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19) P/ml
A B
Degree of hyperstaticity,H=U-E=4-3=1
𝜇A RA PL y M+
𝐿 𝐿
RAx A B x
2 2
RAy RB
∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0
⇒ RAx = 0 … … … … (1)
∑ Projext F⃗/oy = 0
⃗
⇒ RAy + RB – 𝑃𝐿 = 0 … … … … (2)
Also, ∑ 𝑀𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗⃗ = 0
𝐿
⇒ RB 𝐿 𝑃𝐿 (2) + 𝜇𝐴 = 0 … … … … (3)
–
N(X)
T(x) px RB
1
N(x)
Mu T(x) x
𝐋
𝐝𝐱
∫ 𝐌 (𝐱 )𝐌𝐮 =𝟎
𝟎 𝐄𝐈
𝐿 𝑃𝑋2 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑋 4 𝑥3
∫0 ( −
+ 𝑅 𝐵𝑥) ( x) = 0 ⇒ (
− −
𝑅𝐵 ) x=L
2 𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿4 𝑅 𝐵𝐿3
−
=0
8𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝟑𝐏𝐋
∴ 𝐑𝐁 = 𝟖
; substituting in equation 2 amounts to,
3 𝑃𝐿
RAy = PL − 8
𝟓𝑷𝑳
𝐑 𝐀𝐲 =
𝟖
𝐿 𝑃𝐿 2 3𝑃𝐿 2
Also, from equation 3, 𝜇𝐴 = 𝑃𝐿 (2) −
𝑅B𝐿 =
2
−
𝐏𝐋𝟐
𝛍𝐀 =
𝟖
ESTABLISHMENT OF SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT EQUATIONS
𝐏𝐋
∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝐿 ]
𝟖
T(x) M(x)
N(x)
𝟓𝑷𝑳
Px
𝟖
𝟓𝑷𝑳 𝟓𝑷𝑳
T(x)-Px+ 𝟖
=0 ⇒T(x)=Px - 𝟖
x+ = 0 ⇒ M(x)= - + x-
8 8 𝟐 𝟖 𝟖
5𝑃𝐿 𝟓𝑳
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0⇒ Px −
8
= 0⇒ 𝒙= 𝟖
5𝐿
5L 𝑃( 8 ) 2 5PL 5L PL2 25𝑃𝐿2 25PL2 PL 2
⇒ Mmax.=M( )= -
2
+ ( ) -
= -
+ −
8 8 8 8 128 64 8
PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 2
𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
∴Mmax.=
𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝑃𝑥 2 5PL PL 2
At points of contraflexure,M(x)=0⇒ − + x − =0
2 8 8
5𝑃𝐿 9𝑃 2𝐿2 𝑃 𝑳
(− +√ )=
−
X1= )/2( 2 𝟒
8 64
5𝑃𝐿 9𝑃 2𝐿2 𝑃
√ ) = 𝑳
−
X2 =(− −
)/2( 2
8 64
TABLE OF VALUES
x 0 5L L
8
T(x) 5𝑃𝐿 0 3PL
−
8 8
M(x) PL2 9PL2 0
−
8 128
P/m
A B
-5PL/8
−
PL 2
8
0 -
ve x
20) A
a=6m B 2m
𝜇A RA PL= 320N y M+
RAx A 4m B 4𝑚 B x
RAy a= 6m RB
∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ / 𝑜𝑥 = 0
⇒ RAx = 0 … … … … (1)
∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗
⇒ RAy + RB = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … (2)
Also, ∑ 𝑀 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ = 0
⃗
PL 2
⇒ 𝜇 𝐴 + RB 𝑎 = … … … . . (3)
2
Let us establish a compatibility equation using the Macauly΄s method (Method
of singularity functions)
RAx A
RAy x RB
𝑥
M(X)+ Px( ) − RAy(x)+ 𝜇 𝐴 R B〈 x − a 〉 = 0 -
2
𝑃𝑥 2
M(X)= - + RAy(x)- 𝜇𝐴 + RB 〈x −
a〉
2
PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 4
∀𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 〈𝐱 − 𝐚〉 = 𝟎
𝑃𝑥 3 (R Ay)𝑋 2 RB〈x−a〉 2
EIy΄= - ∫ 𝒎(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 6
−
2
+ 𝜇 𝐴𝑥 −
2
+ C … … … … (4)
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐾 = 0
RAy + RB = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … … … … … … (2)
2
𝜇𝐴 + RB 𝑎 = PL2 … … … … … … … … … (3)
𝑃𝑎 2 (R Ay) 𝑎 1
− + 𝜇 = 0 … … … . (6)
24 6 2 𝐴
PL2
From (2), 𝜇𝐴 = 2
− RB 𝑎 ; substituting in (3) amounts to
RB 𝑎 ) = 0
24 6 2 2
𝑃𝑎2 ( RAy)𝑎 PL2 RB 𝑎
⇒ + − = 0 … … … … (7)
24 6 4 2
−
𝑃𝑎2 𝑎 PL2 R B 𝑎
( 𝑃𝐿 RB) + − =0
6
− −
24 4 2
𝟔 𝐏𝐋𝟐+𝑷𝒂𝟐−𝟒𝐏𝐚𝐥 𝟔( 𝟒𝟎)(𝟖) 𝟐+𝟒𝟎(𝟔)𝟐−𝟒( 𝟒𝟎)(𝟔)(𝟖)
𝐑𝐁 = 𝟖𝒂
=
𝟖 (𝟔)
∴ 𝐑𝐁 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝐍
6PL2 +𝑃𝑎 2 −4Pal 𝟏𝟐𝐏𝐚𝐥−𝟔𝐏𝐋𝟐 −𝑷𝒂𝟐
From equation 2, 𝐑𝐚𝐲 = 𝑃𝐿 − RB = 𝑃𝐿 − 8𝑎
=
𝟖𝒂
∴ 𝝁𝑨 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝐍𝐦
𝑃𝑥 2
But M(X)= - 2
+ RAy(x)- 𝜇 𝐴 +R B〈x − a〉
∀𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 〈𝐱 − 𝐚〉 = 𝟎
∆= (130)2 −
P=40N/m
a=6m B 2m
T(x) L=8m
110N
PRODUCED BY: KUM ROBERT AKWA
Page 90
+
0 x
-
-ve
-
80N
-
140Nm
-
80Nm
0 – 𝑉𝑒 −
𝑉𝑒 x
3.25m Mmax.=71.25Nm
1.36m 1.89m 1.89m 0.86m 2m
M(x)
21) A C
B P/m
L/2 L/2
RA RB Rc
∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0
∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗
⇒ RA + RB + R C = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … (2)
Also, ∑ 𝑀𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗⃗ = 0
𝐿 PL2 1 PL
⇒ RB + RcL = ⇒ R B + Rc = … … … . . (3)
2 2 2 2
P/m
A C =ACTUAL STRUCTURE
B Y1 Y 1=0
L/2 L/2
P/m
A C =PRIMARY STRUCTURE
5PL4
RA Y2 RC Y 2= 384EI
L/2 L/2
Y3 = = STRUCTURE WITH
RB REDUNDANT REACTION
−
RBL3
L/2 L/2 Y 3=
48EI
L
5PL4 RBL3
By superposition, Y1= Y2 + Y3 =0 ;Thus, - =0
384EI 48EI
𝟑𝐏𝐋
⟹ 𝐑𝐜 =
𝟏𝟔
𝟑𝐏𝐋
𝐑𝐀 =
𝟏𝟔
ESTABLISHMENT OF SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT EQUATIONS
∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝐿/2]
T(x) M(x)
N(x)
𝟑𝑷𝑳
𝟏𝟔
Px
𝟑𝑷𝑳 𝟑𝑷𝑳
T(x)-Px+
𝟏𝟔
=0 ⇒T(x)=Px - 𝟏𝟔
𝑥 3PL 𝑷𝒙 𝟐 𝟑𝐏𝐋
M(x)+ Px( ) −
2 16
x= 0 ⇒ M(x)= - 𝟐
+
𝟏𝟔
x
3𝑃𝐿 𝟑𝑳
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0⇒ Px −
16
= 0 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔
3𝐿
5L 𝑃(16 )2 3PL 3L 9𝑃𝐿2 9PL2 9PL 2
⇒ Mmax.=M( ) =- + ( )=− + =
8 2 16 16 512 256 512
𝑃𝑥 2 3PL 𝑃𝑥 3PL
At points of contraflexure,M(x)=0 ⇒ −
+ x = 0 ⇒ X( − −
)
2 16 2 16
𝑃𝑥 3PL 𝟑𝐋
X1=0 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 , − = 0 ⇒ X2=
2 16 𝟖
𝐋
∀𝐱 ∈ [𝟐 , 𝐋 ]
T(x) M(x)
N(x)
𝟑𝑷𝑳 5PL
𝟏𝟔
Px 8
x L/2
-
8
⇒ T(x)=Px −
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟔
x −
(x −
) = 0 ⇒ M(x)= −
+ x- 𝟏𝟔
16 8 2 𝟐 𝟏𝟔
13𝑃𝐿 𝟏𝟑𝑳
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0⇒ Px − 16
=0⇒𝒙= 𝟏𝟔
13𝐿 2
13L 𝑃( ) 13PL 13L 5PL2
⇒ Mmax.=M( ) =- 16
+ ( )−
16 2 16 16 16
𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
∴Mmax.= 𝟓𝟏𝟐
𝑃𝑥 2 13PL 5PL2
At points of contraflexure,M(x)=0 ⇒ M(x) = − + x− =0
2 16 16
13𝑃𝐿 2 𝑃−
5𝑃𝐿2 9𝑃 2 𝐿2
−
∆= ( ) −
4 ( )( )=
16 2 16 256
13𝑃𝐿 9𝑃2 𝐿2 −𝑃 𝟓𝐋
X1= ( −
16
+ 256
)/2( 2 ) = 𝟖
13𝑃𝐿 9𝑃2 𝐿2 −𝑃
X2 = (− −√ )/2( )= 𝐋
16 256 2
X 0 𝟑𝐋 3L L 5L 𝟏𝟑𝐋 L
𝟏𝟔 8 2 8 𝟏𝟔
T(X) 3PL 0 3PL 5PL 5PL −
−3PL 0 3PL
− ;
16 16 16 16 16 16
M(X) 0 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐 0 PL2 0 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐 0
−
𝟓𝟏𝟐 32 𝟓𝟏𝟐
B P/m
L/2 L/2
T(x) 13L/16
5PL 3PL
16 16
+ +
0 x
--
3PL -
-
16
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
−5PL
3L/16
16
−
PL2
32
0 -Ve x
+Ve +Ve
𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
Mmax.= Mmax.=
𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐
M(x)
P/m
22)
A B
PL/2 𝜇𝐵 M+
y
2𝐿 𝐿
A 3 3
B R Bx x
RA R By Rc
∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0
⇒ RBX = 0 … … … … (1)
∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗
𝑃𝐿
⇒ RA + RBy = … … … … (2)
2
Also, ∑ 𝑀𝐵 𝑒𝑥𝑡⃗𝐹⃗ = 0
PL 𝐿 PL2
⇒ −RA 𝐿 + ( ) −
𝜇𝐵 = 0 ⇒ −RA 𝐿 + −
𝜇𝐵 = 0 … … … . . ( 3)
2 3 6
2X/3 X/3
𝑃𝑋 2
𝑅𝐴 2𝐿
𝑃𝑋2 𝑥 𝑃𝑋3
M(x)+ ( ) − 𝑅𝐴 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ M(x)=− + 𝑅𝐴 𝑥
2𝐿 3 6𝐿
1 T(u)
Mu
X N(u)
𝐿 𝑃𝑋 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑋 5 𝑥3
∫0 ( 6𝐿 −
𝑅𝐴 3𝐸𝐼 ) x=L
𝑃𝐿4 𝑅 𝐴 𝐿3
− =0
30𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝐏𝐋
∴ 𝐑𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎
; substituting in equation 2 amounts to,
RA + R By = 𝑃𝐿
2
… … … … (2 )
PL 𝑃𝐿 𝟐𝐏𝐋
RBy = − = ∴ 𝐑 𝐁𝐲 =
2 10 𝟓
N(X)
2X/3 X/3
PL 𝑃𝑋 2
𝑅𝐴= 10 2𝐿
𝑃𝑋2 PL 𝑷𝑿𝟐 𝐏𝐋
T(x) − + = 0 ⇒ 𝐓(𝐱) = − 𝟏𝟎
2𝐿 10 𝟐𝑳
𝑃𝑋2 𝑥 PL 𝑷𝑿𝟑 𝐏𝐋
M(x)+ ( )
2𝐿 3
−
10
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ M(x)=− 𝟔𝑳
+
𝟏𝟎
𝒙
𝑷𝑿 𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝐋
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0 ⇒ − = 0⇒𝐱 =
𝟐𝑳 𝟏𝟎 √𝟓
𝐋
𝑃( 𝟓)3 𝟐
Mmax.=M(√𝟓 ) = −
𝐋 √
+ PL (√𝟓
𝐋
) ⇒ 𝐌𝐦𝐚𝐱. =
𝑷𝑳
6𝐿 10 𝟏𝟓 √𝟓
𝑃𝑋3 PL
At points of contraflexure, M(x)=0 ⇒ −
6𝐿
+ 10 𝑥 = 0
2
𝑃𝑋 PL 𝟑
⇒ −𝑥 ( 6𝐿 − 10) = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒙 = √𝟓 𝑳
X 0 𝐋 L
3
√𝟓 √ L
5
T(X) PL 0 PL 𝟐𝐏𝐋
− 𝟓
10 5
M(X) 0 𝑷𝑳 𝟐 0 − 𝐏𝐋𝟐
𝟏𝟓√𝟓 𝟏𝟓
P/m
A L B
2PL
T(X)
5
0 -Ve x
−
PL −PL2
10 15
𝐿 √3 /5 -Ve
0 x
23) A P/m
PL 𝜇𝐵 M+
𝜇𝐴 y
𝐿 𝐿
RAx A 2 2
B R Bx x
RAy R By Rc
∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0
∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗
X N(X)
PX
PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 15
Degree of hyperstaticity is theoretically H=U-E=6-3 =2. But practically, H=U-E=4-
3=1 since the horizontal reactions are zero.
𝑥 𝑷𝒙𝟐
M(x)+ Px(2) −
𝑳 𝝏𝑴 𝒅𝒙
From CASTIGLIANO THEOREM, deflection at A, YA =∫𝟎 𝑴(𝝏 𝐑𝐀𝐲) 𝑬𝑰 = 𝟎
L
𝑷𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋 𝝁 𝑨
⇒ 𝐘A = ∫ (− + 𝐑𝐀𝐲 𝐱 − 𝝁𝑨) (x) = − + −
0 𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟖 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟎 … … (𝟒)
𝑳 𝝏𝑴 𝒅𝒙
Again, from CASTIGLIANO THEOREM, slope at A, 𝜽A =∫𝟎 𝑴( ) =𝟎
𝝏 𝜇𝐴 𝑬𝑰
L 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑷𝑳 𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋
𝜽A= ∫0 (− + RAyx − 𝜇𝐴 )(−1) = − + 𝝁𝑨 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟓)
2 𝐸𝐼 𝟔 𝟐
𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋
From equation 5, 𝝁 𝑨 = − 𝟔
+
𝟐
and substituting in 4,gives,
𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐋 𝐏𝐋 𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝐏𝐋
𝝁𝑨 = − + ( ) ⇒ 𝝁𝑨 = ;From equation 2, RBy=PL- ⇒ 𝐑𝐁𝐲 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑃𝐿 𝐏𝐋 𝑷𝒙𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝑷𝑳 𝟐
Thus, T(X)−𝑃𝑥 + = 0 ⇒T(X)= 𝐏𝐱 − ; ⇒ M(x)= - + x −
2 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝑃𝐿 2 −𝑃 −𝑃𝐿2 𝑃 2𝐿2
∆= ( ) − 4 ( ) ( )=
2 2 12 12
𝑃𝐿 𝑃2𝐿2 −𝑃 (√𝟑−𝟏)
X1= ( −
+√ )/2( 2 ) = 𝐋
2 12 𝟐√𝟑
2 2 −𝑃 (𝟏+√𝟑)
𝑃𝐿
X2 =( − −
√𝑃𝐿
)/2( 2 ) = 𝐋
2 12 𝟐 √𝟑
A B
0 x
+
-
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
-PL/2
(𝟏 + √𝟑)𝐋/𝟐√𝟑
−𝑷𝑳𝟐 −𝑷𝑳 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Ve -
Ve
0 x
M(x)