Lecture 02

7th November 2021

 Intended Learning Outcomes
Describe General State of Stress

Define the Concept of Plane Stress

Define the Concept of Plane Strain

Differentiate between Plane Stress and Plane Strain

Explain the Transformation of Plane Stress

 Overview of Previous Lecture
Discuss the Course Contents, Recommended Books, Marks
Distribution, CLOs, and CLOs Mapping with PLOs

Discuss the Aim / Objective of the Course

Overview of Basic Concepts of Mechanics of Materials-I

Describe Complex Engineering Problem

General State of Stress
 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
Important relations among the shearing stress components will now
be derived.
In Figure 1.35, The normal and shearing forces acting on the various
faces of the cube are obtained by multiplying the corresponding stress
components by the area of each face
We first write the following three equilibrium equations:

Since forces equal and opposite to the forces actually shown in Fig.
1.35 are acting on the hidden faces of the cube, it is clear that Eqs.
(1.19) are satisfied.
We write the three additional equations:
 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
The last of the three Eqs. (1.20) yields, therefore

from which we conclude that

The relation obtained shows that the y component of the shearing

stress exerted on a face perpendicular to the x -xis is equal to the x
component of the shearing stress exerted on a face perpendicular to
the y-axis.
From the remaining two equations (1.20), we derive in a similar
manner the relations
 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
We conclude from Eqs. (1.21) and (1.22) that only six stress
components are required to define the condition of stress at a
given point Q, instead of nine as originally assumed. These six
components are:

 The most general state of stress at a point may

be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

Fig. 3D Stress Element

 Stress Under General Loading
Conditions: Components of Stress
We also note that, at a given point, shear cannot take place in
one plane only; an equal shearing stress must be exerted on
another plane perpendicular to the first one.
 Plane Stress Condition

FIG. 7-1 Elements in plane stress: (a) three-dimensional view of an

element oriented to the xyz axes, (b) two-dimensional view of the
same element (Source: James M. Gere, Mechanics of Materials)
Plane Stress Definition
 Plane Stress  state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

(Hooke’s Law for Triaxial Stress)

7 - 13
Plane Stress Example

t << other dimensions

R
z
x

 x   x ( x, y )
 y   y ( x, y )
 xy   xy ( x, y )
 z   xz   yz  0
 Plane Stress Examples

Thin Plate With

Central Hole

Circular Plate Under

Edge Loadings
Plane Stress Examples

 State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

 State of plane stress also occurs on the free

surface of a structural element or machine
component, i.e., at any point of the surface not
subjected to an external force.

7 - 16
Plane Stress Examples

7 - 17
 Plane Stress Examples
 Thin-walled pressure vessels provide an important example of the
plane stress.
Plane Strain Definition
y

x
Plane Strain Example

R
z

u  u( x, y) ; v  v( x, y) ; w  0
Plane Strain Examples
 Plane Stress Vs. Plane Strain

FIG. 7-30: Comparison of plane stress and plane strain 7 - 22

Plane Stress and Plane Strain

7 - 23
Transformation of Plane Stress
 Transformation of Plane Stress
 Given: ?
 Required: ?
 Objectives: ?
 Methods / Approaches: ?
 Transformation of Plane Stress

 Figure (a) ?
 Figure (b) ?

 Equilibrium conditions ?
 Why?
Transformation of Plane Stress

What does
it show ?
Transformation of Plane Stress

What does
it show ?

What does
it show ?

What does
it show ?
 Transformation of Plane Stress

Equation (7.8) shows that in the case of plane stress, the sum of
the normal stresses exerted on a cubic element of material is
independent of the orientation of that element.
 References
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr., John T. DeWolf, David F.
Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials
2. James M. Gere, Mechanics of Materials, 6th edition, ISBN 0-534-
41793, Bill Stenquist, 2004.
 THANKS
Questions (if any)