to school
children, out-of-school youths and other segments of society which is
considerably in need of their services.
d. Civic Welfare Training Services (CWTS) refers to the program activities
contributory to the general welfare and betterment of life for the members
of community or enhancement of their facilities, especially those devoted
to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation, and moral of citizenry and other social services.
e. Program Component refers to the services components of the NSTP as
defined therein.
f. Clustering refers to the group of students enrolled in the different school
and taking up the same NSTP component into one (1) group under the
management and supervision of the designated school.
g. Cross Enrollment refers to the system of enrollment where the student is
officially enrolled in academic program of a school but allowed to enroll in
NSTP component of other school and;
h. Non-Government Organization (NGO) refers to any private organization

duly accredited by CHED or recognized by TESDA.
Who are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice as a
graduation requirement?
The coverage of section 4 in RULE III – Program Implementation states that
all incoming freshmen students, male and female, staring school year 2002-2003,
enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or
associate choices, are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice
as a graduation requirements.
a. All higher and technical vocational educational must offer at least one (1)
NSTP components.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
b. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) shall offer the ROTC components
and at least one (1) other NSTP component.
c. The Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and the other SUCs of
similar nature, in view of the special character of this constitution are
exempted from the NSTP.
d. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least
350 student cadets may offer the ROTC component and consequently
establish / maintain a Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST),
subject to the existing rules and regulations of the armed forces of the
Philippines (AFP).
What is the duration of NSTP components and equivalent course per

semester?
Section 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit
a. Each of the aforementioned NSTP components shall be undertaken for an
academic period of two (2) semesters. It shall be credited three (3) units
per semester, for graduation of fifty four (54) to ninety (90) training hours
per semester.
b. A one (1) summer program in lieu of two (2) semester program may be
designed, formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED, and TESDA.
However, it will be subjected to the capability of school and the AFP to
handle the same.
Who will take charge in the management and monitoring of the NSTP
implementation?
Section 8. Management and Monitoring
a. The school authorities shall exercise academic and administrative
supervision over the design, formulation adoption and implementation of
the different NSTP components of their respective schools.
b. In the case of ROTC, the school authorities and the DND, based on the
policies and regulation of the programs of DND on the military and
component of the training, shall exercise the joint supervision over its
implementation.
c. Schools which have contracted CHED accredited or TESDA recognized

NGO to formulate or administer training modules for any of the NSTP
components shall jointly exercise such academic and administrative
supervision which those NGOs within forty five (45) from approval and
issuance of this IRR, the CHED, TESDA and DND shall issue the
necessary guidelines for the accreditation of the non-government
organization (NGOs) and training modules to be utilize by the NGOs.
d. CHED Regional Offices, TESDA Provincial/District Offices and DND-
AFP (through Major Services Reserve Commands, shall oversee and
monitor the implementation of the NSTP under their respective
jurisdiction, to determine if the training conducted is in consonance with
the Act. These offices shall submit periodic reports to the Central Offices
of the CHED, TESDA and DND.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Guidelines for the Establishment of the National Service Reserve Corps

(NSRC)
Section 11 of RA 9163 or the National Service Training Program Act of 2001
specially provides for the creation of the National Reserve Corps (NSRC), composed
of graduates of the non-ROTC Components: the Civic Welfare Training Service
Program (CWTS) and Literacy training Service (LTS). Members of this Corps may be
tapped by the State of Literacy and civic welfare activities, through the joint efforts of
DND, CHED and TESDA.
Lesson 3: The National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC)

Mission
To provide and motivate manpower pool that can be tapped by the state for
civic welfare, literacy, and other similar endeavors in service to nation.
Function
a. To assist in the disaster preparedness, mitigation, response and rehabilitation
programs
b. To serve as an auxiliary to the Disaster Coordinator Council (DCC) response
units
c. To assist in the promotion of civic welfare activities
d. To assist in the implementation of literacy programs
e. To assist in socioeconomic development
f. To assist in environmental protection
g. To perform other similar endeavors
Composition
The NSRC will be composed of the graduates of CWTS and LTS components
of the NSTP.
Organization
The NSRC is organized under the umbrella of the National Disaster
Coordinating Council (NDCC) it shall have a national, regional, provincial and
city/municipal level of organization parallel to the Disaster Coordinating Council
(DCC) structures at all levels. The DCC centers shall serve as the headquarters at
the NSRC as the level regional organization. It’s National Center shall be based at
the NDCC Disaster Preparedness Center, Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon
City. A secretariat at all levels shall be organized and composed of representatives
from CHED and TESDA.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Inter-Agency Relationship of the NSRC
NDCC / (DND – OCD)
RDCC CHED/TESD
A
PDCC CHED ROs / TESDA ROs
CDCC MDCC HEIs / TESDA POs
BDCC TESDA SCHOOL
NDCC – National Disaster Coordinating Council

RDCC – Regional Disaster Coordinating Council
PDCC – Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council
CDCC – City Disaster Coordinating Council
MDCC – Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council
BDCC – Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council
CHEDRO – CHED Regional Office
TESDA RO – TESDA Regional Office
TESDA PO – TESDA Provincial
HEI – Higher Education Institution
Duties and Responsibilities

The NDCC
a. Act as a lead agency in the administration, training, organization,
development, maintenance and utilization of the NSRC members:
b. Maintain the official master list to registered NSRC members;
c. Coordinate with concern agencies for the efficient and proper
administration, training, organization, development, maintenance, and
utilization of NSRC members;
d. Conduct performance assessment of NSRC members mobilized for the
purpose and furnish the three (3) implementing agencies result thereof;
e. Formulate specific guidelines for the administration, training, organization,
development, maintenance and utilization of the NSRC members; and
f. Do related work.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CHED/TESDA
Central Offices shall
a. Provide Secretariat services for the NSRC;
b. Prepare consolidated master list of officially register CWTS and LTS
graduates per school year;
c. Submit official master list of registered NSRC members, with
corresponding Centrally-determined serial numbers to NDCC through
NDD per school year;
d. Assist in the administration, training, organization, development,
maintenance, and utilization of NSRC members.
e. Coordinate with NDCC through DND regarding NSRC concerns and
activities and;
f. Do related work.
Regional shall
a. Prepare consolidate regional of CWTS and LTS Graduates from HEIs
and in the case of TESDA from the Provisional Office to the schools, for
submission to CHED-TESDA Central Office;
b. Coordinate with the RDCC(OCD RCs) on matters relative to NSRC
concerns;
c. Maintain the Directory of CWTS and LTS graduate for references;
d. Prepared report as may be required; and
e. Do related work.
Higher Education Institution (HEIs), TESDA, Provincial Offices and School shall
a. Prepare and submit a certified master list with complete addresses and
contact number of CWTS and LTS graduates to respective Regional
Offices. In the case of TESDA, the shall submit through its provincial
offices;
b. Coordinate with the PDCC/CDCC/BDCC, as the case may be, on matters
relative to NSRC, and
c. Do related work.
NCRS Members shall

a. Report to the call of NSRC for training and respond immediately for
utilization in cases of disaster/calamities and other relevant
socioeconomic service concerns as the needs arise, through the centers
(RDCC/PDCC/CDCC/MDCC/BDCC) nearest the member’s residence
and/or work place at the time of the call; and
b. Register at the said Center and get instruction/briefing for specific duties
and responsibilities.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Chapter 1 Assessment
Instruction: Below is an excerpt of the NSTP Law. Fill in the blanks with the correct
word or phrase based on the provisions of the law. Use a separate pad paper in
answering this. INDICATE your NAME, COURSE and SECTION in your answer
sheet.
Section 4. Establishment of the National Service Training Program - There is

hereby established a National Service Training Program (NSTP), which shall form
part of the curricula of all 1________________ degree courses and of at least
2
____________ courses and is a requisite for graduation consisting of the following
service components : 3_________________, 4 ______________, and 5
________________.
The ROTC under the NSTP shall instill 6 _______________, 7 ___________,
8
______________ among others. 9____________ shall be given emphasis in all
three program components.
The 10 _____________ and 11 _______________, in consultation with 12
___________, 13___________, 14____________ and other concerned government
agencies, may design and implement such other program components as may be
necessary in consonance with the provisions of this Act.
Section 5. Coverage. Students 15___________ and 16___________ of any
baccalaureate degree course or at least 17______________ courses in public and
private educational institutions shall be required to complete on of the NSTP
components as requisite for graduation.
Section 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit. Each of the aforementioned
NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an academic period of 18______.
In lieu of the two semester program for any of the components of NSTP, a
one summer program may be designed, formulated and adopted by 19_________,
20
________, and 21__________.
Section 7. NSTP Offering in Higher and Technical Vocational Education
Institutions. All higher and technical-vocational educational institutions, public and
private, must offer at least one of the program components provided that
22
_________, and 23_________ shall offer the ROTC component and at least one
other component as provided herein: Provided further, that 24____________,
25
___________ education institutions may also offer the ROTC if they have at least
26
__________ cadet students.
In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer periods,
27
_________ from different educational institutions may be don, taking into account
28
____________, 29________ of service and 30______________. Schools that do not
meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC and any of the
NSTP components shall allow their students to cross-enroll to other schools
irrespective of whether or not the NSTP components in the said schools are beig
administered by the same or another branch of service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) and TESDA to which schools are identified.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CHAPTER 2
Good Citizenship
The Citizenship education topic of the National Service Training Program

affords the implementing institutions the opportunity to develop consciousness not
only in national terms, but also in terms of global civic rights and responsibilities.
The program components of NSTP are structured in a way that the student-
trainee’s notion of the relationship between the State and the people has changed
and the service opportunities have been a core means for learning how citizenship is
applied.
Chapter Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the principles embodying good and responsible citizenship.
2. Describe and analyze issues that relate to the good citizenship values, rights and
responsibilities of student-citizen in the country.
3. Display appreciation on the significance of good citizenship towards the attainment
of national development through the development of a simple literary work.
Lesson 1: The Bill of Rights of Filipinos

Article III of the Philippine Constitution is the Bill of Rights. It establishes the
relationship of the individual to the State and defines the rights of the individual by
limiting the lawful powers of the State.
Importance of the Bill of Rights

A bill of rights is a constitutional enumeration of rights and privileges guaranteed by
the State to all persons within its territory. It is the statement of individual liberties
which citizen, residents and sojourners in the country enjoy abuses in against the
exercise of government power. In short, it is the people’s shield against government
abuse.
Below is the Bill of Rights provided in Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due

process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable

except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires
otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression,

or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be
allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed
by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the
right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or
public health, as may be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall
be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used
as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law
shall not be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense
shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent
and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived
except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate
the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
10

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof

shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as
well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices,
and their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetual when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by
sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The
right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory
process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his
behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of
the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except
in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs
and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or
inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it.
Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any

prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
11

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
Lesson 3 :The Basic Values of the Filipinos

NSTP as a citizenship training scheme focuses on translating the good
citizenship values as reflected in the Preamble of the Constitution into concrete
action in building a better Philippines. Hence, emphasis in this input is placed on the
16 basic Filipino values based on the 1987 Constitution.
Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino People,
imploring the aid of the Almighty God,
in order to build a just and humane society
and establish a Government
that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony
and secure to ourselves our posterity the blessings of independence
and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth,
justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Meaning of the Preamble

The term preamble is derived from the Latin Word “preambulare” which
means “to walk before”. It is the prologue of the Constitution. Clustered below are the
good citizenship values that are reflected in the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution:
The Maka-Tao Cluster
6. Love
The Maka-Diyos 7. Freedom The Makabayan Cluster
Cluster 11. Unity
8. Peace
1. Faith in the Almighty 12. Equality
God 9. Truth
13. Respect for the Law
2. Respect for life 10. Justice and Government
3. Order 14. Patriotism
4. Work 15. Promotion of
5. Concern for the family common good
and future generations The Makakalikasan
Cluster
16. Concern for the
environment
12

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
The Good Citizenship Values Clusters
The Maka-Diyos Cluster

Faith in the Almighty God
The Bibile says, “But without faith, it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes
to God must beliece that HE is, and that HE rewards those who diligently seek Him”
(Hebrews 11:6)
Be God-fearing and live according to His will. Faith without work is dead (James
3:26).
Respect for Life

Recognize the absolute value of human life and the dignity of every person.
Order
Respect human rights and comply with your duties and responsibilities.
Work
To appreciate the value of work.
Concern fot the Family and Future Generation

The family is an essential factor in the general, social and even political life. Constant
living together of husband and wife, and of parents and children, contributes to the
development of a strong sense of duty, of an aptitude for heroic sacrifices, and of the
love by future generations of the traditional and moral conquests of those who
preceded them.
The Makatao Cluster

Love
To look after the good and welfare of one another. “When a man has love, he is no
longer at the mercy of forces greater thatn himself, so he, himself becomes the
powerful force” (Leo Buscaglia).
Freedom
“Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we
ought.” (Pope John Paul II)
Peace
Live and work together in harmony. Avoid violence as a way of settling disputes.
“Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called children of God.” (Matthew 5:9).
Truth
Stand for the truth and avoid intrigue and mudslinging. “No legacy is as rich as
honesty.” (William Shakespeare)
13

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Justice
Give everyone their due. Do not oppress or take advantage of anyone.
The Makabayan Cluster

Unity
The value of unity can be realized by practicing the virtues stated in the following
quotations:
• “Behold ow good and pleasant it is for the brethren to dwell together in unity.”
(Psalm 133:1)
• “If a kingdom is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand.”
(Mark 3:24-25)
• “Make my joy complete by being of the same kind, maintaining the same love,
united in spirit, intent on ne purpose.” (Philippians 2:2)
• “As a body I one, though it has many parts, and al the parts of the body,
though many, are one body, so also Christ.” (1 Corinthians 12:12)
Equality
Consider this anecdote to better appreciate the value of equality.
Skulls
Andrew Maria Almonte, MMHC
One day, a group of skulls in a cemetery had a conversation.

“Hey,” said a skull to another, “who were you when you were alive?”
“Yes, I was once his slave,” replied another skull. “ He was a tyrant, a ruthless and
Merciless king!”
“I am your king remember?’
“Shut up!” shouted the slave-skull. “You are no longer my king nor am I your slave
Anymore! We are the same now – rotten skulls!”
The Makakalikasan Cluster

We are all stewards of God’s creation.
Nationalism and Patriotism

The term “nationalism” is generally used to describe two things, first is the
attitude that the members of a nation have which includes the concept of national
identity such as common origin, ethnicity and cultural ties. The other one is the
actions that the members of the nation take when seeking to achieve self-
determination. These involve having full statehood with complete authority over
domestic and international affairs. On the other hand, “patriotism” is love and
devotion to one’s country. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time,
and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy.
Although patriotism is used in certain vernaculars as a synonym for nationalism,
nationalism is not necessarily an inherent part of patriotism. Likewise, patriotism is
strengthened by adherence to a native religion, particularly because such a
14

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
community usually has its holy place inside its motherland. This also implies a value
preference for a specific civic or political community.
Nationalism is characterized by an attachment of superiority to one’s country,
an aspiration for its continuity, prosperity, and maintaining a high regard and respect
for the laws, principles and policies of that country.
INSTRUCTION: Use a separate pad paper in answering the questions below.
INDICATE your NAME, COURSE and SECTION in your answer sheet.
Test 1: Answer the following questions.
1. What rights are guaranteed to you as a Filipino citizen and which are important to
you?
2. What responsibilities come with your rights?
3. At what point does the common good of society limit your rights?
4. Do you think you are a responsible citizen? If so, why? If not, why?
Test 2: Create a short poem for each of the good citizenship clusters reflecting the
values that fall thereto. In like manner, a poem to summarize the good citizenship
values shall be crafted.
1. Pagkamaka-Diyos
2. Pagkamakatao
3. Pagkamakabayan
4. Pagkamakalikasan
Test 3: In what situations can we demonstrate the difference between nationalism

and patriotism?
15

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CHAPTER 3
Drug and Substance Abuse Prevention and Control
Introduction
Drug education program for the youth is a significant undertaking in order to
free them from danger and keep them away from drugs. The youth of today comprise
the most vulnerable group that can be affected by prohibited drugs that are
commonly abused. According to General Edgar C. Galvante, Former Executive
Director, Dangerous Drugs Board, must drug users start their habit early, usually
during teenage years. They are particularly susceptible to the drug experience
because adolescence is the period of experimentation, exploration, curiosity, and
search for identity. It is believed that young people with problematic backgrounds are
more vulnerable and are more likely to continue abusing drugs, once they have
started, and to develop other aggravating problems, if not processed. These young
people in difficult circumstances are associated with poverty, family disintegration,
relocation, discrimination, and lack of suitable alternative activities.
Drug abuse prevention, done through problem awareness, education and
strategy implementation, is very vital to the success in controlling and stopping drug
abuse. Positive behavior, including the constructive handling of feelings and
responsibilities, should be installed and encourage in our own families during the
early life of young family members and carried on up to the later stage of life. These
should be nurtured by a caring and understanding community.
It has been known that the foremost reason why our youth is dragged into the
abyss of drug abuse is the lack of guidance from the family itself. There are aspects
of this reason. First, maybe the parents are too busy with their jobs, giving less time
to their children. Second, parents have not finished schooling, making them less
informed and less aware of the effects of drugs. Third, the type of discipline of the
parents include physical violence, thus, in most cases in the Philippines, drives away
the kids from home.
Chapter Learning Outcomes

1. Explore the nature and effects of drug abuse and substances such alcohol,
tobacco, and others on personal health and social relationships.
2. Synthesize accurate information on the health, legal and social consequences
of a drug and substance abuse and examine how this negatively impacts the
person who uses the drug, and his or her family, friends, and community; and
3. Make a personal commitment to remain drug free and develop a plan to
address drug and substance abuse.
16

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Pre-activity
Drug and Substance Abuse Prevention and Control
Instructions: Provided below is the lyrics of the popular song Anak by Freddie
Aguilar. Play the song and do the following activity. Do this on a separate sheet of
pad paper. INDICATE your NAME, COURSE and SECTION in your answer sheet.
Anak
By Freddie Aguilar
Noong isilang ka sa mundong ito
Laking tuwa ng magulang mo
At ang kamay nila ang ‘yong ilaw
At ang nanay at tatay mo’y

‘Di malaman ang gagawin
Minamasdan pati pagtulog mo
At sa gabi’y napupuyat ang iyong nanay sa pagtimpla ng gatas mo

At sa umaga nama’y kolang ka ng iyong amang tuwang-tuwa sa ‘yo
Ngayon nga ay Malaki ka na

Nais mo’y maging Malaya
‘D man sila payag, walang magagawa
Ikaw nga ay biglang nagbago

Naging matigas anf iyong ulo
At ang payo nila’y sinuway mo
‘Di mo man lang inisip na ang kanilang ginagawa’y para sa’yo

‘Pagkat ang nais mo’y masunod ang layaw mo, ‘di mo sila pinapansin
Nagdaan pa ang mga araw

At ang landas mo’y naligaw
Ikaw ay nalulong sa masamang bisyo
At ang un mong nilapitan

Ang ‘yong inang lumuluha
At ang tanong, “Anak, ba’t ka nagkaganyan?’
At ang iyong mga mata’y biglang lumuha nang ‘di mo napapansin

Pagsisisi ang sa isp mo’t nalaman mong ika’y nagkamali
Pagsisisi ang sa isp mo’t nalaman mo’t nalaman mong ika’y nagkamali
Pagsisisi ang sa isp mo’t nalaman mo’t nalaman mong ika’y nagkamali
Part A
Based on the song Anak, write at least five positive and negative traits as observed
in its lyrics. Present your answers using a table. Should you have identified the
negative traits, think of ways by which these can be rectified or corrected.
Part B
1. Write a prayer that will manifest your intension to improve the negative traits that
you have identified.
17

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Lesson 1: The Nature of Drug and Drug Abuse (FAQs)

What is a drug?
A drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or
behavioral change in a person taking it.
How are drugs taken?

1. Ingestion
2. Inhalation
3. Injection
4. Used as suppository
5. Applied topically
When are drugs harmful?

Any drug may be harmful when taken in excess. Some drugs can also be
harmful if taken in dangerous combination or by hypersensitive (allergic) person in
ordinary or even small amounts.
Why do people turn to drugs?

There are various reasons – ranging from the reason that “medicines” can
solves problems, to widespread access to various drugs, to “peer pressure”, to the
notion that drugs give enjoyment to users and in the context that is used as an
alcoholic substitute.
What is drug abuse?

Drug abuse is the use of chemical substance, licit or illicit, which result in an
individual’s physical, mental or social impairment. It may refer to any of the following
practices:
1. Using, without benefit or prescription, useful drugs which have the capacity to
alter mood or behavior;
2. Using drugs or substances for a purpose different from the one for which the
drug has been prescribed; and
3. Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for
purposes other than research.
Are there products other than drugs ever abused?

Substances like glue, paint thinners, gasoline and other volatile (breathable)
solvents contain a variety of dangerous chemicals. They should be sold and used
with caution.
What are the types of drugs?

Drugs that are commonly abused, depending on pharmacological effects,
maybe classified into:
1. Stimulants. Drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition
Examples: amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine
2. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics). Drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-
awareness and emotion. Changes in time and space perception, delusions
18

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
(false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or overwhelming, depending on

dose and quantity of the drug.
Examples: LSD, Mescaline and Marijuana
3. Sedatives. Drugs which may reduce anxiety and excitement
Examples: Barbiturates, Non-barbiturates, Tranquilizers, and alcohol
4. Narcotics. Drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep
Examples: Opium and its derivatives such as Morphine, Heroin and Codeine
What is drug abuser?

Anyone can be a drug abuser. Drug abuse is no respecter of age, sex and
social status. It is very difficult to come up with an accurate profile of a drug abuser
that can be applied to all because people are different in many ways.
How can you tell when one is abusing drugs?

A lot of changes – in behavior, in appearance and in mood – occur in a
person who is abusing drugs. Sudden changes occur in the person’s disposition from
pleasant to unpleasant.
Thus, he:
1. Is often associated with known drug abusers;
2. Is irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive;
3. Is untrustworthy and lack self-confidence;
4. Is unhealthy and unconcerned with good grooming;
5. Has low frustration tolerance;
6. Lack interest in his study/work;
7. Blames everybody but not himself for his problems;
8. Develop changes in normal capabilities in school/work; and
9. Borrows money and at times steals various items unusually.
Common Signs of Drug Abuse

1. Injection Marks
2. Unusual effort made to cover arms in order to hide needle marks
3. Stealing items which can be readily sold for cash to support a drug habit
4. Changes in mood – depending on the drug taken
Examples: becoming depressed or becoming elated and euphoric
5. Association with known drug abuser
6. Change in normal capabilities (deteriorating work habit and efficiency,
etc.)
7. Change in attendance at work or school
8. Wearing of sunglasses constantly at inappropriate places and time.
When indoors or at night to hide dilated or constricted pupils but also to
compensate for the eye’s inability to adjust to sunlight.
9. Poor physical appearance including inattention to dress and personal
hygiene.
19

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Lesson 2: The National Drug Situation
National Drug Situation

All of us are very much aware of the nature of the drug problem. It has been
condemned by governments all over the world and billions in resources have been
spent to contain it, yet drug trafficking and/or drug abuse is still here.
In fact, it is today’s most profitable underground business which has
spawned, yet considered as another crime and source of money laundering on a
global scale. The Vienna-based International Narcotic Control Board (INCB) points
out that “No Country, rich or poor, large or small, equipped with sophisticated
machinery to fight money – laundering or not, can consider itself safe from money –
laundering activities”.
The Philippine situation is not any different from other countries of the world
that are affected by drug problem and is in fact following the trends in other countries.
In 1978, there were only about 20,000 drug users in the country. Almost all of them
were from in Metro Manila. Today, the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) estimates that
the approximate 6.7 M drug users are now down to 1.7 million.
Three (3) major abused drugs dominate the drug scene in the country. The
first is methamphetamine hydrochloride commonly known as “Shabu”, which is the
main drug used by drug abusers. The second is marijuana. According to some
sources, the Philippines has become the world’s second biggest source of marijuana
after Mexico, producing about 1.4 billion worth each year. The third is methylene
dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy, which is now sweeping the elite market.
Commonly Abused Drugs

1. Shabu (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride).
Methamphetamine is the most popular abuse
drug in the country today. In the 1990s, stimulant
abuse emerged in many ASEAN countries. This
major change in the pattern of substance abuse
can perhaps be considered as the first stimulant http://images.
epidemic of the region. The Philippines is probably Gmanews.tv/webpics/2009/090625_drug1.jpg
the first ASEAN country that faced severe stimulant abuse. The abuse of
methamphetamine was noted in 1986 among the affluent, entertainment and artist
population. The status of methamphetamine or “shabu” abuse at that time seemed
well confined. However, in 1987, the abuse spread to the general population.
Today, methamphetamine is available in varying degrees throughout the
country. This widespread availability is illustrated by increasing methamphetamine
seizures, arrests, and cases filed in court. Over a six – year period, the increase is
almost 50. In 1996, a total of 18,904 arrests were made; in 2001, the number
increased to 32,227. In 1996, some 792 kgs of shabu was seized; in 2001, the
total seizure was some 1,561 kgs.
20

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Of all the regions in the country, methamphetamine is more widely available

throughout Regions 1,2,3,4, CAR, ARMM, and the NCR.
2. Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

Ecstasy is fast making its presence felt in the country.
There is an increase in reports about the use
of “ecstasy” among young people, particularly
in night clubs. Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a
synthetic drug that acts simultaneously as
a stimulant and as a hallucinogen. It
is strongly link to music and dance culture and has

growing user based among the elites (Class A and B). http://www.partydrugs.com.au/party_dru
gs_pics/party_drugs_ecstasy.jpg
While some users confine their consumption to occasional
use at social, music and dance events, others develop regular use profile, while
the third group uses both frequently and intensively.
There are reports stating that ecstasy is shipped directly from Amsterdam
and other countries in Europe. There are close to thousand varieties of ecstasy
tablets and capsules and among them, which are now available in Metro Manila,
are Orange Grin Hornets, Aigners, Achtung, and Mitsubishi. Studies abroad reveal
that the damage caused by ecstasy to one’s health is irreversible.
3. Marijuana
Marijuana abounds in the Philippines.
But since the early nineties, it has seized to
be the drug of choice. Most of what is
produced locally is intended for foreign
http://www.drugaddictiontreatment.com/wp-
markets. In East Asia, the Pacific, Australia, content/uploads/2009/07/marijuana_leaf.JPG
Europe, and the US, the UNDCP has identified the Philippines as a major
marijuana producer and exporter.
The Cordillera Autonomous Region is the biggest producer of cannabis or

marijuana in the country as evidence by the number of plants and seed confiscated
within a ten – year period from 1992 to 2001, with a total of 112,467,372 plants and
seeds seized. Shown are the top producing regions of the country and the number of
marijuana plants/seeds that were seized during operations conducted from 1992 –
2001.
PROCAR 112,467,372
PRO 1 51,227,234
PRO 1 3,818,903
PRO 2 3,387,801
PROARMM 3,261,374
PRO 12 2,889,193
21

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
In 1972, there were only nine (9) identified sites engaged in marijuana
cultivation. Today, the number of marijuana producing barangays has ballooned to
ninety – eight (98), located in nine different regions in the country. Marijuana –
producing areas in Northern Luzon are Located in Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR), Region 1 and Region 2. In the Visayas, the cultivation sites are found in
Region 7, while marijuana plantations can also be found in Regions 10,11,12, 13 and
ARMM in Mindanao.
Drug Trafficking
Methamphetamine hydrochloride continues to be smuggled into the country
through four major revenues: the seaports and special economic zones, the
international airports, the mail and parcel services, and the expanse of Philippines
coastline.
The use of the seaports was exemplified by the seizure of 158 kilograms of
shabu stashed inside two (2) container vans at the Manila International Container
Port in two different occasions in 1999.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport continues to be the preferred trucking
avenue for small quantities from less than one kilo to multi – kilo shipments by
traffickers using false compartments in luggage or through body packing. The gravity
of the problem can be gleamed from the seizure of 116.88 million pesos worth of
drugs by the NAIA Drug Interdiction Task Group in 2001. It was on September 11
and 14, 2004 respectively, when two Taiwanese nationals were intercepted carrying
(5) kilograms of shabu each on board q flight originating from Xiamen, China.
The mail and parcel system is preferred in foreign destinations that have large
Filipino communities like Guam, US, Australia, England and Middle East. A case in
point was the seizure or 39.8 kilos of shabu from a FED EX shipment from Hong
Kong on September 11, 2001 by the Bureau of Customs. The vast and relatively
unpatrolled shoreline of the country is where most of the huge shipments are
smuggled. Major drug shipments intercepted by law enforcement authorities include
the 420 kilograms hauled in Pangasinan in 1999, the 365 kilograms in Sariaya,
Quezon, 125 kilograms in Ilocos Sur, and 33 kilograms in Zambales, all in 2000. For
the year 2001, 503 kilograms of shabu were intercepted in Real, Quezon on October
13, 200, allegedly from the shoreline of Panukulan, Quezon and said illegal drugs
were personally escorted by the Mayor of said town. Also 2001,350 kg of shabu was
seized on San Narciso, Zambales.
Involvement of foreign Nationals in Drug Trafficking

The involvement of foreign nationals is very apparent in almost all the big
volume seizures of government law enforcement authority. Data from the Philippine
Drug Enforcement Agency in 1993 to December 31, 2001 reflected 258 foreign
nationals arrested in the Philippines for violation of Republic Act. No. 6425
(Dangerous Drug Act 1972, as amended). Of this total, 182 or 70.54% were Chinese
nationals while other nationalities made up the remaining 76 or 29.463%. More
importantly, the volume of shabu seized from foreign nationals over the same period
totaled 2,889 kilograms or 64.24% of the total volume of shabu seized in the country
in over the same period. Chinese nationals on the other hand, accounted for 2,873
22

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
kilograms for the period January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2001 or 63.888% of the
aggregate national’s seizures of shabu.
The local drug scene has recently gained a new dimension. Today, supply
comes not only from importation but also from local manufacturing. Since 1997, there
have been nine discoveries of clandestine laboratories in San Juan. All along, cland
labs were thought of as makeshift and unsophisticated, until San Juan. On July 18,
2002, another clandestine laboratory was dismantled at Loyola, Quezon City by
members of the Metro Manila Drug Enforcement Group. Seven (7) Chinese nationals
were arrested and 44.540 kilograms of shabu, 50.67 kilograms of ephedrine and
shabu laboratory equipment and paraphernalia were seized. Another clandestine
laboratory was dismantaled in Executive Heights Subdivision, Parañaque City on
November 1, 2002. Just recently, on February 2012, 90 million pesos worth of illegal
drugs ingredients were seized by the bureau of Customs, including that of the
popular ecstasy’.
Transit Points of Drugs

A huge portion of shabu that enters the Philippines comes directly from
Southern China where most of the shabu laboratories are located. Of the 15 major
interdictions since 1993, seven (7) shipped directly from Southern China. Five (5)
shipments were from South China but they passed through Hong Kong first before
they were rerouted to the Philippines. At least one shipment passed through Taiwan.
Lately, we learned that the shipments at Quezon and Zambales came directly from
North Korea.
Identified landing points are mainly through the shorelines of the Northern and
Central Luzon regions and Southern Tagalog, Specifically Batanes, Cagayan, Ilocos
Sur, Pangasinan, Zambales, Aurora, Quezon and Mindoro provinces. Reports also
indicate Palawan and Masbate as probable landing sites for shabu smuggling.
Facts and Figures

Organized Drug Groups
As a result of Intelligence Workshop conducted by PDEA, eleven (11)
Transnational Drug Syndicates were identified to be operating in the country while,
the number of local organized drug groups is pegged at 215. NCR and Region 3
have the highest number of drug groups with 30 group each, followed by Region 7
with 27 groups and Region 9 with 22 groups. The Regions with the lowest number of
drug groups are Cordillera Administrative Region and CARAGA Region with one
drug group each.
Personalities in the BADAC Watch List

As of September, the nationwide total number of drug personalities perfected
in the Barangay Drug Abuse Council (BADAC) Watch list is pegged at 37,076.
Among the regions, NCR has the highest number if identified drug personalities with
10,879 or 29,348 of the total number of drug personalities nationwide followed by
PRO 4 with 7,958 or 21,468 and PRO 3 with 6,443 or 17,378.
23

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Drug Rehabilitation
The number of drug patients is increasing. Based on the records of
Government Residential Centers’ Admission, from 1,466 in 1974, the number
reached 5,945 in 2001.
Statistics from rehabilitation centers show the following data:
1. Majority of the patients are in the 15-29 age group.
2. The main age of drug user is 27 years old.
3. Shabu and/or Marijuana are their drug of choice.
4. The ratio of male users to female is 14:1.
5. Workers comprised 43.718% of the drug patience population.
6. Unemployed comprised 5,138.
7. Out of school youth comprised 1,183.
Drug – Affected Barangay

Record shows that the number of drug – affected barangays as of September
this year represents 8,508 or 3,577 of the country’s 42,061 barangays. Comparing all
the regions, Region 4 has the highest number of drug affected barangays with 1,026
of its 5,463 barangays, followed by Region 3 with 492 of its 3,175 barangays, and
Region 7 with 279 of its 3,003 barangays. While Region 12 has the lowest with 32 of
its 1,192 barangays .
Data on Arrests, Cases, and Seizures

C.Y 2000 35,753
Total number of drug-related arrests C.Y 2001 32,227
As of September 2002 22,860
C.Y 2000 14,258
Number of cases filed in court C.Y 2001 22,021
As of September 2002 14,9798
C.Y 2002 P3.998B
Value of drugs seized C.Y 2001 P3.9B
As of September 2002 P1.2B
The emergence of East and Southeast Asia as the fastest growing region in
terms of manufacture, trafficking and consumption of Amphetamine type stimulants
seriously affects the Philippines. Being a major ATS consuming country, it is
therefore important to maintain close cooperation with the countries in the region in
the common fight against illegal drugs.
The discovery and dismantling of clandestine laboratories in the country
indicates a major shift in strategy to manufacture shabu in the country as opposed to
traditional trafficking of shabu in its processed form. Control of precursors and
essential chemicals and the prevention of diversion to illegal use are therefore more
urgent than before.
Marijuana cultivation expanded despite the decline in preference of Filipino

drug abusers due to increase in trafficking to other boundaries like Japan, Australia,
24

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
and other countries in Europe. While it may not affect Filipinos directly, the resulting
stigma as a source country for the drug is equally damaging to the standing of the
country in the international community.
Profile of Drug Abusers in the Philippines

Age Mean age of 28 years old
Sex Male to female ratio 9:1
Civil Status Single 51.56%
Married 34.44%
Family Size Siblings 3-4
Employed 30.94%
Self-employed 12.4%
Occupation Unemployed 38.87%
Students 5%
OSY 0.09%
College Level 23.23%
Educational Attainment High School Level 29.41%
High School Graduate 16.74%
Economic Status Average Monthly Income P15,064.00
Duration of Drug Taking More than 6 years
Nature of Drug Taking Poly Drug Use
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
(Shabu)
Abused Drugs Cannabis (Marijuana)
Inhalants (Contact cement)
Place of Residence Urban, specifically in NCR
Lesson 3: Myth versus Fact: Drug abuse and Illicit Trafficking
1. Why the Big Outcry? Drugs aren’t Really a Big Problem. The fact is…
They are tremendous problem, the seriousness of which is becoming more
apparent everyday. There are millions of drug users throughout the world abusing
all sorts of illegal substances. These people are damaging their health and well –
being, jeopardizing their chances for a healthy and productive life. Furthermore,
there billions of innocent victims of drug abuse – families of users, communities,
employers and societies. The problems caused by drug abuse and illicit
trafficking are the most serious facing the world today, threatening future
generations and thus, the future of life.
2. “Recreational” Use of Drugs is not Harmful. The Fact is……
All illegal drugs are dangerous and cause physical and psychological change in
the user. Prolonged drug used exacerbates these harmful effects that can lead
to addiction. The health hazards of these drugs are very real and, for much the
same reason, prescription drugs should always be properly administered and
25

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
used only at the discretion of a physician. Moreover, the user or potential user
must where the money goes that is spent on illegal drugs. The traffickers gain
the largest share of the profits from this illegal trade. They in turn use the money
to destabilize governments through “buying votes” and through corruption,
intimidation and violence.
3. Marijuana is no Worse than Using Alcohol or Tobacco. The Fact is

Marijuana is very dangerous. Unlike alcohol, which usually leaves the body
within 24 hours because it is water – soluble, marijuana is fat – soluble, which
means that the psycho-active chemicals attach themselves to the fatty parts of
the body (usually the brain and productive organs) and be detected up to 30
days after initial use. Extensive research has indicated that marijuana impairs
short – term memory and slow learning; interferes with normal reproductive
functions; adversely affects heart functions; has serious effects on perception
and skilled performance, such as driving and other complex tasks involving
judgement or fine motor skills; and greatly impairs lung and respiratory functions.
A marijuana cigarette contains more cancer – causing agents than the strongest
tobacco cigarette.
4. Everybody is Taking Drugs. The Fact is…….

This common argument is used by drug users in an effort to gain acceptability
for their deviant behavior. No matter how alarming drug use statistics may be,
majority of the people of the world do not use illegal drugs. Peer pressure is
always difficult to cope with and it takes more courage and strength to stand up
for what you is right, and to resist drugs, when friends try to convince you that
“everybody is doing it”. In fact, everybody is not using drugs; those who use
them are far less likely to be happy and productive lives than those who remain
drug – free.
5. Only Weak Individuals Become Addicts. The Fact is……

The reverse is true: addicts become weak individuals. No one begins taking
drugs with the aim of becoming addicted. People take drugs for a variety of
reasons, including to escape from reality, to cope with daily life, or to be
accepted by others. Drugs are very seductive because, in most cases, they
initially provide what the user is seeking. Their seductive quality is one of the
most strongest factors contributing to addiction. Consider cocaine, for example.
There are increasing reports of professionals in all fields who admit to cocaine
addiction. They experimented with it initially, so they say, with the intent of
providing an occasional “boost”, and thought they could continue in the same
manner. The drug addict often becomes so obsessed with attaining more of the
drug that he or she will exhaust money and assets, ruin a marriage and family
life, and lose a career before admitting to addiction, because of the mistaken
view that only weak individuals become addicts. Addiction is a difficult disease to
accept and one for which many people never recover. No one can assume he or
she is immune from addiction. There is no “safe” way to use illegal drugs, even
when done only occasionally.
26

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
6. Drug Abuse is a “Victimless” Crime – It Only Hurts the User. The Fact is
…. While the health and social changes for a productive life are jeopardized for
the individual drug user, he or she is not only one to suffer. The family suffers
disharmony and pain in witnessing the self – destruction of a loved one. The
consumer ultimately pays for the cost of drugs in the workplace by buying
inferior goods at higher prices. The taxpayers suffer because it is their money
which is needed to support efforts of governments, law enforcement officials,
and the treatment community in combating drug crimes and rehabilitating users.
The community, society and the nation suffer from all of the above. Added to this
is the financial support the user is giving to the criminal organizations which
profit from drugs, and criminal activity often engaged in by the user in an effort to
support the “habit”. Throughout society, there is suffering because of the self –
indulgence of drug addiction.
7. If A Person Wants to Take Drugs, Governments Should Interfere. The

Fact is…… The legitimate rights of the individual must be consistent with the
safety and welfare of the general population. No individuals has an inalienable
right to behave in a manner destructive to others. For this reason, laws are
established. Governments and societies do not tolerate murder, robbery, arson
or even drunk – driving.
8. All Drug Addicts Should Be Imprisoned. The Fact is……. Imprisonment of

a drug addict as such does not solve the problem. Drug users have committed a
crime, but detoxification, treatment and rehabilitation of the individual are
essential if the addict is to learn to live without drugs. This approach includes
responding to immediate and acute medical needs, with continuing availability of
counseling and medical treatment, and of long – term support in a non – drug
environment. Furthermore, prison space in many countries is usually limited and
is more widely used for the detention of other criminals. Placing an addict in
prison does not cure the disease and, when the addict is released, he will
usually return to a destructive and deviant life – style.
9. The Cultivation of Drug Crops Gives a Poor Farmer a Chance to Make

Money. The Fact is….. The farmer is breaking the law and usually knows it.
The income received by the farmer for illicit narcotics production unfortunately, is
higher than that received for traditional food crops, often leading to increased
illicit production to the exclusion of food crops. This kind of illegal activity creates
an artificially – based cash economy, making the farmer completely dependent
on the influx of money from drug dealers, putting him at the mercy of criminal
traffickers and in opposition to the government.
10. Peddling Drugs is One Way the Poor can Earn Money. The Fact is…..
Most drug peddlers are addicts or become addicts. The money they earn does
not help them or their families; they are merely supporting a drug habit. As their
addiction deepens, new: clients” must be found to bring in more money to buy
more drugs. They thus, seek new users for their products. Each street drug
27

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
peddler is the last link in the corruptive chain of criminal activity, Not only
destroying neighborhoods and terrorizing citizens as well.
11. Drug Use is a Way of Life in Some Countries. Why change it? The Fact
is… It is not a way of life to any country. Statistics show that in areas where drug
use is common, economic development can be seriously retarded. This is true in
both developing and industrialized countries.
Lesson 4: The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002

Concretizes government’s “intensive and unrelenting campaign against the
trafficking and use of dangerous drugs, and other similar substances through an
integrated system of planning, implementation, and enforcement of anti – drug abuse
policies, programs, and projects”, R.A. 9165 is an act instituting the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, repealing Republic Act No. 6425, known as the
Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972.
1. PD 1619 “Volatile Solvents”
2. RA 9165 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
It also serves as guide in the implementation of dangerous drug prevention
and control in the country. It guides everyone in the right approach towards issues
geared against drug activities.
1. What are the common responsibilities of CHED and TESDA?
RA 9165, Article IV mandates the following functions:
a. Provide continuing in – service training of teachers on the effective
utilization of the support instructional materials and on teaching
strategies on drug education
b. Continuously monitor and evaluate the effectiveness and overall
impact of drug education program
c. Secure funds from local and foreign donors for the implementation of
drug education program.
2. What are the other functions of CHED and TESDA regarding drug
abuse prevention?
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is responsible for:

Enriching and updating the integration of dangerous drug prevention
concepts in the general education of all higher education course offerings
and in the professional subjects, especially in health – related and science
teacher education courses.
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is

responsible for:
a. Integrating drug abuse prevention concept in the technical, vocational and
agro-industrial courses
b. Integrating drug abuse prevention concepts in appropriate instructional
materials for technical education and skills development
28

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
3. Should drug abuse prevention and control be part of the school

curricula?
Yes, Article IV, Sec. 43 of Republic Act 9164 stipulates that instruction
on drug abuse prevention and control be integrated in the elementary,
secondary and tertiary curricula of all public and private schools, whether
general, technical, vocational or agro-industrial.
4. What are the topics on drug abuse prevention and control that
should be integrated in the instruction?
According to Article IV, Sec. 43, the following topics should be covered:
a. Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse of dangerous drugs on the
person, the family, the school, and the community;
b. Preventive measures against drug abuse;
c. Health, socio – cultural, psychological, legal and economic dimensions
and implications of the drug problem;
d. Steps to take when intervening on behalf of a drug dependent is
needed;
e. Services available for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug
dependents;
f. Misconception about the use of dangerous drugs but not limited to the
importance and safety of dangerous drugs of medical and therapeutic
use; and
g. Differentiation between medical patients and drug dependents in order
to avoid confusion and accidental stigmatization in the consciousness
of the students.
Lesson 5: The Youth and Government’s Response to the Drug Problem

By the turn of the 21st century, substance abuse has taken an alarming
proportion in the country. “Shabu” (the local name for methamphetamine) has
become the number one drug abuse, followed by marijuana and inhalants. The
abuse of legal substances like nicotine and alcohol continue to be worrisome. A
survey by the University of the Philippines Population Institute in 1996 showed the
initial age of use of nicotine, alcohol, and drugs to be age 16 – 17, that 40% of males
surveyed were smoking and 37% of the youth regularly used alcohol. At present,
more than 1.5 million Filipinos are users of illegal drugs. The youth are especially
hard hit. They are the greatest number of drug users. Among them are more than
350,000 identified high school students in the country. One can only speculate on the
number of young people abusing drugs not identified.
Various activities, to date, are initiated and are aimed to produce the following
effects on young people:
1. Lessen violent behavior;
2. Increase pro – social behavior and decrease negative, self – destructive
behavior;
3. Increase the ability to plan ahead and choose effective solutions to
problems;
4. Improve self – image and self – awareness;
29

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
5. Improve social and emotional adjustment;

6. Improve handling of interpersonal problems and coping with anxiety;
7. Improve constructive conflict resolution with peers; and
8. Improve self – control
Early in 2004, the Dangerous Drugs Board Launched the program “Barkada
Kontra Droga” (or “Peers Against Drugs”). The specific thrust of this program is drug
abuse prevention.
This concept tries to change the meaning of the word “barkada” or “peer”
which connotes a negative influence among peers. Each member of the “Barkada
Kontra Droga” pledges to keep his community and family safe and secure from the
evils of illegal drugs. Further, he is asked to commit to convince friends and relatives
to join the fight against drugs and trafficking, never to use drugs and to report
clandestine laboratories, pushers and users.
Legislation for Illicit Drugs Control

1. 1972. The Dangerous Drugs Act was established.
2. 2002. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act was implemented.
3. 2002. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was established.
4. 2002. An Integrated Drug Abuse Data Information Network (IDADIN) was
created to monitor drug use/abuse.
Government response to the Problem

1. Preventive education programs to dissuade users or potential users from
experimenting with illegal drugs and/or continuing to use them
2. Treatment and rehabilitation programs aimed at facilitating abstinence
3. Intensified campaigns against illegal drugs and trafficking
4. Judicial and legislative measures
5. National, regional and international cooperation to fight illegal drug trafficking
and abuse of dangerous drugs
6. Some Philippine political figures are talking about drug testing employees of
outsourced call centers workers, other are calling for testing university
students, and the government is currently considering drug testing all
government employees.
7. Drug information and action Line (DIAL) was created to receive reports and
complaints related to drug abuse and provide assistance to the public on drug
– related cases.
Ten (10) Ways to Say “No” to Drugs

1. Be vocal, just sat “NO” and mean it!
2. Project an image of clean living for yourself.
3. Get into Sports.
4. Choose your friends and influence them positively.
5. Get involved in community – based project.
6. Join organizations (church, school, community or social) or youth clubs or
form your own drama group.
7. Learn how to manage stress
30

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
8. Join seminars on anti – drug abuse prevention

9. Talk to your family, listen to the problems of your brothers and sisters.
10. Enhance your talents or skills by taking part in workshops, training or
seminars.
The soundness of the activity we do today will contribute to the success of the
program we have together with our clients in the days to come.
Our involvement………
To be involved in drug prevention and control requires a S.T.R.O.N.G group:
S – Steadfast personality
T – Trustworthy in words and deeds
R – Respectable in relating with others
O – Open-minded in facing situations
N – Noble character
G – Gutsy action and ideas
As good citizens….
Let us be keepers of life and create a safe environment through our
respective position.
Let us join hands in keeping our society a drug – free Philippines!
31

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Instructions: Read each item carefully and select the best answer from the given
choices. Do this on a separate sheet of pad paper. INDICATE your NAME, COURSE
and SECTION in your answer sheet.
1. It’s an act instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, and
repealing Republic Act 6425
a. RA 9165 c. Article 9162
b. RA9163
2. The Article and Section of RA 9165 which stipulate the instruction on drug
abuse prevention and control to be integrated in the elementary, secondary,
and tertiary school curricula of all public and private school, whether general,
technical, vocational or industrial
a. Article IV Section 43 c. Article V Section 5
b. Article IV Section 10
3. It’s the dangerous drug commonly used by most Filipinos
a. Marijuana c. Ecstasy
b. Shabu
4. The five countries that are largely involved in the trafficking of drugs in the
Philippines
a. China, Guam, Australia, England, Middle East
b. China, Thailand, Vietnam, India, Peru
c. China, Singapore, Korea, India, Thailand
5. The Agency responsible to carry out the provisions of Republic Act 9165
known as Dangerous Drugs Act 0f 2002
a. PDEA c. CHED
b. DDB
6. The body responsible in making policies and formulating strategies and
programs on drug prevention and control
a. PDEA c. CHED
b. DDB
7. The term used to describe the secrets places of manufacturing drugs
a. Cannabis c. Stock house
b. Clandestine
8. An activity where drugs are spread or sold for consumption from one location
to another
a. Drug trafficking c. Drug dependent
b. Drug lord
9. The commonly abuse drugs in the country and in the Asia Pacific region
a. Shabu and Marijuana c. All of the above
b. Ecstasy and Cough syrup
10. The modes of drug transfer used by foreign nationals in drug trafficking
a. FedEx shipment, mail and parcels
b. Compartment, Luggage, body packing and container vans
c. all of the above
32

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
11. The common place where dangerous drugs are mostly seized
a. Seaports, airports
b. Economic lines and Philippine coastline
c. All of the above
12. The group of substances that are distributed to destroy health
a. Dangerous Drug c. Volatile
b. Controlled precursor
13. The substance which are useful and considered as essential drugs but
dangerous when used in excess
a. Controlled precursor c. Narcotics
b. Volatile
14. The early signs of individuals who are affected by dangerous drugs, except
one
a. Irritable, discourteous, aggressive
b. Untrustworthy, prefer barkadas, nausea and vomiting
c. Good grooming
15. The effects of dangerous drugs to individuals, except one
a. Develop changes in normal capabilities in work
b. Loss memories
c. Good attention span
16. The age group level that composes the majority of patience affected by
dangerous drugs
a. 30-40 years c. 40-50 years
b. 15-29 years
17. The region that has the highest number of affected barangays in the country
a. CAR c. Region 4
b. NCR
18. The region with the highest organized groups to fight drug abusers
a. Region 1 and 2 c. NCR and Region 3
b. Region 4 and 6
19. The highest marijuana – producing region in the land
a. CAR c. ARMM
b. Region 2
20. The number one source of dangerous drugs in the Philippines
a. Australia c. China
b. Thailand
33

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CHAPTER 4
Disasters Risk Reduction and Management
Introduction
As an archipelago located at the south eastern part of Asia, the Philippines is
exposed to both climatic and geological hazards. It is situated in the Pacific Ring of
Fire where two major tectonic plates, the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate meet.
With several fault lines crossing the country, earthquakes could have very
devastating effects. There are 220 volcanoes, 22 of which are classified as active.
The Philippines is also located along the typhoon belt on the North Pacific
Basin in the Pacific where 75% of the typhoons originate. There are 20 to 30
typhoons passing through the country, 5-7 of which can be destructive (NDCC 2008).
As a consequence of extreme rainfall events, flash floods, flooding and landslides
have become more prevalent since 2000.
The impacts of climate change in the Philippines are becoming better
understood (Cruz et al, 2007). There has been an increase in the annual mean
rainfall since the 1980s and in the number of rainy days since the1900s (Cruzet
al.:10.2.2). On average, 20 cyclones cross the Philippine Area of Responsibility
(PAR) with about 8-9 making landfall each year.
The natural risks associated with these trends are aggravated by human
activities, particularly in the exploitation of resources such as forests and minerals
and development interventions that do not incorporate responsible risk assessment.
According to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the
Philippines was the fourth most accident-prone country in the world in 2015.
Accordingly, 31,835 Filipinos were killed and94, 369,462 others were affected by
natural disasters and calamities in a span of 20 years.
It is for these reasons that every Filipino needs to understand concepts on
DRRM.
Chapter Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the operational concept, structures and priority actions relative to the
Philippines disasters Management system.
2. Appreciate the basic concepts of Philippines disasters risk reduction
management system.
3. Identify the different factors that consensus in alleviating the vulnerability of the
environment.
Lesson1: Overview of the Philippines Disasters Management System

Disasters have always been a result of human interaction with nature,
technology and other living entities. Sometimes unpredictable and sudden,
sometimes slow and lingering, various types of disasters continually affect the way in
which we live our daily lives. Human beings as innovative creatures have sought new
ways in which to curb the devastating effects of disasters. However, for years human
conduct regarding disasters has been reactive in nature. Communities, sometimes
aware of the risks that they face, would wait in anticipation of a disastrous event and
then activate plans and procedures. Human social and economic development has
34

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
further contributed to creating vulnerability and thus weakening the ability of humans
to cope with disasters and their effects.
Disasters impede human development. Gains in development are inextricably
linked to the level of exposure to disaster risk within any given community. In the
same light, the level of disaster risk prevalent in a community is linked to the
developmental choices exerted by that community (UNDP, 2004). The link between
disasters and development is well researched and documented. The fact that
disasters impact on development (e.g. a school being washed away in a flood) and
development increases or decreases the risk of disasters (e.g. introducing
earthquake-resistant building techniques) is widely accepted. Yet, every year Africa
suffers disaster losses which set back development and leave our communities living
in a perpetual state of risk. Africa has come a long way since the global arena
emphasized the need for multi -stakeholder disaster risk reduction rather than
continuing the unsustainable cycle of disaster management. The 2000s saw a
number of declarations, policies, strategies, plans and programs developed. Yet very
little real implementation of the above is evident on the African continent, despite a
number of inter-regional and high-level discussions and forms of collaboration. The
following module will introduce you to the field of disaster risk reduction. The first part
of the module will focus on defining the basic, but most important, terms in relation to
disaster studies. The different elements of disaster risk management will enjoy
attention, and how these different elements contribute to our understanding and
better management of risk and disasters will be explained. Different types of hazards,
vulnerability domains and risks will also be discussed. This module also provides a
more theoretical look at the evolution of the study of disasters and in doing so
emphasis will be placed on the transdisciplinary nature of disaster risk reduction.
After the theoretical foundation for the understanding of disaster risk management
has been laid, the emphasis will shift towards an understanding of how disaster risk
management functions as an integrated approach within the context of sustainable
development. The last part of this module will provide you with insight into some of
the cross-cutting issues such as vulnerability of the Urban Environment.
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System

Salient Provisions Of Republic Act 10121
Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 is entitled as, “An Act Strengthening the Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds
therefore and for other purposes”. system in the Philippines. This was signed into
law on May 27, 2010 and the Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) was
approved three months later on September 27, 2010. This revolutionary law defines
the disasters management
.
35

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Cover Photos Of Republic Act 10121 &IRR
Salient Provisions of the PDRRM Law Include:

1. Section 5 provides for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (NDRRMC) which is formerly known as the National
Disaster Coordinating Council but its membership and functions have increased to
cope with complexities of disasters at present times.
The NDRRMC is headed by the Secretary of the Department of National
Defense (DND) as Chairperson with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior
and Local Government (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the
Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, the
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, and the Administrator of
the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) as the Executive Director, and 39 members as
shown in the organizational structure.
Organizational Chart of NDRRMC
36

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
The members of the NDRRMC are composed of fourteen line departments (DA,
DBM, DENR, DEP ED, DOE, DOLE, DFA, DOF, DOH, DOJ, DPWH, DOT, DTI,
DOTC ), Office of the Executive Secretary, Office of the Presidential Adviser on
Peace Process (OPAPP), Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), Chief, Philippine
National Police (PNP), The Press Secretary, the Secretary General of the Philippine
Red Cross (PRC), Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission-Victims of
Disasters and Calamities Sector (NAPC-VDC), Chairperson of the National
Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Chairperson of the Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), Executive Director of the Climate
Change Office of the Climate Change Commission, two government funding
institution namely PHILHEALTH and Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
together with Social Security System (SSS) which is a private insurance entity, five
(5) local leagues such as Union of Legal Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP),
League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP), League of Cities of the Philippines
(LCP), League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP) and League of Barangays
(LMB), four representatives from the Civil Society Organizations who will focus on
Preparedness, Response, Prevention and Mitigation and Rehabilitation and
Recovery. There is also one member who will represent the private sector.
The NDRRMC being empowered with policy-making, coordination, integration,
supervision, monitoring and evaluation functions shall carry out 17 responsibilities as
stipulated in the law. The NDRRMC Chairperson may call upon other
instrumentalities or entities of the government and nongovernment and civic
organizations for assistance in terms of the use of their facilities and resources for
the protection and preservation of life and properties in the whole range of disaster
risk reduction and management. This authority includes the power to call on the
reserve force as defined in Republic Act No. 7077 to Assist in relief and rescue
during disasters or calamities.
2. Section 8 of the law stipulates that the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall
have the primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense
and disaster risk reduction and management program by providing leadership in the
continuous development of strategic and systematic approaches as well as
measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the
consequences of disasters.
The Administrator of the OCD serves as the Executive Director of the National
Council and, as such, shall have the same duties and privileges of a department
undersecretary. All appointees shall be universally acknowledged experts in the field
of disaster preparedness and management and of proven honesty and integrity. The
National Council shall utilize the services and facilities of the OCD as the Secretariat
of the National Council. The OCD has 19 functions, duties and responsibilities as
stipulated in the law. It is further provided for in the law that the NDRRMC shall
establish an Operations Center. This is the 24/7 facility for monitoring and
coordination. It is where we disseminate situation reports, alerts and communications
to all Council members and various stakeholders. It is also a venue for us to facilitate
effective management of the consequences of disasters.
37

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
3. Section 10 of RA 10121 provides for the creation of the Regional Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC), formerly known as Regional
Disaster Coordinating Council (RDCC). RDRRMC coordinates, integrates,
supervises, and evaluates the activities of the local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Councils (LDRRMCs). The RDRRMC is responsible in ensuring
disaster sensitive regional development plans, in case of emergencies; RDRRMC
shall convene the different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and
authorities. Under the law, the RDRRMC shall establish an operating facility known
as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center
(RDRRMC OpCen) whenever necessary.
The civil defense officers of the OCD who are or may be designated as Regional
Directors of OCD serves as chairpersons of the RDRRMCs. Its Vice Chairpersons
shall be the Regional Directors of DSWD, the DILG, the DOST, and the NEDA. The
existing regional offices of the OCD shall serve as secretariat of the RDRRMCs. The
RDRRMCs are composed of the executives of regional offices and field stations at
the regional level of the government agencies.
4. Section 11 provides for the organization at the Local Government Level.
The Provincial, City and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Councils are mandated to be organized at the local levels. In the case of the
Barangays, a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee which
is mandated to be organized and shall operate under the Barangay Development
Council (BDC).
The Local DRRMCs shall be chaired by the local chief executives, the Governor
for the provincial level, the mayor for the city and municipal levels and the barangay
captain for the barangay level. The members are the heads of various offices
assigned at the local levels together with the four (4) members from the CSOs and
one (1) private sector representative.
The LDRRMCs Shall Have the Following Functions

a) Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the local DRRM
Plans and regularly review and test the plan consistent with other national and local
planning programs;
b) Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation into local development plans, programs and budgets as a strategy in
sustainable development and poverty reduction;
c) Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of
local residents, if necessary; and,
d) Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary.
5. Section 12 provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office (LDRRMO). It is also mandated that the local government units
shall establish an LDRRMO in every province, city, and municipality, and a Barangay
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee in every barangay. The
LDRRMOs shall be responsible for setting the direction, development,
implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their
territorial jurisdiction. The LDRRMOs are permanent offices under the office of the
governor, city or municipal mayor and the punong barangay (barangay captain) in
case of the BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs have twenty-five (25) functions, duties and
38

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
responsibilities under this law given that the local government units are the first line
of defense in every disaster or emergency. Thus, they shall act as front liners of all
disaster risk reduction and management plans, programs, projects and activities.
6. Section 15 provides for the coordination during emergencies. The
LDRRMCs are mandated to take the lead in preparing for, responding to and
recovering from the effects of any . 7. Section 21 provides for the Local Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) which is not less than five percent
(5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set aside as the
LDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities such as, but not limited to,
pre disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-saving rescue
equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster activities, and for the payment
of premiums on calamity insurance. The LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the
use and disbursement of the LDRRMF based on the. LDRRMP as incorporated in
the local development plans and annual work and financial plan. Upon the
recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of the sanggunian or council
concerned, the LDRRMC may transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction
work of other LDRRMCs which are declared under state of calamity. Of the amount
appropriated for LDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response
Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that situation
and living conditions of people In communities or areas stricken by disasters,
calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as
possible. Unexpended LDRRMF shall accrue to a special trust fund solely for the
purpose of supporting disaster risk reduction and management activities of the
LDRRMCs within the next five (5) years. Any such amount still not fully utilized after
five (5) years shall revert back to the general fund and will be available for other
social services to be identified by the local sanggunian.
8. Section 22 of RA 10121 provides for the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Fund.
(a) The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the annual General
Appropriations Act shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) and it shall be used for disaster
risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities such as, but not
limited to, training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital expenditures.
It can also be utilized for relief, recovery, reconstruction and other work or services in
connection with natural or human induced calamities which may occur during the
budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year.
(b) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund/78 and the appropriate recipient
agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined upon approval of thqa7zx7e President of
the Philippines in accordance with the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC.
(c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%) shall
be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery
programs in order that situation and living conditions of people in communities or
areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be
normalized as quickly as possible.
(d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM fund shall
submit to the NDRRMC their monthly statements on the utilization of DRRM funds
39

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
and make an accounting thereof in accordance with existing accounting and auditing
rules.
(e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby
authorized to use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to
address DRRM activities in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the
NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.
Notably, the special provisions for the NDRRM Fund under the General
Appropriations Act No. 10964, provided for the aid, relief and rehabilitation services
to communities / areas affected by human-induced and natural calamities, and repair
and reconstruction of permanent structures, including other capital expenditures for
disaster operation, and rehabilitation activities with a total budget amounting to
Nineteen Billion Six Hundred Million Pesos (P19.6 B).
Lesson 2: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Concepts

Actions taken depend in part on perceptions of risk of those exposed.
Effective emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans
at all levels of government and non-government involvement. Activities at each level
(individual, group, community) affect the other levels. It is common to place the
responsibility for governmental emergency management with the institutions for civil
defense or within the conventional structure of the emergency services.
Mitigation
Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters
altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation
phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for
reducing or eliminating risk. Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing and
avoiding unnecessary risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to
personal/family health and to personal property.
Preparedness
In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for
when the disaster strikes. Common preparedness measures include:
1. The Communication plans with easily understood terminology and chain of
command
2. Development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command
3. Proper maintenance and training of emergency services
4. Development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined
with emergency shelters and evacuation plans
5. Stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment
An efficient preparedness measure is an emergency operations centre (EOC)
combined with a practiced region-wide doctrine for managing emergencies.
Another preparedness measure is to develop a volunteer response capability
among civilian populations. Since, volunteer response is not always as
predictable and plan-able as professional response; volunteers are often
deployed on the periphery of an emergency unless they are a proven and
established volunteer organization with standards and training.
40

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Response
The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency
services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first wave
of core emergency services, such as fire-fighters, police and ambulance crews. They
may be supported by a number of secondary emergency services.
Recovery
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous
state. It differs from the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned
with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are addressed.
Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding
destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.as
specialist rescue teams.
Disasters Management Cycle
Lesson 3: Geographic Hazards and Disaster Risk Profiles of the Philippines
Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country (Features and Tendency)

The Philippines is prone to almost all types of natural hazards because of its
geographical location and geotectonic setting.
Pacific Ring of Fire
41

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
In addition, the Philippines is situated along the highly-seismic Pacific Ring of Fire
as shown on this figure. This is the area where the Philippine Sea and Eurasian
Tectonic Plates meet and is prone to occurrences of earthquakes, tsunamis and
volcanic eruptions. In fact, there are 300 volcanoes in the country and 22 are active.
In this figure shows the distribution of active faults and trenches in the Philippines
which are found in several areas of the country.
Moreover, in this figure presents the seismicity or the frequency of occurrence of

earthquakes, almost all parts of the country experience earthquakes. Generally, we
encounter an average of 20 earthquakes a day, per latest figures from the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Nevertheless, the impact generated on affected communities is usually massive

and devastating. Earthquake-induced disasters were few in numbers and in terms of
casualties. According to the Annual Report by the PHIVOLCS, in 2017, six (6)
42

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
damaging earthquakes hit the country commencing with the magnitude 6.7
earthquake in Surigao del Norte on 10 February. A series of earthquakes were
recorded in Mabini, Batangas Province from April to August 2017. A major event in
the earthquake swarms had a magnitude of 5.5 on 04 April. Two (2) more strong
earthquakes occurred on 08 April, the first with magnitude 5.6, succeeded by another
with magnitude 6.0. On 12 April, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred with epicenter
near Wao, Lanao del Sur. On the 29th of the same month, a magnitude 7.2
earthquake happened offshore of Saranggani, Davao Occidental. On 25 May, a
magnitude 5.4 earthquake happened near the vicinity of San Marcelino, Zambales.
Lastly, Ormoc City, Leyte and vicinity were shaken by the magnitude 6.5 earthquake
on 06 July (PHIVOLCS Annual Report, 2017). The strong ground shaking
subsequently caused liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslides, and damages to
buildings and other infrastructures. Areas transected by the active faults that moved
and generated the earthquakes were also affected by ground rupture.
Between 1997 and 2007, eighty-four (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine
Area of Responsibility (PAR). These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human
casualty and more than 51 million families have been affected. Economic losses due
to typhoon damages in agriculture, infrastructures and private properties are
estimated to reach P158.242-B. Some of the most devastating floods and landslides
are triggered by these typhoons that happened also within this period. The El Nino
Southern Oscillation which is a periodic disaster recorded high economic costs in just
a single occurrence. In 2010, out of the almost PhP 25-M worth of damages to
properties caused by natural disasters, tropical cyclones contributed to more than
half. These affected more than 3 million people in that year alone.
As shown on the next figure, the intensity scale classification of tropical cyclone
by the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA), have developed the category for Super Typhoon, with sustained winds of
greater than 220 km per hour. In the past years, the country does not have the
category for Super Typhoon. However, because of Typhoon Yolanda, the PAGASA
had the realization that the strength of typhoons can go beyond the country’s existing
threshold.
PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Scale
43

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Recent Major Disasters in the Philippines

1. Naga Landslides (September 2018)
A landslide incident occurred in Sitio Sindulan, Barangay Tinaan, Naga City,
Cebu. The City of Naga was declared under State of Calamity thru Resolution No.
001-A-2018 on 21 September 2018 due to damages brought by the occurrence of a
massive landslide. It affected 1,972 families or 8,252 persons in barangays, with 77
dead, 7 injured and 57 missing.
2. Typhoon Mangkhut (September 2018)

Typhoon Mangkhut, locally known as Typhoon Ompong entered the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) on 12 September 2018 and has made
landfall in Baggao, Cagayan on 15 September 2018. The typhoon caused
widespread damage across Northern and Central Luzon due to its intense nature and
large size (~900km). Interaction with the rugged terrain of Northern Luzon have
aggravated the nature of rainfall, which caused flooding and landslides especially in
the mountainous Cordillera Administrative Region. It affected a total of 730,596
families or 3,029,062 persons in 5,917 barangays with 82 dead, 138 injured and 2
missing. It destroyed 210,500 houses and damaged a total estimated amount of
P7.2B on infrastructure and P26.8B on agriculture.
3. Volcanic Activity (January 2018)

Mayon Volcano (Bulkang Mayon), also known as Mount Mayon, is an active
volcano in the Province of Albay. Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines
having erupted over 49 times in the past 400 years. On 13 January 2018, a phreatic
eruption occurred in Mayon Volcano. Per PHIVOLCS Eruption Notification, the
estimated height of grayish ash plume is at 2,500 meter that drifted towards the
Southwest. Traces of ashfall were found in the Municipalities of Camalig,
Guinobatan, Daraga and Ligao City. DOST-PHIVOLCS raised the alert status of
Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 2 (increasing unrest) to Alert Level 3 (increased
tendency towards hazardous eruption). This means Mayon was exhibiting relatively
high unrest and that magma is at the crater. On 16 January 2018, the Albay
Province was declared under the State of Calamity thru Resolution No. 00670-2018.
NDRRMOC raised the alert status from Blue to Red and conducted continuous
monitoring and coordination with other member agencies and response clusters. On
22 January 2018, PHIVOLCS raised the Alert Level of Mayon Volcano to Alert Level
4 (hazardous eruption imminent). The Danger Zone was extended to 8 kilometers
radius from the summit vent. The public was strongly advised to be vigilant and
desist from entering this danger zone. Civil aviation authorities advised pilots to avoid
flying close to the volcano’s summit as ash from eruptions can be hazardous to
aircraft. A total of nine (9) international flights and sixteen (16) were cancelled due to
volcanic activity. Then, on 6 March 2018, a notice for lowering of Mayon Volcano’s
status from Alert Level 4 (hazardous eruption imminent) to Alert Level 3 (decreased
tendency towards hazardous eruption). On 07 March 2018 as per Situational Report
no. 57 issued by the NDRRMC, a total of seventy-six (76) volcanic earthquakes and
thirteen (13) rockfall events were recorded by Mayon’s seismic monitoring network.
Sulfur dioxide emission was measured at an average of 4,459 tonnes/day on 06
March 2018. Deflation of the lower slopes that began on 20 February is still being
44

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
recorded by electronic tilt and by Precise Levelling (PL) surveys. A total of 16,380
families were pre-emptively evacuated in Region V due to Mt. Mayon phreatic
eruption. A total of 23,705 families / 90, 742 persons were affected in 61 barangays
in the municipalities /cities of Bacacay, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao City, Daraga,
Tabaco City, Malilipot, Santo Domingo (Libog), and Legazpi City in the Province of
Albay (Region V).
4. Typhoon Hagupit (December 2014)

Typhoon Hagupit, locally known as Typhoon “Ruby” entered the Philippines
on 4 December 2014 at 4:00AM with maximum winds of 175kph and gustiness of
210kph and is moving West Northwest at 25kph. Typhoon Hagupit is being
compared to last year’s Super Typhoon Yolanda that also enters PAR on the last
quarter of the year. A total of 944,249 families or 4,149,484 persons were affected in
Regions III, IV-A, IV-B, V, VI, VII, VIII, CARAGA and NCR. There were 18 fatalities
and 916 injured persons and damaged 290,670 houses. Furthermore, it damaged
infrastructure and agriculture amounting to Php5,090,265,462.00.
5. Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013)

Super Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Typhoon Yolanda entered the
Philippine Area of Responsibility PAR on 6 November 2013 and made landfall on (1)
Guiuan, Eastern Samar; (2) Tolosa, Leyte; (3) Daanbantayan, Cebu; (4) Bantayan
Island, Cebu; (5) Conception, Iloilo; and finally (6) Busuanga, Palawan and left the
Philippines on 9 Nov 2013. The wrath of “Yolanda” affected a total of 3,424,593
Families or 16,078,181 Persons in 12,139 Brgys in 44 Prov, 591 Mun, 57 Cities in
the Regions of IV-A, IV-B, 5,6,7,8,10,11 & Caraga. A total of 1,140,332 houses were
damaged and killed 6,318 individuals, 28,689 were injured and 1,061 went missing
during the onslaught. The dreadful event left a total of PhP89,598,068,634.88 worth
of damages to infrastructure, productive, social and cross-sectoral sectors. Due to
the massive destruction and immense effects of TY Yolanda, the President issued
Presidential Proclamation No 682 declaring a state of national calamity on 11 Nov
2013 and Presidential Assistant for Recovery and Rehabilitation (PARR) was
designated to oversee the TY Yolanda Reconstruction and Rehabilitation.
6. Earthquake in Central Visayas (October 2013)

An earthquake of tectonic origin with 7.2 magnitude occurred in Region VII on
15 October 2013 at about 8:12AM with an epicenter at Sagbayan, Bohol and
recorded 3,198 aftershocks and 94 of which were felt. It causes 222 fatalities, 976
were injured, and 8 were missing. Secondary to the quake, landslide incidents
occurred in different municipalities in Bohol. Stampede occurred at Barba Sports
Complex in Toledo City and Pinamungahan Auditorium both in Cebu. A ground
subsidence was also reported by Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) at Purok 7
and 8 Barangay Poblacion I, Tagbilaran City, Bohol and residents nearby were
advised to preemptively evacuate. A total of 671,103 families / 3,221,248 persons
were affected in 1,527 barangays in 60 municipalities and 6 cities in 6 provinces of
Regions VI and VII. A total of 73,002 houses, 41 bridges and 18 roads were
damaged. A total of PhP2,257,182.90 worth of damaged roads, bridges, flood
control, school buildings, hospitals and other public buildings.
45

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Lesson 4: Vulnerability of the Urban Environment

Vulnerability is defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a
hazard. Vulnerability is a set of prevailing or consequential conditions arising from
various physical, social, economic and environmental factors which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards (UNISDR, 2002:24). It can also
comprise physical, socio-economic and/or political factors that adversely affect the
ability of communities to respond to events (Jegillos, 1999). Blaikie et al. (1994) are
of the opinion that vulnerability is constituted by the characteristics of a person or
group in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the
impact of a hazard. Vulnerability can be expressed as the degree of loss resulting
from a potentially damaging phenomenon or hazard. It is therefore the extent to
which a community will degrade when subjected to a specified set of hazardous
conditions.
In this section we will examine how the interaction between hazards and
vulnerability translate into disaster risk. In the process, we will identify the political,
economic, physical, social, and ecological factors that interact to increase the
susceptibility of individuals, households and communities to the impact of hazards.
The identification of these factors provides the basis for the prioritization of initiatives
which will contribute to reducing vulnerability and thus to eliminating and/or reducing
disaster risk. The initiatives so prioritized should then be integrated by the various
spheres of government into sustainable development and disaster risk reduction
planning. Disaster risk reduction is only valuable once one understands the contexts
in which people live, the changing environment in which they find themselves, the
impact of this environment on their ability to sustain their livelihoods and the
presence of a number of natural forces (natural hazards).
Hazards in themselves do not constitute disasters. The magnitude of a
disaster is usually described in terms of the adverse effects which a hazard has had
on lives, property and infrastructure; environmental damage; and the costs attached
to post disaster recovery and rehabilitation. In other words there is a direct link
between the capacity of those affected to withstand, cope and recover from the
adverse affects of a hazard using only their own resources, and what constitutes
disaster risk. Put simply disaster risk is the product of the combination of three
elements – vulnerability, coping capacity and hazard (UNISDR 2002:41).
The following notation illustrates this interaction:

Disaster risk (R) = Vulnerability (V) x Hazard (H) Capacity (C)
OR Disaster risk = function of H and V/C
It is common cause that in countries where the majority of the population
have been marginalized the adverse effects of hazards are of far greater magnitude.
The interaction of political, physical, social, economic and environmental conditions
which are linked to the marginalized state of those communities translates into
extremely unsafe and fragile conditions thus rendering them most vulnerable to the
impact of hazards (UNISDR 2002:47). Vulnerability is the key element in the link
between hazards and what constitutes disaster risk.
46

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Understanding Vulnerability
There is common consensus among disaster risk scholars on the factors which
compound or alleviate vulnerability;
1. Economic factors
Whilst a wide range of factors combine to contribute to levels of vulnerability
to the impact of hazards in developing countries, poverty probably has the single
most important influence. The eradication of poverty therefore is crucial to
vulnerability reduction.
The economic status of the population relates not only to the degree of losses in
terms of lives, property and infrastructure but also to the capacity to cope with and
recover from adverse effects. Virtually all disaster studies show that the wealthiest of
the population (women and men) either survive the impact of a hazard without
suffering any adverse effects or are able to recover quickly (due mostly to the
presence of insurance, savings, investments or some other financial instrument to fall
back on). Poverty and lack of access to land and basic services explains why people
in urban areas are forced to live on hills that are prone to landslides, or why people
settle near rivers that invariably flood their banks. Poverty explains why droughts
claim poor subsistence farmers as victims and rarely the wealthy, and why famine,
more often than not, is the result of a lack of purchasing power to buy food rather
than the absence of food.
2. Political factors
The level of vulnerability in any community can be directly linked to the
political will and commitment to developmental concerns. Vulnerability is as much
about the exposure to a given hazard as the decision-making linked to development
which will address conditions of vulnerability. A set of deep-rooted socio-economic
elements which include aspects such as denial of human rights, denial of access to
power structures, access to quality education, employment opportunities, land
tenure, availability of and access to resources, access to infrastructure, basic
services and information, together have the ability to create and maintain extreme
levels of vulnerability.
3. Physical factors
Physical vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of individuals, households
and communities to loss due to the physical environment in which they find
themselves (UNISDR 2002:47) (refer back to the question on: “Where do people
live?”). It relates to aspects such as access to suitable land, land use planning,
housing design, building standards, materials used for building houses, engineering,
accessibility to emergency services and other similar aspects. Physical vulnerability
may be determined by aspects such as population density levels, remoteness of a
settlement, the site, design and materials used for critical infrastructure and for
housing (UNISDR, 2002).
4. Social factors
The level of social well-being of individuals, households and communities
directly impacts on their level of vulnerability to hazards. Levels of education, literacy
47

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
and training, safety and security, access to basic human rights, social equity,
information and awareness, strong cultural beliefs and traditional values, morality,
good governance and a well-organized cohesive civil society, all contribute to social
wellbeing with physical, mental and psychological health being critical aspects.
5. Environmental factors
The discussion of environmental aspects of vulnerability covers a very broad
range of issues in the interacting social, economic and ecological aspects of
sustainable development relating to disaster risk reduction.
The key aspects of environmental vulnerability can be summarized by the following
five distinctions:
• The extent of natural resource depletion;
• The state of resource degradation;
• Loss of resilience of the ecological systems;
• Loss of biodiversity; and
• Exposure to toxic and hazardous pollutants (UNISDR 2002:47). physical,
mental and psychological health being critical aspects.
Many disasters are either caused or exacerbated by environmental

degradation. Deforestation leads to rapid rain run-off, which contributes to flooding.
The creation of drought conditions and the relative severity and length of time the
drought lasts are mainly natural phenomena.
Drought conditions may be exacerbated by:
• poor cropping patterns;

• overgrazing;
• the stripping of topsoil; poor conservation techniques;
• depletion of both the surface and subsurface water supply; and
unchecked urbanisation (UN 1992:9).
48

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Instruction: Do the following activities in a separate pad paper. INDICATE your
NAME, COURSE and SECTION in your answer sheet.
Read the case-study below about relocating a school out of a flood zone. Write the
lessons you have learned in your answer sheet.
At the request of the local government and following the consultations with
the community, it has been agreed to move the elementary school in Barangay XYZ
from its current location to an adjoining hillside. The current location experiences
flooding during heavy rainfall, as well as standing water after any rainfall. The
foundation of the school is also affected by the high ground water table. The
community plans to use the new school as an evacuation center in case of flooding
and heavy rainfall.
The local government has selected a site on a hillside on the edge of the
barangay where the travel distance from the community is not generally more than
for the current school. They have leveled the site and are providing skilled workers
and a back-hoe for work on the site. The community has collected funds to purchase
the sand, gravel and rocks needed for the construction and an NGO is providing the
other construction materials.
A site inspection indicates that all the necessary preparations have been
made for the construction to begin. The local government will build a 3 meter-high
retaining wall to hold back the hillside behind the school next year when additional
funds are available.
49

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Chapter 5: Environmental Awareness and Protection
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:
1. Define environmental protection, climate change and solid waste
management.
2. Discuss the causes and impacts of climate change.
3. Identify the different mediums of solid waste management
4. Develop and implement an action plan addressing environmental
protection, climate change, and solid waste management.
Overview
This chapter deals with the basic concepts and laws governing
environmental education, its principles, climate change, ecological solid
waste management, and air pollution awareness and prevention
In the past decades, we witnessed that the Philippines had a very rich and
healthy environment. There were vast trees and plants in the Philippine
forests which were the sources of our medicine, but sad to say, that situation
in our environment today is no longer true. The seas, rivers and waters are
the sources of fish and some of our mineral resources. It is only in the
Philippines where the fish die of old age, and yet country imports sardines
It is sad to note also that some Filipino fishermen still use dynamite in
fishing, and this destroys the ecological balance of the nature.
There is now a wanton destruction of our environment, which is

brought about by selfishness, greed, and the lack of concern and vision of
our people and our leaders.
The limited natural resources of our country’s environment has been

destroyed to an almost very dangerous level. If we do not watch out and
become vigilant in involving ourselves in protecting and preserving our
environment, we might found ourselves suffering from the evil of our own
acts. The examples of incidents brought by our negligence are:
1. The floods in Ormoc City which killed thousands of Filipinos;
2. The sight of fish dying in Manila Bay, the incidence of red tide,
which stalls the growth of marine life;
3. Industrial pollution which has caused many respiratory problems;
4. Water shortage;
5. Cholera;
6. Dengue;
7. Malnutrition
8. Payatas tragedy which killed hundreds of Quezon City
constituents living in the dumpsite;
9. Nuclear waste from nuclear tests which are very dangerous to
our health;
50

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
10. Flash floods in Baguio, Nueva Vizcaya, Antipolo and San Mateo;
11. Volcanic eruption in Bicol, Taal and Zambales;
12. Lahar floods where many of our brother and sisters died; and the
latest is
13. The COVID 19 pandemic disease which is now affecting the
whole world.
The Basic Concepts of Ecology
1. Environmental Awareness. is to understand the fragility of our

environment and the importance of its protection. Promoting
environmental awareness is an easy way to become an
environmental steward and participate in creating a brighter future for
our children.
2. Environmental Protection. Is a practice of protecting the natural
environment on individual, organizational, or governmental levels, for
the benefit of both the natural environment and human. Due to the
pressures of population and technology, the biophysical environment
is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been
recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on
activities that cause environmental degradation. Waste management
is all about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable
resource.
3. Ecological Solid Waste Management. Refers to the systematic
administration of activities which provide for segregation at source,
segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment,
and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities
which do not harm the environment.
4. Solid Waste Management. Is a term that is used to refer to the
process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions
for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash
5. Global Warming. Human exploitation of the environment leads to the
increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Along with
other pollutants, carbon dioxide traps the sun’s heat and causes the
Earth to warm up. Global warming is “an increase in the average
temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere” (Markham, 2009).
6. Climate Change. Climate change is the build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, significantly changing the normal or
expected weather patterns and conditions in specific regions of the
Earth. If a particular region’s climate unpredictably changes from
what it ought to be to what it should not be, dire consequences occur.
7. Natural Hazards. Natural Hazards “are elements of the physical
environment that are harmful to man and caused by extraneous
forces” (Solidum, 2012). It pertains to all atmospheric, hydrologic,
geologic (especially seismic and volcanic), and wildfire phenomena
that, because of their location, severity, and frequency, have the
51

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
potential to affect humans, their structures, or their activities

adversely. The qualifier “natural” eliminates such exclusively man-
made phenomena like war, pollution, and chemical contamination.
Hazards to human beings not necessarily related to the physical
environment are the infectious diseases.
8. Pollution. Pollution is the concentration of any material or energy
form that is ultimately harmful to humans. It is something that is
added to the ecosystem which has a detrimental effect. The high rate
of energy usage by a modern growing population is one of the causes
of pollution. The different kinds of pollutions are:
a. Land Pollution
• Solid wastes include garbage, refuse, sludge
products from agriculture, forestry, and mining that
all can pollute the land.
• These wastes are disposed by burying them in
sanitary landfills.
• Hazardous wastes are those that are potentially
dangerous to humans.
• Soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation,
irrigation and cultivation can disturb the balance
between living things and the soil.
b. Water Pollution
• Water pollution is anything that makes the water
unit, harmful or undesirable for use.
• Types of pollutants:
✓ Organic pollution – sewage
✓ Inorganic pollution – biodegradable
✓ Thermal pollution
✓ Radioactive substances
✓ Abnormal concentration of organisms
✓ Concentration of pollutants
✓ Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
o Eutrophication – increased
phosphates ad nitrates provide
nutrients for increased algae
growth.
c. Air Pollution
• Air pollution is the release of harmful materials into
the atmosphere.
• Problems associated with air pollution include:
✓ Health problems
✓ Acid rain
✓ Ozone depletion
✓ Global warming
✓ Pollutants are either gases or particulates
52

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
(tiny solids suspended in the air)

9. Ozone Layer Depletion. The ozone layer is an invisible layer of
protection around the planet that protects us from the sun’s harmful
rays. Depletion of the crucial Ozone layer of the atmosphere is
attributed to pollution caused by Chlorine and Bromide found in
Chloro-floro carbons (CFC’s). Once these toxic gases reach the
upper atmosphere, they cause a hole in the ozone layer, the biggest
of which is above the Antarctica. The CFC’s are banned in many
industries and consumer products. Ozone layer is valuable because it
prevents harmful UV.
10. Natural Resource Depletion. Natural resource depletion is another
crucial current environmental problem. Fossil fuel consumption
results in emission of Greenhouse gases, which is responsible for
global warming and climate change. Globally, people are taking
efforts to shift to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biogas
and geothermal energy. The cost of installing the infrastructure and
maintaining these sources has plummeted in the recent years.
11. Loss of Biodiversity. Human activity is leading to the extinction of
species and habitats and loss of bio-diversity. Eco-systems, which
took millions of years to perfect, are in danger when any species
population is decimating. Balance of natural processes like pollination
is crucial to the survival of the eco-system and human activity
threatens the same. Another example is the destruction of coral reefs
in the various oceans, which support the rich marine life.
12. Acid rain. Acid rain occurs due to the presence of certain pollutants
in the atmosphere. Acid rain can be caused due to combustion of
fossil fuels or erupting volcanoes or rotting vegetation which release
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Acid rain is a
known environmental problem that can have serious effect on human
health, wildlife and aquatic species.
13. Wildfire. A wildfire also known as a wildland fire, forest fire,
vegetation fire, grass fire, peat fire, bushfire (in Australia), or hill is an
uncontrolled fire often occurring in wildland areas, but which can also
consume houses or agricultural resources. Wildfire often begin
unnoticed, but they spread quickly igniting brush, trees and homes.
Laws Governing Environmental Education
• R.A. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management act of 2000
In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic,

comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that
shall ensure the protection of public health and environment. The law
ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and
disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best
eco-waste products.
53

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
• R.A. 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from
land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments,
agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for
comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize
pollution through a multisector and participatory approach involving
all the stakeholders.
• R.A. 6969 – Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste

Control Act of 1990
The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from
land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments,
agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for
comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize
pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving
all the stakeholders.
• R.A. 8435 – Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
It establishes that the Department of Agriculture, together with other

appropriate agencies, should take into account climate change,
weather disturbances and annual productivity cycles in forecasting
and formulating appropriate agricultural and fisheries programs.
• R.A. 8749 – Clean Air Act of 1999
This moves for an effective air quality management program that will
mitigate the worsening problem of air pollution in the country.
• R.A. 9512 – National Environmental Awareness and Education

Act of 2008
This promotes national awareness on the role of natural resources in

economic growth and the importance of environmental conservation
and ecological balance towards sustained national development.
• R.A. 9513 – Renewable Energy Act of 2008
It promotes the development, utilization and commercialization of

renewable energy resources.
54

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
SEVEN (7) ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES
1. Everything is connected to everything else. ( Ang lahat ng

bagay ay magkakaugnay.)
Human interaction with the often times alters the
ecosystems. The waste we improperly dispose of brings about
the deterioration of land and water quality. This may in turn
reduce their capacity to provide life for other organisms.
Deforestation causes soil erosion and the earth deposited on
the water bodies covers the coral reefs resulting to fishery loss.
Suspended particulates from vehicular and stationary sources
may cause lung problems among city residents War causes
destruction of wildlife and habitats. There is a cause and effect
chain, even when it is neither always visible nor observable.
2. All forms of life are important. (Ang lahat na may buhay ay

mahalaga.)
All living organisms were created for a purpose in
relation to humans, other species on earth and global
ecosystem in general. Thus, when a species becomes extinct,
it is like removing a piece of a jigsaw puzzle from the web of
life. The variety of life forms, manifested by the different levels
of biological diversity – community, species and genes –
contributes to the stability of the environment. Food webs, food
chains and ecological relationships link plants and animals
together in the web of life. Even bacteria, insects, snakes and
rats have ecological functions even though humans perceive
them as parasites or pests.
The composition of biological diversity naturally changes
slowly but the rate of transition has become faster due to
factors such as habitat destruction. Deforestation may diminish
forest species such as birds that are vulnerable to modification
of their home. Pollution of waters reduces the quantity of
fishes, shells, algae and other aquatic life. Over harvesting of
natural products likewise contributes to the unsustainable use
of food and material resources.
To maintain ecological balance, therefore, the
conservation of genes, species and ecosystems becomes
essential to keep life together. Biodiversity conservation
strategies commence with the protection of both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. Land uses, such as protected areas,
ensure that the natural state of these habitats continue to exist
in designated areas. Community-based approaches in
conservation maximize citizens’ participation in protected
areas. Integrity of natural ecosystems can likewise be guarded
through the preservation of indigenous species.
55

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
3. Everything must go somewhere. (Ang lahat ng bagay ay may

patutunguhan.)
By-products of consumption go back to the
environment. Everything that we throw away – pieces of paper,
left-over food, peelings of fruits, plastic wrappers, used
containers – have to go somewhere. Even plants and animals
have their own wastes – feces, urine, dead leaves and
branches. It is the law of nature that the by-products of
metabolism return to the soil, acted upon first by worms,
bacteria and fungi, and then converted into minerals, to be
again absorbed by plants and eaten by animals. In short, they
enter into a material cycle that is an integral part of the
ecosystem. But what happens if what we throw is an artificial
product such as plastic? Then natural bacteria can not
recognize them and may not be capable of breaking them
apart. These non-biodegradable products must enter another
material cycle – the one that goes to the factory to be
manufactured into a new product. Thus the retrieval, collection
and recycling of these materials become necessary so that
they do not pollute land and water habitats.
4. Ours is a finite earth. (Ang kalikasan ay may hangganan.)

Everything that we need is provided by nature in
abundance – food, water, energy, minerals and air. However,
some resources that we depend upon nowadays are extracted
excessively but are slow to replace. These non-renewable
resources experience limits of supply. For instance, fossil fuels
produced over thousands of years may be exhausted in a
hundred years. Some energy sources like water, and wood
may be replaced easier but have become inaccessible due to
pollution and excessive extraction. Diminishing forest cover
have resulted from logging, ineffective reforestation and
continued land conversion. However, food scarcity and poverty
may have resulted from failed distribution systems rather than
inability of the land and water bodies to yield food.
5. Nature knows best. (Ang kalikasan ang mas nakakaalam.)

Nature manifests certain processes that enable it to
maintain balance and remain in a state of equilibrium. The
nutrient cycling of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorous in
the air, water and land indicates that minerals are utilized
within the confines of the earth. The flow of energy from the
sun enables light to be converted into sugar in plants through
photosynthesis, and later for consumer organisms to obtain
energy from plant starch. Food chains and food webs allow
transfer of energy from producers and consumers and provide
the means for all living organisms to acquire nutrition.
56

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Population control also occurs naturally through predator –

prey relationships.
The equilibrium in the ecosystem is maintained, thus if
humans intervene, unforeseen negative impacts known as
ecological backlash, may arise. Floods are often times
backlashes of excessive felling of trees. The importation of
golden kuhol, that became a pest, reminds us that biological
organisms may not acclimatize in a new environment or may
cause harm to indigenous species.
6. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation.

(Ang kalikasan ay maganda at tayo ang tagapangasiwa ng
lahat na nilikha ng Diyos.)
Different religions from Islam to Buddhism to Judeo-
Christian to indigenous people’s animism express the belief of
caring for the earth, including all creatures. Thus it is the goal
of environmental education and biodiversity conservation
education to motivate target audiences towards developing an
eco-spirituality that moves them into a more meaningful
relationship with nature and a greater participation in the
biophysical economic processes that make this world a better
place to live in.
7. Everything changes. (Ang lahat ay nagbabago.)

Changes in the biophysical world occur naturally. As they
say, there is nothing more permanent in this world than change.
Consider the following examples. Metamorphosis of caterpillars to
butterflies illustrates morphological changes that occur in living
forms. The increase of vegetation on earth augmented the
amount of oxygen in the atmosphere through time. Seasons are
cyclic changes that contribute to the diversity of flowers, fruits,
vegetables and other crops during the year. Random changes
manifested by natural catastrophe such as typhoons destroy
forests, coral reefs and mangroves. Volcanic eruptions annihilate
surface flora and submerge rivers.
Human-induced alteration such as climate change may

cause more massive repercussions. Land use change – from
forests to agricultural land to human settlements – change the
composition of vegetation and animals. Human-induced changes
can be managed so that the negative impacts are minimized and
positive changes accentuated. Environmental impact assessment
(EIA) provides a tool for the projection, planning and management
of change brought about by industrialization and human settlement
expansion. Effluents can be managed through policy and pollution
control techniques by both industry and government to achieve
clean air and water.
57

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather

over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It
can be a change in the average weather or a change in the
distribution of weather e (for example, greater or fewer extreme
weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region,
or may occur across the whole Earth.
What makes the climate change?

The Earth climate is influenced by many factors, mainly by the
amount of energy sun, but also by factors such as the amount of
greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, and the
properties of the Earth ‘s surface, which determine how much of
this solar energy is retained or reflected back to space.
Causes of climate change; A. Natural Causes

1. Continental Drift - The continents that we are familiar
with today were formed when the landmass began gradually
drifting apart, millions of years back. This drift also had an
impact on the climate because it changed the physical features
of the landmass, their position and the position of water bodies.
The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean
currents and winds, which affected the climate.
2. Volcanoes - When a volcano erupts, it throws out large
volumes of sulfur dioxide, water vapor, dust, and ash into the
atmosphere. Although the volcanic activity may last only a few
days, yet the large volumes of gases and ash can influence
climatic patterns for years. Millions of tons of sulfur dioxide gas
can reach the upper levels of the atmosphere (called the
stratosphere) from a major eruption. The gases and dust
particles partially block the incoming rays of the sun, leading to
cooling. Sulphur dioxide combines with water to form tiny
droplets of sulfuric acid. These droplets are so small that many
of them can stay aloft for several years. They are efficient
reflectors of sunlight, and screen the ground from some of the
energy that it would ordinarily receive from the sun. Winds in
the upper levels of the atmosphere, called the stratosphere,
carry the aerosols rapidly around the globe in either an easterly
or westerly direction. Movement of aerosols north and south is
always much slower.
3. The Earth's Tilt - Changes in the tilt of the earth can
affect the severity of the seasons - more tilt means warmer
summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers
and milder winters.
4. Ocean Currents - The oceans are a major component
58

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the Earth and
absorb about twice as much of the sun's radiation as the
atmosphere or the land surface. Ocean currents move vast
amounts of heat across the planet - roughly the same amount
as the atmosphere does. But the oceans are surrounded by
land masses, so heat transport through the water is through
channels. Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and
drive ocean current patterns. Certain parts of the world are
influenced by ocean currents more than others. Ocean
currents have been known to change direction or slow down.
Much of the heat that escapes from the oceans is in the form of
water vapor, the most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. Yet,
water vapor also contributes to the formation of clouds, which
shade the surface and have a net cooling effect.
b. Human causes
Greenhouse Gases and their Sources
a. Carbon dioxide - the most important greenhouse gas in the
atmosphere. Changes in land use pattern, deforestation, land
clearing, agriculture, and other activities have all led to a rise
in the emission of carbon dioxide.
b. Methane - about ¼ of all methane emissions are said to
come from domesticated animals such as dairy cows, goats,
pigs, and horses. These animals produce methane during the
cud-chewing process. Methane is also released from rice or
paddy fields that are flooded during the sowing and maturing
periods. When soil is covered with water it becomes
anaerobic or lacking in oxygen. Under such conditions,
methane-producing bacteria and other organisms decompose
organic matter in the soil to form methane. Methane is also
emitted from landfills and other waste dumps. If the waste is
put into an incinerator or burnt in the open, carbon dioxide is
emitted. Methane is also emitted during the process of oil
drilling, coal mining and also from leaking gas pipelines (due
to accidents and poor maintenance of sites).
c. Nitrous oxide - a large amount of nitrous oxide emission
has been attributed to fertilizer application. This in turn
depends on the type of fertilizer that is used, how and when it
is used and the methods of tilling that are followed.
d. Nitrogen - contributions are also made by leguminous
plants, such as beans and pulses that add nitrogen to the
soil.
Human contribution to climate change

All of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this
change in the climate. Give these points a good, serious
thought:
59

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
 Electricity is the main source of power in urban

areas. All our gadgets run on electricity generated
mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal
power plants are run on fossil fuels (mostly coal) and
are responsible for the emission of huge amounts of
greenhouse gases and other pollutants.
 Cars, buses, and trucks are the principal ways by
which goods and people are transported in most of our
cities. These are run mainly on petrol or diesel, both
fossil fuels.
 We generate large quantities of waste in the form of
plastics that remain in the environment for many years
and cause damage.
 We use a huge quantity of paper in our work at
schools and in offices.
 Timber is used in large quantities for construction of
houses, which means that large areas of forest have to
be cut down.
A growing population has meant more and more mouths

to feed. Because the land area available for agriculture is
limited (and in fact, is actually shrinking as a result of
ecological degradation!), high-yielding varieties of crop are
being grown to increase the agricultural output from a given
area of land. However, such high-yielding varieties of crops
require large quantities of fertilizers; and more fertilizer
means more emissions of nitrous oxide, both from the field
into which it is put and the fertilizer industry that makes it.
Pollution also results from the run-off of fertilizer into water
bodies.
What impacts of climate change have already been observed?

Regional climate change is already affecting many natural
systems. For instance, it is increasingly being observed that
snow and ice are melting and frozen ground is thawing,
hydrological and biological systems are changing and in
some cases being disrupted, migrations are starting earlier,
and species' geographic ranges are shifting towards the
poles.
Despite remaining gaps in knowledge, it is likely that these
effects are linked to human influence on climate. At the
regional level, however, responses to natural variability are
difficult to separate from the effects of climate change. Some
previously unanticipated impacts of regional climate change
are just starting to become apparent. For instance, melting
glaciers can threaten mountain settlements and water
60

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
resources, and damage associated with coastal flooding are

increasing.
How do people adapt to climate change?

 Humans need to adapt to the impacts of climate change,
for instance through technological solutions such as coastal
defenses and changes in consumption habits.
 Vulnerability of human populations to climate change
and its consequences can be affected by other factors, such
as pollution, conflicts, or epidemics such as AIDS. An
emphasis on sustainable development can help human
societies reduce their vulnerability to climate change.
 Mitigation measures that aim to reduce greenhouse
gases emissions can help avoid, reduce or delay impacts,
and should be implemented in order to ensure that adaptation
capacity is not exceeded.
Air Pollution Awareness and Prevention

Air pollution is a type of environmental pollution that affects
the air and is usually caused by smoke or other harmful gases,
mainly oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen. In other words, air
pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence or
introduction of a substance which has a poisonous effect.
Clean Air Act

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine
Clean Air Act is a comprehensive air quality management policy and
program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all
Filipinos.
Guiding Principles of the Clean Air Act

The CAA provides that the State shall:
• Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and
healthful ecology in accord with rhythm and harmony of nature;
• Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the
primary responsibility of local government units to deal with
environmental problems;
• Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and
environment is primarily area-based;
• Recognize that “polluters must pay”;
• Recognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all
and should therefore be the concern for all.
Coverage of the Clean Air Act

All potential sources of air pollution (mobile and area sources) must
61

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
comply with the provisions of the law. All emissions must be within the air
quality standards;
Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys,
tricycles, motorcycles and vans;
Area sources refer to sources of emissions other than the above.
These include smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction,
unpaved grounds, etc.
Compliance Mandates for Mobile Sources of Air Pollution

Exhaust emissions standards for various mobile sources that are
either in use, new, rebuilt, and imported second-hand have been set.
All new motor vehicles classified under the Philippine National
Standards 1891 of the Bureau of Product Standards of the Department of
Trade and Industry, whether locally assembled/manufactured or imported are
to be covered by a Certificate of Conformity (COC). The COC is to be issued
by the DENR to the motor vehicle manufacturer, assembler or importer.
In-use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their registration
upon roof of compliance with emission standards through actual testing by
the Motor Vehicle Inspection System (MVIS) of the DOTC/LTO, land
authorized private emission testing centers.
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic,

comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall
ensure the protection of public health and environment. The law ensures
proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste
through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products. Which is
the R.A. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
*Ecological Solid Waste Management should start at the

household level. Management of waste materials in the households
are normally carried out by the servants and often the housewives.
Thus, they must be well-informed about proper waste handling and
management.
WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?
SOLID WASTE refers to all discarded household, commercial waste,

nonhazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweeping,
construction debris, agricultural waste and other non-hazardous and non-
toxic solid waste.
62

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
The Importance of Ecological Solid Waste Management
The planet benefits from less methane and carbon monoxide in the air.
Waste emits these harmful gases, but waste recycling can reduce the
impact. Waste recycling also helps to reduce the amount of fossil fuels, as
well as existing landfills and incinerations, helping to create a greener and
cleaner environment for all.
What are the three types of solid waste?
A. COMPOSTABLE WASTES. Compostable wastes are biodegradable

wastes such as food waste, garden waste, animal waste and human
waste. They undergo biological degradation under controlled
conditions and can be turned into compost (soil conditioner or organic
fertilizer) by mixing them with soil, water, air and biological
additives/activators(optional).
Examples are:
· Fruit and vegetable peelings
· Leftover foods
· Vegetable trims
· Fish/fowl/meat/animal entrails
· Soft shells
· Seeds
· Leaves
· Flowers
· Twigs
· Branches
· Stems
B. RECYCLABLE WASTES. Recyclable materials refer to any waste

material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination
that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use. These may be
transformed into new products in such a manner that the original
products
may lose their identity.
Examples are:
· Newspaper
· Ferrous scrap metal
· Non-ferrous scrap metal
· Corrugated cardboard
· Aluminum
· Glass
· Office paper
· Tin cans
63

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
C. RESIDUAL WASTES. Residual wastes are solid waste materials that

are non-compostable and non-recyclable. It should be disposed
ecologically through a long-term disposal facility or sanitary landfill.
Examples are:
· Sanitary napkins
· Disposable diapers
· Worn-out rugs
· Cartons which contain a plastic lining usually used for milk
and juice containers
· Ceramics
· Candy wrappers/sachets
· Other soiled materials that cannot be composted and
recycled
D. SPECIAL WASTES. Special wastes refer to household hazardous

wastes.
Examples are:
· Paints
· Thinners
· Household batteries
· Lead-acid batteries
· Spray Canisters
· Bulky Wastes such as:
· Large worn-out or broken furniture
· Lamps
· Bookcases
· Filing Cabinets
· Consumer Electronics which refer to worn-out, broken and
other discarded items such as
· Radios
· Stereos
· TV sets
· White Goods which refer to large worn-out or broken
household appliances such as:
· Stoves
· Refrigerators
· Dishwashers
· Clothes Washers
· Dryers
· Oil
· Tires
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their sources:
a. Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)
These are non-hazardous solid waste from a city, town or village
64

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
that requires routine collection and transport to a processing or

disposal site,
b. Hazardous Wastes
Are those that can cause harm to human and the environment
especially if they exhibit any of four primary characterizes based on
physical or chemical properties of toxicity, reactivity ignitability and
corrosively
c. Industrial Wastes
These contain more of toxic and require special treatment.
Sources of Industrial Wastes;
a. Food Processing Industries
b. Metallurgical chemical and pharmaceutical unit’s breweries
c. Sugar mills,
d. Paper and Pulp industries
e. Fertilizer and pesticide industries are major ones which
discharge toxic wastes.
d. Agricultural Wastes
The waste generated by agriculture includes waste from crops
and livestock.
e. Bio-Medical Waste
These are wastes which are generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human beings or animal or in research
activities pertaining or in the production of testing of biological.
f. Waste Minimization.
Waste production can be minimized by adopting the 3 R’s
principle:
a. Reduce the amount and toxicity of garbage and trash that
you discard
b. Reuse containers and try to repair things that are broken.
c. Recycle products wherever possible, which includes
buying recycled products i.e., recycled paper books, paper
bags etc.
WASTE AVOIDANCE AND THE THREE R’s OF SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT
AVOIDANCE
* Avoid disposable goods such as throwaway razors, pens, diapers,
etc.
* Eliminate household toxic waste from the garbage stream
* Avoid products that are made from non-renewable resources
REDUCE**
* Reduce the amount of unnecessary packaging.
* Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity
65

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
REUSE**
* Consider reusable products.
* Maintain and repair durable products.
* Reuse bags, containers, and other items.
* Borrow, rent, or share items used infrequently.
* Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them out.
RECYCLE**
* Choose recyclable products and containers and recycle them.
* Select products made from recyclable materials.
* Compost yard trimmings, food scraps and other biodegradable
wastes.
* Do not burn
**Excerpted from The Consumer’s Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste, p.7
“Tips for Reducing Solid Waste”, by the US EPA, 1996.
APPROACHES TO ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. Segregation of wastes at source. All the members of the household

must be informed how to segregate wastes into compostable, non-
recyclable, recyclable and special or hazardous waste.
2. There must be a separate container for each type of waste.
Segregated recyclables must be properly cleaned before storing them
in their respective containers.
3. The use of special collection schedules and/or separate trucks or
haulers must be required for specific types of wastes.
4. Recyclable wastes materials should be taken to the Materials
Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays
where they are received, sorted, processed and stored efficiently and
in an environmentally sound manner.
Compostable wastes on the other hand, should be composted
either in the backyard or the community composting site. Hazardous
wastes are further screened and sent to appropriate hazardous
waste treatment and disposal plants.
5. The residual wastes or the non-recyclable and non-compostable
wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage or disposal facility
or sanitary landfill.
66

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Instructions: On a separate sheet of pad paper, write the letter of the
best answer on each of the questions below. INDICATE your NAME,
COURSE and SECTION on your answer sheet.
1. It is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’

a. Global warming
b. weather condition
c. Disaster
d. incessant effect
2. Which of these recent examples of incidents brought about by our
negligence that kill millions of people worldwide?
a. Malnutrition
b. Corona virus
c. Cholera
d. dengue
3. It’s an approach to ecological solid waste management that
materials should be taken to the materials recovery facility for
sorting, processing and storing.
a. A. Residual waste
b. hazardous waste
c. Recyclable waste
d. compostable waste
4. The following are the R’s of solid waste management EXCEPT
ONE. Which is it?
a. Reduce the amount of unnecessary packaging
b. Consider reusable products
c. Eliminate household toxic waste from the garbage stream
d. Choose recyclable products and containers and recycle
them
5. It is an easy way to become an environmental steward and
participate in creating a brighter future of our children.
a. Environmental Awareness
b. Ecological Solid Waste Management
c. Environmental Protection
d. Solid Waste Management
6. Which type of solid waste that contain more of toxic and require
special treatment?
a. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
b. Industrial Waste
c. Hazardous Waste
d. Agricultural Waste
67

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
7. How good are you in identifying laws governing environmental

education, for example what is R.A. 9003?
a. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
b. Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000
c. Toxic substance, hazardous and nuclear waste control act of
1990
d. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
8. This type of solid waste are biodegradable wastes such as food
waste, garden waste, animal waste and human waste.
a. Special waste
b. Residual waste
c. Recyclable waste
d. Compostable waste
9. This is an approach to ecological solid waste management that the
use of special _________________and or/separate trucks or
haulers must be required for specific types of wastes.
a. Collection schedule
b. Segregation of waste
c. Separate containers for each type of waste.
d. Residual waste
10. What is the first 3 R’s principle in adopting waste minimization?
a. Reuse containers and try to repair things that are broken
b. Reduce the amount and toxicity of garbage and trash that
you discard
c. Recycle products whenever possible, which involve buying
recycled products i. e. recycled paper books, paper bags etc.
d. None of these
11. Special wastes are hazardous wastes. Which one is the example
of special waste?
a. Sanitary napkins
b. Newspaper
c. Leftover foods
d. Paints
12. What is the implication of this environmental principle? “The
variety of life forms manifested by the different levels of biological
diversity—community, species and genes- contribute to the
stability of the environment”
a. Everything is connected to everything else.
b. All forms of life are important
c. Everything must go somewhere
d. Ours is a finite earth
68

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
13. It is the build-up of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere,

significantly changing the normal or expected weather patterns
and conditions in specific regions of the earth.
a. Climate change
b. Natural Hazards
c. Global warming
d. Pollution
14. The following are the recyclable wastes EXCEPT ONE;
a. Newspaper
b. Corrugated cardboard
c. Disposable diapers
d. Office paper
15. Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and
beautiful ecology in accord with rhythm and harmony. What
chronological order does this clean air act guiding principles
belong?
a. No. 1 c. No. 3
b. No. 2 d. No. 4
16. What is a residual waste?
a. Solid waste material that are non-compostable and non-
recyclable
b. Household hazardous wastes
c. Any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free
from contamination that still be converted into suitable
beneficial use.
d. Biodegradable wastes
17. Which one is the first approach to ecological solid waste
management?
a. There must be a separate container for each type of waste
b. Segregation of wastes at source
c. Recyclable waste materials should be taken to the material
recovery facility
d. Residual wastes or non-recyclable and non-compostable
wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage or disposal
facility
18. Where did the latest volcanic eruption happened in our country
that devastated the dwellings and resources of the people?
a. Mayon volcano eruption
b. Taal volcano eruption
c. Mount Pinatubo eruption
d. Mount canlaon eruption
19. Which of these kinds of pollution contribute global warming?
a. Air pollution c. Land pollution
b. Water pollution d. Market pollution
69

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
20. Which among the choices below is the most common cause of air
pollution?
a. Smoke or other harmful gasses c. Earthquake
b. Acid rain d. Radiation
70

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
CHAPTER 6
National Security System
Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this chapter, you are expected to:
1. articulate the concept of national security and peace in the promotion of national
development;
2. identify values that must be developed and strengthened among students in the
furtherance of national security and peace building; and
3. manifest concrete actions in forging national security and peace in the country.
Overview
Since the emergence of territorially based states as the political organizing
principle in Europe after 1648, the concept of security for the past 400 years
predominantly meant “protection from organized violence.” According to McNamara
(1968), security includes the promotion of economic, political, and social
development in “poor nation” as:
a. a means of preventing conflicts; and
b. preserving a minimal measure of “global order” and stability.
Based on the 1992 UNDPH Human Development Report by Dr. Mahbub ul

Haq, the new approaches to security emphasizes the critical interrelationship among
the most daunting threats to human survival. Security of all people everywhere in
their homes, in their job, in the streets, in their communities, and in the environment.
We are entering a new era of human security where the concept of security will
change, dramatically. Security will be interpreted as:
1. security of people, not just territory;

2. security of individuals, not just of nations; and
3. security through development, not through arms.
Security is a national concern that every Filipino must consider to ensure

peaceful existence of the state. It shall be the State’s primordial concern as well as to
secure its constituents.
According to Leozek Busgynski, ASEAN IV National Security in the Part-Cold
War Era, the absence of threat to territorial integrity entails the maintenance of a
harmonious relationship between its political systems and values the external
environment.
It is a condition or state of being where the Filipino peoples’ values, way of
life, institutions, welfare and well-being, sovereignty and strategic locations are
protected and enhanced.
In view of the above information, it is prime essence that in transforming the
youth into responsible citizens that orientation on concepts and mechanisms of
national security be done to effectively carry out the task of community development.
Hence, this module was formulated to achieve the said purpose.
71

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Lesson 1: Concept of National Security

UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines (UNACOM) Secretary
General and Foreign Affairs Usec. Rosario G. Manalo stressed that the centrepiece
of this perspective is an expanded view of national security that should assure the
safety and well-being of the nation as a whole. Any redefinition of security should
integrate of hunger and poverty, and the promotion of human rights, among the
others. A threat to national security may be:
1. any action or sequence of events that threatens to drastically and quickly

degrade the quality of life of people; or
2. any development that has the potential to greatly narrow the range of policy
choices available to the government or to non-governmental entities within the
state.
Definition of
Terms
1. Subversion. It is a group of conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system or

government through deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of an
individual or group who seek to alter an existing system through deceitful means.
2. Communism. It is a theory which advocates elimination of private ownership. It

tends to make the society stateless and classless.
3. Agitation. It is a subversive technique to arouse hatred and anger among the

people.
4. Propaganda. It is a line of persuasion to influence the belief, emotion behaviour,

attitude, and opinion of the target audience.
5. Infiltration. Deception used of legal activities. This is used to exert influence and if
possible, seize control of target groups.
6. Politics. It is an art or science concerning the winning and control over a

government.
72

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Concept of National and Human Security

(UNDP, Human Development Report 1994)
Human Security (Kofi Annan. “Secretary-General Salutes International Workshop on

Human Security in Mongolia.”)
1. Seeks to “protect the vital core of all human livs in ways that enhance human
freedoms and human fulfillment.
2. Requires “protecting people from critical and pervasive threats” and
“empowering them to take charge of their own lives.”
3. “protection and empowerment are mutually reinforcing and cannot succeed in
isolation”; and
4. Emphasis on the “need for comprehensive, integrated and people centered
solutions that together can help people develop the building blocks of survival,
livelihood and dignity.” (UN Commission on Human Security.)
1994: UNDP referred to human security as having the following two aspects:
1. Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression;
2. It means protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of
daily life whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities. Such threats can exist
at all levels of national income and development.
UNDP listed the threats to human security under the following main categories:
1. Economic security 5. Personal security
2. Food security 6. Community security
3. Health security 7. Political security
4. Environmental security
Human Security and Human Development

Human security, in its broadest sense, embraces far more than the absence
of violent conflict. It encompasses human rights, good governance, access to
education and health care and ensuring that each individual has opportunities and
choices to fulfil his or her potential.”
National Security and Human Security

Every step in this direction is also a step towards reducing poverty, achieving
economic growth, and preventing conflict. Freedom from want, freedom from fear,
and the freedom of future generations to inherit a healthy natural environment –these
are the interrelated building blocks of human –and therefore national security.”
Human and Ecological Security

Human and ecological security is a change in paradigm and value. A change
in the concept of security from the military phenomena to poverty, ecological
degradation and rapid demographic change.
73

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
National Security (NSC Permanent Secretariat)

Commonwealth Act No. 1, also known as the National Defense Act of 1935, is
the original policy basis of the national security program of the Republic of the
Philippines.
The 1987 Constitution mandates civilian control of the military and establishes
the President as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President also heads
the National Security Council, ostensibly the policy-making and advisory body for
matters connected with national defense. Former President Corazon Aquino re-
established the council in 1986 through an Executive Order No. 115 that provided for
a National Security Council director to advise the president on national security
matters and for a National Security Council Secretariat. The council itself is
composed of the President and at least nine others: the Vice President; the AFP; the
chief of staff; National Security Council director; the Executive Secretary; and the
Secretaries of Foreign Affairs, National Defense, Interior and Local Government ,
Justice, and Labor and Employment (called ministers before 1987)
Responsibility for national security was vested in the Department of National
Defense. The principal functions of the department in 1991 were to defend the State
against internal and external threats and, through the Philippine National Police, to
maintain law and order. The Secretary of National Defense, by law a civilian, was
charged with advising the President on defense matters and developing defense
policy.
In 2002, then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo won crucial blacking from
her Cabinet and the Congress for the deployment of US soldiers in the country as
part of the war on terrorism. The President convened a meeting of the country’s
National Security Council during that time, in a bid to pull wavering officials, including
her Vice-President into line and smooth over differences in her administration over
the issue. Arroyo insisted her opposition to marshal support for her stance to back a
U.S.-led campaign against terrorism, not only to implement a unanimous U.N.
Security Council resolution calling on U.N. members to bring the perpetrators to
justice but also the Philippines’ strategic alliance with the United States and to assist
the global campaign to end the scourge of terrorism.
National Security Advisor (NSA) and Director-General serve as Chief of Staff and
adviser for Special Concerns in National Security to the President. The NSA has a
cabinet rank in the government.
The NSC’s function is to advise the President with respect to the integration
of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. The NSC
also serves as the President’s principal arm for coordinating these policies among
various government departments and agencies in matters involving the national
security.
A condition or state of being where the Filipino people’s values, way of life,
institutions, welfare and well -being, sovereignty and strategic relations are protected
and enhance:
1. Reformulation of National Security Definition
2. Expanded previous national security concepts by taking into account the close
relationship and interdependence among security, development, and
governance;
74

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
3. NSC and a multi-sectoral group examined the relationship between national

security and human security in a process of conceptual redefinition.
4. Fundamental Elements of National Security
There are seven fundamental elements that lie at the core of, and therefore
further amplify our definition of national security. At the same time, they constitute
the most important challenges we face as a nation and people.
a. Socio-political stability
b. Territorial integrity
c. Economic solidarity and strength
d. Ecological balance
e. Cultural cohesiveness
f. Moral-spiritual consensus
g. External peace or international harmony
Threats to National Security

Many security threats to the Philippines are non-military in nature. Pressing
security concerns like terrorism, poverty, and environmental degradation, need to be
addressed in an informed and intelligent manner.
Internal threats. In its internal aspect, national security relates to the defense of the
nation’s government against hostile local elements seeking its replacement with their
own government. In this sense, national security refers to the measures aimed at
countering domestic or internal challenges to the existing political and socio-
economic order.
Our national security concern is infused with four important dimensions. Internal
threats to our national security make up the first dimension.
1. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
2. Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army/National Democratic
Front (CPP/NPA/NDF)
3. Organized crime
4. Grave incidence of poverty
5. Economic sabotage
6. Graft and Corruption
7. Severe Calamities
8. Persistent environment degradation
External threats. In its external aspects, national security is concerned with

safeguarding the state against outside or foreign forces, pressure, or influence
designed to conquer it or undermine its sovereignty, or placing under the domination
or control of some foreign state or states. In this sense, national security embraces
the defense arrangements directed at insuring the safety of the state against foreign
intervention or domination.
75

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
The growing uncertainties that lie in the regional and global milieu make up the
second dimension of our national security concerns even as threats of external
aggression against our country remains in the remote horizon.
1. Multilateral dispute over the Spratlys Islands
2. Smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal migration and the occasional
movement of foreign terrorists through the porous borders of our south-
western frontier
3. Lingering effects of the currency crisis affecting the countries within the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEANS)
4. Serious economic disparity between rich and poor nations
5. Ethnic, religious and cultural conflict
6. Proliferation organized crimes
7. Transnational organized crimes
8. Natural disasters and environmental issues
9. Cybernetic crime
Types of Threats
1. Rebellion or insurrection. A refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore,
be seen as encompassing a range of behaviours from civil disobedience and
mass nonviolent resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy an
established authority such as the government.
2. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At
present, the international community has been unable to formulate a
universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. The
common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are
intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal, and
deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians).
3. Murder as defined in most countries, is the unlawful killing of another human
being with intent (or malice aforethought). Generally, this state of mind
distinguishing murder from other forms of homicide.
4. Kidnapping and serious illegal detention is taking away or transportation of a
person against the person’s will, usually to hold the person in false
imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. This may be done for
ransom or in furtherance of another crime, or in connection with a child
custody dispute.
5. Hijacking/highway robbery is a crime of taking or attempting to take
something of value by force or threat of force and or by putting the victim in
fear. In common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another,
with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means
of force of fear. Precise definitions of the offense may vary between
jurisdictions. Robbery differs from simple theft in its use of violence and
intimidation.
6. Crimes involving destruction. It may apply either as a measurable degree of
damage up to and including a state beyond use or repair, or it may indicate a
state wherein such damage is occurring and continuing. Something ‘being
destroyed’ is an a ‘state of destruction. e.g. Self-destructive behaviours,
suicide, demolition.
76

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
These type of security threats could be minimized by having proper citizens’

values, commitment to support and act positively on issue related to national
security and concern for a friendly and peaceful environment.
Instructions: Read each item carefully and identify whether the statement is true or
false. Write your answers on a separate sheet of pad paper. INDICATE your NAME,
COURSE and SECTION.
1. National Security in the Philippines does not play an important role in the lives of
Filipino people.
2. The President of the Philippines serves as the commander in chief in terms of
emergencies.
3. The main function of the Department of National Defense is to defend the state
against internal and external threats and, through the Philippine National Police, to
maintain law and order.
4.The President of the Philippines must have at least nine other members who will
compose the National Security Council of the country.
5. President Joseph Ejercito Estrada re-established the NSC in 1999 through an
executive order.
Lesson 2: Understanding Values of Peace

UNESCO’s article in favor of a culture of peace in Africa is defined by the
“Programme of Action for a Culture Peace and Non-Violence” 1 as well as by
UNESCO’s Mid-Term Strategy (2014-2021), which identifies “building peace by
creating inclusive, peaceful and resilient socities” as one of twro main areas of action
for Africa. As such, the Operational Strategy for Priority Africa integrates the
development of its Flagship Programmes over the next four years, with the first one
being “Promoting a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence.” This program represents a
significant contribution to the International Decade for the Rapprochement of
Cultures (2013-2022).
Mindful of the responsibility for the promotion of peace in society, the school
system is expected to contribute to the development of understanding, solidarity,
tolerance, and harmony among people and promote knowledge, values, attitudes,
and skills conducive in respect for human rights and to the building of culture of
peace.
Peace Defined
The concept of peace varies according to the people who give meaning to it,
based on the work they do and the cultural context they come from. Some of these
concepts are:
1. “Peace is not just the absence of war. It is the wholeness of life where every
person can live with dignity.” (Mindanao Church Peace Congress, 1996)
2. “The new name of peace is development.” (Pope Paul IV, Populorum
Progressio, March 26, 1967)
77

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Peace is not just the absence of war or violence. It is more than just the
absence of war because its absence does not always mean peace. Peace, as
positively defined, means the presence of harmony, understanding, tranquillity, social
justice, respect, and tolerance- meaning the enhancement of life. In other words, it is
the general well-being of the individual. Peace should be viewed at different levels:
1. Personal level refers to the development of inner harmony or inner integration

characterized by such qualities as self-respect, self-confidence, ability to cope
with negative feelings (fear, anger, insecurity, and shame), and developing
positive attitudes such as cheerfulness and optimism.
2. Interpersonal Level is manifested by the relationship of an individual with one

another. The interpersonal level peace can be shown in terms of:
a) Assertiveness. The capacity of the individual to express one’s view or

exercise one’s right without being aggressive (injuring or violating the
rights of others) or submissive (denying one’s views or rights).
b) Respect. To recognize the worth of others regardless of differences in
social position, culture, origin, ethnic grouping or gender.
c) Concern for others. An awareness and understanding of their needs,
feelings, and condition and extending appropriate consideration for
such.
d) Cooperation. The capacity and willingness to work with others to
achieve common goal.
e) Open-mindedness. The willingness to approach difficult source of
information, people, and events with a critical but open mind.
f) Humility. The virtue to accept and recognize that others may have the
ability similar or maybe more than you have and that recognition
enables you to accept your own limitations.
3. Social /national level is concerned with addressing issues that affect society
and its social, political, and economic components. For example, addressing
the issue of social injustice such as land grabbing, forest degradation, water
pollution, and others that have a societal impact.
a) Social responsibility. An awareness of one’s responsibility for the

common welfare and the willingness as well as the readiness to work
for it.
b) Interdependence. An awareness of the impact of the decisions and
actions of individuals and groups on one another.
c) Social justice. Requires an awareness and recognition of the civil,
political, economic, social, and cultural rights, especially of the more
marginalized sectors of society and the willingness to promote and
defend them.
4. Global level is similar to the social and national level peace, global level
peace is concerned with attaining related issues that have global impact or
scale such issues include among others the issue of unfair trade relations,
78

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
racial discrimination, terrorism, militarization, environmental degradation,

xenophobia, and others.
a) Respect for the environment. The value of recognizing the importance

of the resources in the environment as indicated by the act of
preserving and conserving them. Also, the efforts initiated to protect
the resources of the environment.
b) Unity in the oneness of humankind. The value of recognizing the
importance of being one with other humans as the semblance of
God’s power and love. It is recognition that everyone is as important
as the other.
c) Religious appreciation. The ability to respect and appreciate the
presence of people with religious beliefs other than his own. This
recognition brings us into realization that we have different ways of
expressing our faith but we have common aspiration to be pleasing to
the Creator.
d) Cultural appreciation. A recognition of the presence of different
cultures and such differences give us the opportunity to learn from one
another.
Instructions: Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the following activity. Use
the given format below in presenting your answers. INDICATE your NAME, COURSE
and SECTION in your answer sheet.
Guide Questions:
1. What does peace mean to you?
2. Based on your experience, what are the indicators of peace?
Peace and its Indicators

Concepts of Peace Indicators of Peace
79

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
References:
Agricultural Training Institute. 2005. Building Dreams, changing Lives.
Vol. ATI’s Treasury of Inspiring Stories.
Apruebo, Roxel A. 2006. 1st Edition. Essential of Organizational Behavior.
Education Publishing house, Ermita, manila.
Chauhan, Anita M,. et al. NSTP: Resourcebook on Community Organizing and
extension.2003. Philippine Association of Extension Program Implementors,
Inc.,
Dela Cruz, Sonia G. National Development Via NSTP LTS I.2005.
Lori Mar Publishing Co.Inc. Cubao, Quezon City
Dale Salle University-Dasmarinas. Towards One Goal: Social Transformation.2006
C&E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
Lee, Sergio J. Civic Welfare Training Service(CWTS) I.2007
Chauhan, Anita M., et al. NSTP: Resourcebook on Communication Organizing and
extension.2003. Philippine Association of Extension Program Implementors,
Inc.,
Florida C. Labuguen , Ed.D. et. al. Understanding the National Service Training
Program, Mutya Publishing House (2012) Malabon City.
Sonia Gasilla- Dela Cruz, Ed.D. et.al. (2005). National Development via NSTP.
Lorimar Publishing Co., INC. , Quezon City
Cardona, A. et al. (2009). A community’s historical profile of the 2004 flash floods
and typhoons: Focus on Barangay Pinaglapatan, Infanta, Quezon.
Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Community
Development, Bulwagang Tandang Sora, CSWCD, University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
Hawkins, J. D. and R. F. Catalano. Risk Focused Prevention: Using the Social
Development strategy. Seattle
Herminigildo, Villasoto M. et al. Human Person Gearing towards Social Development:
NSTP-CWTS 1, Worktext for College Students, Second Edition: C & E
Publishing Inc. 2018.
Markham, D. (2009, June 7). Global Warming Effects and Causes: A top ten list.
Planetswave. Retrieved March 15, 2012
fromhttp://planetsave.com/2009/06/07/global -warming-effects-and-causes-
a-ten-list/.
PHIVLCS-DOST.(2009). Earthquake preparedness guide (LeafletL. Diliman, Quezon
City: PHIVOLCS.
Primer on Republic Act No. 8749-The clean air Act
Republic Act No. 1021. (2010) Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act
of 2010.
80

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Republic Act No. 9729. (2009). Climate Change Act of 2009.
www.exforsys.com/career-center/personality-development/self-awareness.html
www.scrIbd.com/doc/58939862/nstp-mapuaprogramstudentmodule-ay10-11
www.scribd.com/doc/60002281/NSTP-Module
www.scribd.com/thebookfanatic/d/26368397-NSTP-1-MODULE-1-4
www.kamp-
uno.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43&Itemind=11
www.stpcat.blogspot.com/2009/03nstp-documentation-by-catleen-glo-r.html
www.wright.edu/`scott.williams/LeaderLetter/selfwareness.htm
www.teamtechnology.co.uk/teamwork.thml
www.aquariustraining.com
www.essortment.com/team-work-team-building-work-team-25854.html
www.definationfwellness.com/dimensions-of-wellness/spiritual-wellness.html
www.definationofwellness.com
http://sites.google.com.dimersarred,Retrieved 28june2020
http://www.adrc.asia,Retrieved, 25 june,2020
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph,Retrieved 25 june2020
81

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
COURSE GUIDE
Course: NSTP-CWTS 1 Semester: School Year:
Course Description
This course includes programs or activities on the welfare and the betterment of
life for the members of the community for the enhancement of its facilities those
developed to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and morals of the citizenry.
Course Outline
TOPIC
I. Introduction to NSTP
Lesson 1 – Brief History of NSTP
Lesson 2 – NSTP Program and Components
Lesson 3 – The Nation
II. Good Citizenship
Lesson 1 – The Bill of Rights of Filipinos
Lesson 2 – The Basic Values of Filipinos
Lesson 3 – Nationalism and Patriotism
III. Drugs and Substance Abuse Prevention and Control
Lesson 1 - The Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse (FAQs)
Lesson 2 - The National Drug Situation
Lesson 3 - Myth versus Fact: Drug abuse and Illicit Trafficking
Lesson 4 - The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
Lesson 5 - The Youth and Government’s Response to the Drug
Problem
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
IV. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Lesson 1 - Overview of The Philippines Disasters Management
System
Lesson 2 - Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Concepts
Lesson 3 - Geographic Hazards and Disaster Risk Profiles of The
Philippines
Lesson 4 - Vulnerability of the Urban Environment
V. Environmental Awareness & Protection
Lesson 1 - Basic Concepts and Laws Governing Environmental
Education
Lesson 2 - Seven Environmental Principles
Lesson 3 - Climate Change
Lesson 4 - Ecological Solid Waste Management
VI. National Security System
Lesson 1 - Concept of National Security
Lesson 2 - Understanding Values of Peace
FINAL EXAMINATION
82

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Course Learning Outcomes Required Output

After completing this course, the student must be
able to: The six Chapter
1. To develop and promote civic consciousness, Assessments
enhance the intellectual, physical, moral,
spiritual and social being of the students;
2. To inculcate among the students the ideals of
patriotism and nationalism and advance their
involvement in public and civic welfare; and
3. To instill moral values among the students,
inculcate the respect for the rights of civilians
and adherence to the constitution.
Course Policies Grading System

1. All students are required to finish and pass
all the required outputs within the given The grades shall be computed as:
amount of time.
2. Students are required to use a separate 60% - Chapter
yellow paper in answering all the chapter Assessments
Exercises. 40% - Mid-term/Final Exam
3. Compilation of chapter exercises must be Grade for the corresponding
placed in a folder labelled with student’s rating period
NAME, STUDENT NUMBER, COURSE and
SECTION.
4. Students are encouraged to contact their
instructors. Contact details can be found in
this course guide.
References
Agricultural Training Institute. 2005. Building Dreams, changing Lives.

Vol. ATI’s Treasury of Inspiring Stories.
Apruebo, Roxel A. 2006. 1st Edition. Essential of Organizational Behavior.
Education Publishing house, Ermita, manila.
Chauhan, Anita M,. et al. NSTP: Resourcebook on Community Organizing and
extension.2003. Philippine Association of Extension Program Implementors, Inc.,
Dela Cruz, Sonia G. National Development Via NSTP LTS I.2005.
Lori Mar Publishing Co.Inc. Cubao, Quezon City
Dale Salle University-Dasmarinas. Towards One Goal: Social Transformation.2006 C&E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
Lee, Sergio J. Civic Welfare Training Service(CWTS) I.2007
Chauhan, Anita M., et al. NSTP: Resourcebook on Communication Organizing and
extension.2003. Philippine Association of Extension Program Implementors, Inc.,
Florida C. Labuguen , Ed.D. et. al. Understanding the National Service Training Program,
Mutya Publishing House (2012) Malabon City.
Sonia Gasilla- Dela Cruz, Ed.D. et.al. (2005). National Development via NSTP. Lorimar
83

lOMoARcPSD|22202122
Publishing Co., INC. , Quezon City

Cardona, A. et al. (2009). A community’s historical profile of the 2004 flash floods and
typhoons: Focus on Barangay Pinaglapatan, Infanta, Quezon. Proceedings of the
First Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Community Development, Bulwagang
Tandang Sora, CSWCD, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
Hawkins, J. D. and R. F. Catalano. Risk Focused Prevention: Using the Social
Development strategy. Seattle
Herminigildo, Villasoto M. et al. Human Person Gearing towards Social Development:
NSTP-CWTS 1, Worktext for College Students, Second Edition: C & E Publishing
Inc. 2018.
Markham, D. (2009, June 7). Global Warming Effects and Causes: A top ten list.
Planetswave. Retrieved March 15, 2012
fromhttp://planetsave.com/2009/06/07/global -warming-effects-and-causes-a-ten-
list/.
PHIVLCS-DOST.(2009). Earthquake preparedness guide (LeafletL. Diliman, Quezon City:
PHIVOLCS.
84

NSTP1 - CWTS1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NSTP1 - CWTS1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|22202122

NSTP 1 Module 093254 - national service training program

Developmental Psychology (Eastern Samar State University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

A technologically advanced university producing professionals and competitive leaders for

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

Chapter 1 Introduction to NSTP 1

Chapter 2 Good Citizenship 9

Chapter 3 Drugs and Substance Abuse Prevention and Control 16

Chapter 4 Disaster Risk Reduction & Management 34

Chapter 5 Environmental Awareness & Protection 50

Chapter 6 National Security System 71

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

This is module designed to explore and promote civic consciousness and

Lesson 1: Brief History of NSTP

December 23, 1935

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

1991 Republic Act 7077

Senate Bill 1824

Pursuant to section 12 Republic Act No. 9163

Lesson 2: NSTP Program and Its Component

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

What is the guiding principle in establishing the NSTP?

h. Non-Government Organization (NGO) refers to any private organization

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

What is the duration of NSTP components and equivalent course per

c. Schools which have contracted CHED accredited or TESDA recognized

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

Guidelines for the Establishment of the National Service Reserve Corps

Lesson 3: The National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC)

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

Inter-Agency Relationship of the NSRC

NDCC / (DND – OCD)

PDCC CHED ROs / TESDA ROs

CDCC MDCC HEIs / TESDA POs

BDCC TESDA SCHOOL

NDCC – National Disaster Coordinating Council

Duties and Responsibilities

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

NCRS Members shall

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

Section 4. Establishment of the National Service Training Program - There is

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

The Citizenship education topic of the National Service Training Program

Chapter Learning Outcomes

Lesson 1: The Bill of Rights of Filipinos

Importance of the Bill of Rights

Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable

Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression,

Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof

Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

Lesson 3 :The Basic Values of the Filipinos

Meaning of the Preamble

Downloaded by Jasmine Llego (jasminellego0@gmail.com)

The Good Citizenship Values Clusters