ENGLISH 10 – SECOND QUARTER
1. Awareness Raising – this is intended to
1. Language of Research, Campaigns
and Advocacies
RESEARCH – is an imperative area in not
just the field of education, but in other
fields as well.
- it primarily focuses upon improving
quality and is a research for knowledge
(Kapur, 2018)
- It shows how to make provisions of
solutions to a problem in a scientific
and methodical manner.
The Research Process
Research starts with a question or a
problem. Researchers first find out what
others have already learned about the
subject.
If the question has not been fully
answered, they figure out a way to get
more information. They may do further
observations or perform an experiment to
test their idea.
Terms Definition
Design – it is to plan (or a plan of) how
something will be made or done.
Data – these are collected facts or
information.
Significance - these are important data and
meaningful findings in a research.
Evidence - observations or information
that can help solve a crime or show
whether something is true or false.
Treatment - it is the course of action
designed for research
Experiment - it is a test to see what
happens when all factors (variables)
but one is controlled.
Conclusion - it is a summary of what has been
learned or shown at the end of a
study.
Observation - it is looking carefully at
something
Statistics - it is the organization and
study of numerical data.
Campaign – this can be a single ad or a
series of ads.
-it has ads that revolve around a single
idea.
-it provides a framework in which
processes of advocacy that can be easily
developed and enclosed.
-it has varying purposes, they are created
using similar structures, as well as
through the use of persuasive language in
order to convince audiences to perform a
certain function.
5 Dimensions of a Campaign
make the problem to be addressed
known by the general public.
2. Research – another dimension
that is based on research, since
it provides the necessary
knowledge to take action.
3. Social Mobilization – these are
used by grassroots-based social
movements, but also as a tool
for the elite and the state itself.
4. Training – it is the process focused on
a clear and specific target.
-it further develops the contents, but
also the scope and the vision.
-it runs in a mid-term and
long-term scenario to get in-
depth into the topic.
5. Lobbying – it is an act to
influence decisions made by
officials in the government.
-it is very effective since it
points directly to the legislator
and regulatory agencies.
ADVOCACY – it is an action for a
cause or purpose such as a media
campaign of an non-government
organization or NGO that works for
human rights to find shareholders and
partners to sustain its activity.
2. Connecting Ideas using
Conjunctions in an Argumentative
Text
A conjunction is the glue that holds
words, phrases and clauses (both
dependent and independent) together.
There are three different kinds of
conjunctions -- coordinating,
subordinating, and correlative -- each
serving its own, distinct purpose, but
all working to bring words together.
Examples:
Peter and Paul are best friends.
(the word “and” is a conjunction. It is
joining two entities, which are Peter,
Paul).
I am going to the market and to the
grocery store.
(the word “and” in this sentence is
joining two ideas, which are going to
the market and to
the grocery store).
 Modal Adverbs tell us how sure or
My mother asked me if I am going to probable the speaker feels about the
wash my clothes or wash the dishes.
Modal Verbs Expressions Examples
(It is stating that the girl has two
choices, to wash her clothes or wash the Can/Can’t ABILITY- to ● Lito can speak 5 dialects
dishes) (present) say someone fluently, but she can’t
Could/Could has (or speak
n’t (past) hasn’t) a English fluently.
Coordinating conjunctions link particular
ideas by showing how they relate. ability.
For example, a word like "and" Could/ POSSIBILITY ● It might be raining
indicates two ideas go together. Might/May -to express outside, you should take
(present and possibility ● an umbrella with you.
FANBOYS: future) about the I may come and visit
present or you after work.
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so;
the future. ● It could rain later, so I
will bring an umbrella
A subordinating conjunction indicates with me.
that one idea depends on another. Must/ Must CERTAINTY – ● She speaks 5 dialects,
Have to express so she must be clever.
Examples are: (present/past certainty.
O after, although, as, as if, as long )
as, as much as, as soon as, as Should/ ADVICE – to ● You should buy some
ought give advice. ● new shoes. You ought to
though, because, before, by the
to/Must go to sleep early, you
time, even if, even though, if, in look tired.
order that, in case, in the event ● You must be careful and
that, lest, now that, once, only, alert when driving alone.
only if, provided that, since, so, Must/Have OBLIGATION ● You must finish your
supposing, that, than, though, to – task by this afternoon.
till, unless, until, when, expresses ● She has to feed her pet
whenever, where, whereas, strong everyday.
obligation.
wherever, whether or not, while
action.
For instance, in this sentence the word
Here are examples of modal adverbs:
"unless" depends on the action that
probably, possibly, evidently, certainly,
follows it:
surely, undoubtedly, seriously, clearly,
obviously
Example:
We will be late unless we leave now.
1. I will surely watch the Avengers movie.
2. It will probably rain this afternoon.
Correlative conjunctions join elements
3. Ruben must seriously exert more effort
within a sentence, indicating the two are
in his studies to pass this final quarter.
of equal importance.
What is MODALITY? It is used in writing
Examples are:
to express how definite you are about
Both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not
something.
only/but also, whether/or
Degrees of Modality
The words "neither" and "nor" work this
way in this sentence:
STRONG – uses the adverbs always and
never, evidently, surely, seriously and
Example:
undoubtedly
I like neither carrots nor celery.
MODERATE – uses often, rarely, usually,
3. Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs
sometimes, frequently, and occasionally
Modal verbs are special verbs that don't
follow the usual rules, like "work" or
"play." Instead, they help us express
different ideas about abilities, possibilities,
certainties, advice, and obligations.
4. Formulating a Statement of
Opinion or Assertion
v Assertion - refers to statements
of fact, opinion, belief and
prejudice
(Fowler H. Ramsay, 1986)
v Fact - is a verifiable statement
that can be proven objectively by
verified observations or the
results of research among others
v Opinion - is a personal judgment
based on facts that reflects the
ideas or views that a person has
about a certain subject or topic ;
hence, it is debatable and
potentially changeable
CATEGORIES OF OPINION
STATEMENTS:
Statement of fact - It is an opinion that
something is true or not true based on
verifiable evidence.
Statement of Value - It is an opinion
statement which claims that something
does or does not have worth.
Statement of Policy - It claims that
something should or should not be done.
v Belief - a conviction based on
cultural or personal faith, morality
or values. A statement of belief may
look similar with an opinion, but
they are not based on evidence; that
is why they cannot be contested or
argued in a rational or logical
manner.
v Commonplace Assertion - a
statement used to make a
declaration or to express strong
belief on a particular topic, often
without evidence, and may express
stereotyping
5. Formulating Claims of Fact, Value,
and Policy
What is a claim?
For a Speaker: A claim is the main topic of
an argument where the speaker tries to
assert on his or her beliefs, ideas or
actions.
For a Writer: A claim is the central
statement of a text where the writer tries
to prove in the text by providing details,
explanations and other types of evidence.
Examples of claims: Characteristics
1. Covid-19 is deadly. It is a single statement.
2. Flu and covid-19 spread in It is being compared.
similar way.
3. Baguio City had more than It is in the past, present
100 cases of Covid-19. or future
4. You will have covid-19 if you It has a cause and effect.
have low body resistance.
5. You should wear mask and It has action to be taken.
face shield.
6. People are sanitizing daily It is what’s happening.
for their safety.
7. Tawa-tawa is the cure for It could be true or false.
covid-19.
Other characteristics of a good claim:
-A claim should be argumentative and
debatable.
-A claim should be specific and focused.
-A claim should be interesting and
engaging.
-A claim should be logical.
CLAIM OF FACT
A claim whether something is true or
untrue but there must always be potential
for controversy, conflict and change.
A claim that reports, describes, predicts
and shows cause and effect.
A claim that something has existed (past),
exists (present) or will exist (future).
Question: Can you investigate through
research or interviews?
Ex: The new coronavirus was responsible
for an outbreak of
respiratory disease and
pneumonia in Wuhan, China
CLAIM OF POLICY
A claim that urges that an action be taken
or discontinued in specific policies.
A claim that shows that a problem exists
and it’s good to solve it in a certain way.
Question: What should be done?
Ex: Maintain at least 1 metre (3 feet)
distance between yourself and others.
CLAIM OF VALUE
A claim that gives judgment about morality,
beauty, merit or wisdom.
A claim that compares and contrasts a
problem with a similar one in another time
and/or place
A claim that is based on preference such as
likes or dislikes, good or bad.
Question: Is it good or bad?
Ex: Safety is more important
than freedom.
6. Rhetorical Questions
What Is a Rhetorical Question? they don’t
require responses, making them perhaps
the sassiest and most confident of
questions.
Rhetorical questions
- can be sarcastic, humorous, or reflective.
They aren’t used to elicit an actual
answer, but rather to create a dramatic
effect or to emphasize a point.
- Take for example, the rhetorical
question “It’s awfully cold today, isn’t
it?” This question (also known as a tag
question) puts emphasis on the fact
that it’s very cold; in most cases, it’s not
intended to draw a thoughtful response.
Below are several examples of common
rhetorical questions that you’ve probably
used or at least recognize:
- Who cares?
- How should I know?
- Who’s counting?
- How many times do I have to tell you… ?
- Can’t you do anything right?
- What could be better?
Rhetorical questions
- are basically a requirement for any
effective speech, which is why you’ll
often find them sprinkled throughout
political addresses. They help to make
the speaker’s point more clear, and
they often resonate with the audience,
prompting them to reflect further on an
idea.
Take this example, delivered by President
Barack Obama in 2014:
"Are we a nation that tolerates the
hypocrisy of a system where workers who
pick our fruit and make our beds never
have a chance to get right with the law?
Are we a nation that accepts the cruelty of
ripping children from their parents' arms?
Or are we a nation that values
families, and works to keep them
together?"
By juxtaposing two very different scenarios
through striking imagery, the president
was trying to remind the American people
of their values and the policies he wanted
(and didn’t want) them to support.
Rhetorical Questions in Literature
Below is an example of rhetorical question
from literature.
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
"What’s in a name? That which we call a
rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.”
Juliet’s question of “what’s in a name?” is
intended to make a point about how little
significance a name should hold.
How to Use Rhetorical Questions in a
Speech
1. Engage the Audience
2. Personalize Your Questions
3. Persuade the audience
4. Evoke Emotions
5. Emphasize a Statement
6. Predict the audiences’ questions
7. Answer questions with questions
8. Consecutive rhetorical questions
7. Multimodal and Its Elements
Multimodal texts include picture
books, text books, graphic novels,
comics, and posters, where meaning is
conveyed to the reader through
varying combinations of visual (still
image), written language, and spatial
modes.
Elements of Multimodal Text
A text may be defined as multimodal
when it combines two or more semiotic
systems.
• Linguistic: vocabulary, structure,
grammar of oral/written language
• Visual: color, vectors and viewpoint
in still and moving images
• Audio or Aural: volume, pitch and
rhythm of music and sound effects
• Gestural: movement, facial
expression and body language
• Spatial: proximity, direction,
position of layout, organization of
objects in space.
• Multimodal text can be
print, physical or
digital. Examples of
types of Multimodal
text are …
The Five Modes
1. Visual
The visual mode refers to the images
and characters that people see. For
instance, the “No Guns” symbol has
no alphabetic text and no sound.
Like many signs, it relies for its
meaning on visual information.
2. Aural or Audio
The aural mode is focused on sound
including, but not limited to, music,
sound effects, ambient noises, silence,
tone of voice in spoken language,
volume of sound, emphasis, and
accent.
An example of an aural mode — one
that depends almost exclusively on
sound
— might be the recording of a public
speech that was delivered orally to
a live audience, such as President
Rodrigo Roa Duterte “ State of the
Nations Address
2020” This speech exemplifies the
aural mode.
3. Gestural
The gestural mode “refers to the
way movement is interpreted.
Facial expressions, hand gestures,
body language, and interaction
between people are all gestural
modes.
4. Linguistic (or Alphabetic)
The linguistic mode refers to written or
spoken words. The mode includes
word choice, the delivery of written or
spoken text, the organization of words
into sentences and paragraphs, and
the development and coherence of
words and ideas.
5. Spatial
The spatial mode, as the name
implies, refers to the arrangement of
elements in space. It involves the
organization of items and the physical
closeness between people and objects.
8. Deliver a Prepared or Impromptu
on an Issue Employing the
Techniques in Public Speaking
Public speaking- Basically, it's a
presentation that is given live in front
of an audience. Public speaking can
cover a wide variety of different topics.
The goal is to educate, entertain, or
influence the
listeners. Often, visual aids in the form
of an electronic slideshow are used to
supplement the speech and make it
more interesting to the listeners.
A public speaking presentation is
different from an online presentation
because the online presentation may
be viewed and/or listened to at the
viewer's convenience, while a public
speech is typically limited to a specific
time or place.
13 Effective Public Speaking
Techniques
1. Care About Your Topic
The audience can tell if you're
apathetic. If you don't care, they won't
care either.
1. Remember Your Speaking Goal
identify the reason why you're speaking.
Make it a point to stick to this goal
during your presentation. Don't get
sidetracked or off- topic.
 Many experts feel you should dress
according to how your audience
1. Support Your Main Points dresses. If the audience is dressed
Every point you make in your speech formally, you don't want to show up in
needs to be supported with either an shorts and a tee shirt. Likewise, if the
audience is wearing shorts and a tee
example, an illustration, or facts. When
shirt, don't dress formally.
you're supporting a point, it's best to be
as specific as you can. 1. Avoid Awkward Fillers
"Um," "uh," "like." We all slip these
1. Use Presentation Tools Wisely
filler words into our conversations
To better engage your audience, learn
without even realizing it. But overuse
how to use the more advanced features
of these words during a professional
of your tool.
speech can make you sound less than
1. Use a Professional Template confident.
Your presentation design affects how
1. Use Gestures (But Don't Overdo)
your audience perceives you. Even if
Hand gestures and even taking a few
you've memorized your speech, give it
steps across the stage can be good
perfectly, and have the most amazing
public speaking techniques as long as
topic--your audience might still judge
they're natural, purposeful, and not
you negatively if your presentation
overdone.
design is sloppy and unprofessional.
1. Allow a Q & A
1. Practice Your Speech
You can prepare for a Q & A session by
The old saying, "practice makes
creating your own list of questions and
perfect," really is true when it comes
possible objections that audience
to developing effective speaking skills.
members may have (with answers).
The more you practice your speech,
Study the list carefully so that you're
the more familiar it will be to you and
familiar with it. If someone does bring
the more comfortable you'll be giving
up a point that you hadn't thought of,
it.
don't panic. They don't expect you
1. Relax! to know everything.
try to relax if you can. You'll be more
comfortable, and the audience will
relate to you better too.
1. Pace Yourself
But talking too fast makes it harder
for your listeners to understand what
you're saying. Effective public
speakers know to pace themselves.
They'll speak at a natural pace and
work short, natural pauses into their
speech.
1. Add Visual Aids
To be effective, your visual aid must
be of high-quality and easily visible to
all members of your audience. Avoid
incorporating sloppy graphics into a
slide presentation. Likewise, don't
hold up a visual aid that's physically
too small for those listening to see and
words are crowded in a slide.
1. Dress Comfortably, But
Professionally