CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

In the chapter of “Research Methodology”, the Research Methodology

outlines the researcher's choice of the research approach in the initial section. This

segment provides a comprehensive overview of the research design, including the

framework and structure employed. Additionally, the subsequent section emphasizes

the selected research method, specifically the Quantitative approach as per

determined in chapter 1. Following this, attention is directed towards defining and

establishing the population and sampling criteria, culminating in the creation of the

survey questionnaire. The aim of every question the researcher develops is to

accomplish all of the objectives for the research that were established in Chapter

One. In conclusion, the last section of this chapter outlines the data analysis

technique as well as the framework for the result report.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

A research plan that navigates all important decisions relevant to research

methodology is referred to as “Research Design”. A research design is developed to

maintain a professional standard in the research conduct and minimize the difficulties

in the research process. Establishing a meticulous and fitting framework is a crucial

and essential part of the investigation process for any thesis, dissertation, document,
(Sidharth, 2023)
or proposal .
 According to McCombes (2021), research design is the systematic and

orderly planning methodology used to achieve the goals of the research from the

beginning to the end. The implementation of research design can improve the

researcher’s understanding of the research aim, ensuring alignment with the expected

trajectory towards achieving the final objective. This involves making decisions

regarding the research objective, selecting the appropriate research methodology,

determining the sampling strategy, and planning for data collection and analysis
(McCombes, 2021)
.

This current research will be assessing the impacts of retention money’s

impacts on SME contractor cash flow and the subsequent impacts on the project

performance in the context of PAM contract in Malaysia construction industry. Three

(3) steps have been planned for this research: Step 1 is a systematic review of the

literature. The following step: Step 2 is the creation of the methodology and survey

questionnaire; and the final step: Step 3 is the analysis, interpretation, and conclusion
(Taherdoost, 2022)
of the findings . The comprehensive framework of research design

for this paper is depicted as shown in the diagram below.

Stage 1: Systematic Literature Review (5 Steps)

Step 1: Look for suitable sources for identifying the most requested technology to be
studied in the research.
-Keywords used when searching for sources: “Retention Money, SME Contractor, Cash
Flow, Project Performance, PAM Construction Contracts
-A total of 85 papers are studied.
-Frequency analysis is carried out and Retention Money is indicated the common
challenges to contractors’ cash flow and project performance.
 Figure xx: Research Design Framework

Figure xx: Research Design Framework (Cont’d)

Step 2: Determine research problems in order to formulate research questions and

objectives.
-Research problem: Negative impacts of retention money on SME contractors’ cash flow
and the subsequent impacts on project performance and the potential strategies to
minimize the impacts of retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and its
subsequent impacts on project performance

Step 3: Formulate Research Questions and Research Objectives

Research Questions: Research Objectives:

1. Does the practice of retention 1. To examine how retention money

money in accordance to PAM
contract, affect the cash flow of the
SME contractors in Malaysia?
2. What are the impacts on project
performances subsequent to the
practice of retention money?
3. What are the potential strategies to
minimize the impacts of retention
money practice on SME contractors’
cash flow and its subsequent impacts
on project performance?
practice of PAM contract impacts the
cash flow of SME contractors in
Malaysia construction industry.
2. To investigate the impacts on
project performances subsequent to
the practice of retention money
practice of PAM contract in Malaysia
construction industry.
3. To identify the potential strategies
to minimize the impacts of retention
money practice of PAM contracts on
SME contractors’ cash flow and its
subsequent impacts on the project
performance.

Step 4: Analysis of existing study on impacts of Retention Money on contractor’s cash

flow and the subsequent impacts on project performance

Step 5: Assembling and summarizing the studied evidences

(The impacts of retention money on contractor’s cash flow are grouped; The subsequent
impacts of retention money on project performance are grouped)
 Figure xx: Research Design Framework (Cont’d)

Stage 2: Methodology and Questionnaire Design (3 Steps)

Step 1: Choosing the appropriate Research Methodology

-Quantitative Method is adopted
-Data Collection Technique: Questionnaire (Survey)

Step 2: Determining the Population and Sampling for this research.

-Targeted Population: 30 respondents
-Targeted Respondents: SME contractor (G1-G5)

Step 3: Development of Survey Questionnaire

-Questionnaire (consisting of 6 main sections) is designed to gather data for achieving the
research objectives.

Stage 3: Data Analysis, Results and Conclusion

Step 1: Data Collection

-Survey questionnaire distribution platform: WhatsApp, Telegram, Phone Call, LinkedIn

Step 2: Data Analysis

-Frequency Analysis Method adopted

Step 3: Report and Conclusion

-Summarize and draw conclusions from the research's findings.
-Point out the limitation of this research and recommendation for future research
 Before commencing the research, a systematic literature review was

undergone in five (5) stages to obtain comprehensive information and understanding

related to the study, ensuring a more precise outcome. Initially, the goal was to

identify the impacts of retention money practice on cash flow of SME contractors.

The review encompassed papers such as journal articles, conference proceedings,

and published e-books from 1976 to 2023. The keywords used for searching reading

materials from Google Scholar are “Retention Money”, “SME Contractor”, “Cash

Flow”, “Project Performance”, and “PAM Construction Contract”.

Eighty-five (85) research have highlighted the impacts of retention money

practice on contractors’ cash flow in the context of Malaysia and other countries,

determined through frequency analysis. This approach aimed to ensure impartial

findings and identify the impacts of retention money practice on contractors’ cash

flow before delving into a detailed discussion. With the impacts of retention money

practice on contractors' cash flow as the research’s focal point, research problems

were identified in the third step, shaping research questions and objectives,

addressing issues such as the impacts of retention money practice on contractors’

cash flow, along with its subsequent impacts on the construction project

performances. Recognizing a gap in understanding the challenges perceived by the

SME contractors, research questions and objectives were formulated to explore the

impacts of retention money practice in the context of PAM contract on SME

contractors’ cash flow and its subsequent impacts on the construction project

performance in Malaysia construction industry.

The fourth step involved an examination of existing studies, aiming to

provide the existing impacts of retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash

flow. Subsequently, these impacts were grouped into bankruptcy, increase in

contractor’s debt, difficulties in procuring materials and equipment, and working

capital constraint as part of the final step. Simultaneously, the subsequent impacts of

retention money on project performance were also grouped into five aspects: project

delay, quality challenges and limitation, cost overrun, decreased in productivity in

construction workers, and risk of project abandonment. In summary, the initial phase

of the systematic literature review, comprising five steps, establishes the groundwork

for this research and fulfills the primary objective of examining how retention money

practice of PAM contract impacts the cash flow of SME contractors in Malaysia

construction industry.

In stage two, which focuses on Methodology and Survey Questionnaire

Design involving three (3) steps Initially, the researcher decides on a quantitative

research method utilizing an online structured survey questionnaire, chosen for its

efficiency in gathering data and obtaining prompt feedback from targeted

(Gumusburun Ayalp & Çivici, 2023).
respondents, as recommended by

Subsequently, the research population and sampling are determined, with a goal of

30 respondents. Finally, a questionnaire with six (6) main sections is developed as

the key tool for the quantitative research study, following the approach outlined by
(Sanda et al., 2021).

The concluding stage of this research involves Data Analysis, Results, and

Conclusion. The developed questionnaire is distributed to the predetermined target

population through a Google Form link, shared via direct messages on WhatsApp

and LinkedIn. Using the collected primary data, the researcher will employ the

Frequency Analysis Method for thorough data analysis. Following this, the

condensed data is presented, and research conclusions are drawn. Recommendations

and limitations of the study are also identified in this stage.

3.2 RESEARCH METHOD: QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

Quantitative research is a research methodology selected for this study that

involves systematically investigating issues using statistical or numerical data. This

approach relies on numerical representation and manipulation of observations to

describe and explain phenomena, allowing for measurement, trend identification, and

correlation analysis in data. Apart from that, quantitative research is widely

employed across various disciplines, including natural and social sciences such as

physics, biology, psychology, sociology, and geology. In essence, it focuses on

collecting and analysing numerical data to draw conclusions and make informed
(Sukamolson, n.d; Watson, 2013)
interpretations about the researched phenomena .

Next, quantitative research can be structured in two main forms: experimental

and non-experimental designs. Quantitative research by design involves the use of

data collected from experiments, which may include true-experimental and quasi

observation. Non-experimental design of research method, on the other hand,

includes obtaining data used to describe subjects; compare situations and establish

trends for the information. Some non-experimental quantitative research designs are
(Voxco, n.d.)
descriptive, comparative and correlational .

This study utilizes a quantitative approach, involving the gathering of

responses through a questionnaire survey to understand the perceptions of various

construction players regarding the challenges they face. The decision to employ a

quantitative approach was made after considering factors such as the study's purpose,

research questions, objectives, and the overall nature of the research. Specifically, a

non-experimental quantitative research design has been chosen for a more detailed

investigation.
 The non-experimental descriptive research is chosen to effectively serve the

study's objectives by comprehensively understanding the landscape of challenges of

retention money practice on contractors’ cash flow and the project performance in the

construction industry. The questions in this study predominantly aim to explore

"What is," and through the collection of descriptive data, the researcher can acquire

enhanced insights and formulate potential suggestions to address challenges in the

(Marshall & Jonker, 2010)
construction sector .

In addition, this study uses the questionnaire or survey method an alternative

that is preferable by many in quantitative research. This is because a survey involves

the utilization of relevant questions that can be sent through different avenues such as

mail, phone calls, face to face interviews or self-administered online methods to

obtain primary data. This method is chosen to address the research objectives and

answer the research questions appropriately. Opting for a quantitative approach for

numeric data collection is preferred, since the objective of this research is to gather

substantial data on the impacts of retention money on SME contractors’ cash flow

and project performance in the context of PAM contract. This is because quantitative

approach allows for the representation of numerical data in table or charts,

facilitating comprehensive interpretation. Unlike qualitative methods, quantitative

approaches excel in collecting information from larger sample sizes. Moreover, the

questionnaire’s design adopted closed-end structures, encourages respondents to

choose from predefined answers, streamlining the data analysis process and saving
(Sukamolson, n.d.)
time for the researcher .

Hasmori et al. (2012) and Sambasivan & Soon (2007) both adopted the
Hasmori et al.’s (2012)
quantitative approach in their research. In research, a closed-

ended survey was conducted for the quantitative study, and they successfully
obtained responses from a total of two hundred and sixty-four (264) respondents

while investigating issues of late and non-payment among contractors in Malaysia.

The researcher recognized that the adoption of a quantitative method eased and
(Hasmori et al., 2012)
streamlined the data analysis process .

In addition, Sambasivan & Soon (2007) also employed quantitative approach

in his research on the causes and effects of delays in Malaysia construction industry.

In sum, adopting quantitative approach enables the readers to comprehend the

study’s findings through the descriptive statistics provided by the researcher

(Sambasivan & Soon, 2007)
.

3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLING

In broad terms, population refers to the assembly of individuals living in a

given locality, town, or nation. Specifically, within the realm of statistics, the

statistical population denotes the group of entities that captures the researcher's

interest for study. In such instances, populations may represent a collective of

individuals, organizations, or items sharing common attributes. Researchers leverage

the population to make deductions and formulate conclusions

(Lagares Barreiro & Puerto Albandoz, 2001)
. Populations can be divided into two groups which are the

target population and the accessible population. The target population consists of

individuals with similar characteristics that align with the study's interests, while the

accessible population is a more specific subset narrowed down by the researcher,

often limited by organizational or institutional factors

(Shantikumar & Barratt, 2018)
.

In this context, the target population for the study are the SME contractors in

Malaysia construction industry. Moreover, to enhance the accuracy of data collection,

a special requirement is established for the research population which is the

respondents must from SME contractor company that have been handling

construction project involving the retention money practice in the context of PAM

contract for at least 3 completed projects.

It is impractical to conduct a questionnaire survey on the entire population.

As a result, the researcher employs a sampling strategy to select certain individuals

who can accurately represent the entire community. This is critical due to the

difficulties of gathering replies from everyone, and by selecting a small group of

people, it hopes to act as a representative sample for the greater population. In

general, sampling methods are classified into two types: probability sampling and

non-probability sampling. Probability sampling assures that each object in the

population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample, but non-probability

sampling operates differently, with sample selection not random and potentially
(McCombes, 2019)
biassed, limiting generalization .

Similar to (Abdullah et al., 2018) research, this study implemented Purposive

Abdullah et al. (2018)
Sampling, a type of non-probability sampling. has adopted

purposive sampling in the research to assess the validity of technical competencies

across various contractor categories and grades/sizes. Purposive sampling is a non-

probability sampling technique particularly advantageous for investigating specific

cultural domains involving knowledgeable experts. Its effectiveness stems from the

intentional selection of participants, and it remains resilient even when compared to

random probability sampling methods. The success of this approach relies heavily on

the careful selection of a purposive sample, emphasizing the importance of securing

reliable and competent informants to ensure the quality of the gathered data
(Tongco, 2007)
. The group of contractors with grade from G1 to G5 serves as the unit of

analysis in this approach, as the research seeks to investigate their viewpoints on the
impacts of retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and construction

project performance and also the potential strategies to minimize the impacts of

retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and its subsequent impacts

on the project performance in the context of PAM contract.

Up to January of 2024, the official website of CIDB has shown that the there
(CIDB, 2024)
is a total amount of 12027 registered contractors with grade G1 to G5

The statistic of registered contractors with grade G1 to G5 has been implemented for

assisting the calculation of sample size for this research. The table below shows the

latest statistics of the registered contractors with grade G1 to G5.

Table 8: Statistics of Registered G1 to G5 Contractors

Contractor Grade Number of registered contractors

G1 6651

G2 2276

G3 1773

G4 559

G5 768

Total 12027

Since the target population for this research exceed 10000, the formulae
Pourhoseingholi et al. (2013)
suggested and demonstrated by in his research is being

adopted to calculate the sample size for this research.

 2
Z P (1−P)
n= d²

Where:
n= desired sample size
Z= standard normal deviate; usually set at 1.96 (or~2) which correspond to 95% of
confidence level
p= proportion in the target population estimated to have a particular characteristic. If
there is no reasonable estimate, use 50%
1-p= proportion in the target population not having the characteristic
d= degree of accuracy required, usually set at 0.05 level (occasionally at 2.0)

Calculation:

n=(1.962)(0.5)(0.5)/(0.05)²

n=385

Upon the calculation of the sample size, the expected sample size is 385.

Hence, in this scenario, the structured questionnaire designed for this study will be

distributed to 385 construction professionals using Google Form through WhatsApp,

LinkedIn, and Telegram. For WhatsApp and Telegram, respondents receive an

invitation through both direct messages and the Google Form link. On LinkedIn, one

noteworthy benefit is the opportunity to assess the background of potential

respondents by reviewing their profiles before extending the survey invitation.

3.4 QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

A questionnaire serves as a valuable research instrument, incorporating a set

of questions or prompts to gather information from respondents. Striking a balance

between close-ended and open-ended questions, it offers numerous advantages,

including efficient data collection, minimized bias, and quick, cost-effective

surveying through online platforms. In this research which utilizes quantitative

approach, structured questionnaires are developed, which collect quantitative data,

are carefully planned to validate hypotheses, and ensure precision. Close-ended

questions and multiple-choice questions for diverse responses are adopted.

Moreover, scaling questions are also included providing nuanced answers, while

pictorial questions enhance engagement. The developed questionnaires will then be

distributed via email or online platforms, offer anonymity and comply with data
(Bhat, 2019)
security regulations .

The questionnaire was crafted to delve into the perspectives of diverse

participants in the construction sector, examining their views on the impacts of

retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and project performance in

the context of PAM contract in Malaysia construction industry and also the potential

strategies to minimize the impacts of retention money practice. Furthermore, the

questionnaire was structured with closed-ended queries, directing respondents to

choose responses according to their experiences and viewpoints. Unlike open-ended

queries, closed-end questions simplify the process of gathering feedback, catering to

a larger group of respondents. While these questions restrict respondents from

offering detailed explanations, they enhance accuracy by necessitating the selection

of the most fitting response from a spectrum of options, ranging from "strongly
(Bhat, 2019).
agree" to "strongly disagree"

Online questionnaires are used to collect raw data and information in this

research. Generally, this questionnaire solely consists of closed-ended questions. The

questionnaire includes six (6) sections that are carefully developed to align with the

research goals. The table below summarizes the research objectives in the first

column, question formulation with references to Chapter Two: Literature Review in

the second column to answer research questions addressed and indicating the types

of questions. Lastly, the third column describes variables and specifies the sources of

the designed questions.

Table 9: Questionnaire Design

Research Objectives Questions and Scale Used Variables/ Source

Section 1: Introduction

Self-Develop

Section 2: Initial Screening of

Respondents

1. CIDB Grade
2. Number of employees Adapt & Modify
3. Tendering capacity
4. Paid-up capital Mohamed et al.
5. Types of Standard Form of (2018)
Contract Used
(PWD/PAM/FIDIC…)

Section 3: Retention Money

Practice based on the types of
PAM contracts used
6. Types of PAM Contract Adapt & Modify
used
7. Number of projects Mohamed et al.
completed under PAM (2018)
contract
8. Self-ranking on the impacts
of retention money practice
of PAM contract on cash
flow
 Section 4: Impacts of Retention
Money Practice on SME
contractors’ cash flow in the
context of PAM Contract

9. Linkert Scale Question

Objective 1: *Linkert Scale (1-5) 1(Strongly
To examine how Disagree);2(Disagree);3(Neutral);
4(Agree);5(Strongly Agree)
retention money Adapt & Modify
a. Bankruptcy Question Structure
practice of PAM
b. Increased in Contractor’s
contract impacts the Debt Chadee et al.
c. Difficulties in Procuring (2023)
cash flow of SME
Materials and Equipment De-graft Owusu
contractors in d. Working Capital Constraint (2011)
Wong et al. (2010)
Malaysia construction
industry.

Section 5: Impacts on Project

Objective 2: Performances Subsequent to the
To investigate the Retention Money Practice of
PAM contract
impacts on project
performances 10. Linkert Scale Question
Adapt & Modify
*Linkert Scale (1-5) 1(Strongly
subsequent to the Disagree);2(Disagree);3(Neutral); Question Structure

practice of retention 4(Agree);5(Strongly Agree) Tarawneh et al.

money practice of (2023)
a. Project Delay
Unegbu et al.
PAM contract in b. Quality Challenges and
(2023)
Limitation
Malaysia construction c. Cost Overrun
industry. d. Decreased Productivity in
Construction Worker
e. Risk on Project
Abandonment
Objective 3: Section 6: Potential Strategies to Adapt
Minimize the Negative Impact of (Raina, 2015b)
To study the strategies
Retention Money on Contractor’s
to minimize the Cash Flow and Project
Performance
negative impact of
 11. Linkert Scale Question
retention money on *Linkert Scale (1-5) 1(Strongly
Disagree);2(Disagree);3(Neutral);
contractor's cash flow 4(Agree);5(Strongly Agree)
and project
a. Escrow Account
performance. b. Retention Bonds
c. Line-Item Releases

In sum, based on the designated questionnaire, Section 1 (Introduction) is

designed aims to build trust by providing essential information such as the

interviewer's details, the interview subject, assurances of privacy, a time estimate for

the survey, consent if needed, and an invitation for the respondent to participate. The

following sections, Section 2 (Initial Screening of Respondents) and Section 3

(Retention Money Practice based on types of PAM contract used) are designed to

identify the SME contractors who used PAM contract as the standard form of

contract. Next, Section 4 of this questionnaire addresses Objective 1 by examining

the impacts of retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow in the context

of PAM contract. The Section 5 of this questionnaire fulfils the Objective 2 by

exploring respondents’ perceptions on the subsequent impacts of retention money on

project performance. Section 4 and Section 5 draw on major topics from the

Literature Review. Lastly, Section 6, which is inspired by the Literature Review,

targeted to achieve Objective 3 by identifying the potential strategies to minimize the

negative impact of retention money on contractor's cash flow and project

performance. The table below shows the summary of research objectives and the

section related to the survey.

 Table 9: Research Objectives and Sections Related

Research Objectives Section

Objective 1:
To examine how retention money practice of PAM contract
impacts the cash flow of SME contractors in Malaysia Section 4
construction industry.

Objective 2:
To investigate the impacts on project performances subsequent
to the practice of retention money practice of PAM contract in Section 5
Malaysia construction industry.

Objective 3:
To study the strategies to minimize the negative impact of
retention money on contractor's cash flow and project Section 6
performance.

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS

The survey findings were examined using the frequency analysis method, a

common quantitative research approach applied in diverse scientific fields and social

measurement contexts. This method is favoured for its straightforwardness in

assessing behaviours and aspects of quantitative data. The initial stage involves

determining the frequency of each operation, with segmented codes tallied during

protocol analysis. Furthermore, various statistics, such as averages and standard

(Research Optimus, n.d.)
deviations, can be derived for each procedure .

Adopting frequency analysis is the most direct method for the researcher to

conduct a diverse range of statistical tests, entailing averages, percentages, or other

relevant statistics based on the research objectives in this research. In term of

specific, utilizing the frequency analysis method involves initially obtaining the

number of respondents for each questionnaire item. For example, the analysis of

background of respondents (found in Sections 1) utilized descriptive frequency

analysis to gather the frequency and percentage of respondents who answered related

questions in these sections. Moving on to the analysis of results in Sections 4 and 5

of the questionnaires, aimed at ranking impacts of retention money practice on SME

contractors’ cash flow and its subsequent impacts on project performance, then the

mean value is calculated to derive the outcome. Finally, in Section 6, frequency

analysis is employed to pinpoint the most effective strategies to minimize the impacts

of retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and its subsequent impact

on the project performance.

In addition to frequency analysis, the research also utilizes Descriptive

statistics for summarizing data in the research on the impact of retention money

practices on SME contractors in the Malaysian construction industry and also the

potential strategies to minimize the impacts of retention money on the project

performance. To examine the impacts of retention money practice of PAM contract

on SME contractor’s cash flow, measures like mean, median, and standard deviation

are employed to understand central tendencies and variability. Similarly, for

investigating the subsequent impacts of retention money practice of PAM contracts

on the project performances, descriptive statistics, and graphical representations aid

in illustrating the distribution of outcomes. Comparative analyses between

contractors with different grade/sizes and correlation studies explore relationships

between variables. Additionally, the identification of potential strategies involves the

use of descriptive statistics to summarize quantitative insights. By integrating these

statistical approaches, the analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of how

retention money practices influence cash flow, project performance, and the

formulation of potential strategies for SME contractors to minimize the impacts of

retention money practice on their cash flow and the project performance in the

context of PAM contracts.

3.6 CHAPTER OUTLINE

This chapter provides insight into the methodology of research that was

selected by the researchers to carry out this study and meet its goals in an effective

manner. The research design comprises three stages: Stage 1 (systematic literature

review), Stage 2 (methodology and survey questionnaire design), and Stage 3 (data

analysis, results and conclusion. This well-structured framework gives clarity to the

researcher and reader about how the study progressed.

In this study, the research approach applied is quantitative because it involves

gathering responses from different stakeholders in the construction industry. For this

reason, a well-designed questionnaire divided into six parts corresponding to the

research objectives defined in Chapter One has been developed. The study selects

Purposive Sampling as the chosen type of non-probability sampling to ensure a

complete understanding. The unit of analysis is the group of SME contractors in

Malaysia construction industry, intended to study their view about the impacts of

retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and its subsequent impact

on project performance and also the potential strategies to minimize the impacts of

retention money practice on SME contractors’ cash flow and its subsequent impact

on project performance in the context of PAM contracts.

 Lastly, a customized questionnaire will be administered to three-hundred and

eighty-five (385) SME contractors (contractors with grade from G1 to G5) through

WhatsApp, Telegram and LinkedIn using Google Form. The primary data gathered

from this survey will be analysed using the Frequency Analysis Method and

Descriptive Statistics Method. The following chapter shall contain a more in-depth

analysis of the results gleaned from information collected from the survey

distribution.
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