Figure 2.

1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

YUMS APP

2.1
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was firstYUMS
introduced
APPin the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.2
Note

ISO is the organization.

YUMS APP
OSI is the model.

2.3
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

YUMS APP

2.4
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

YUMS APP

2.5
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

YUMS APP

2.6
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

YUMS APP
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.7
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

YUMS APP

2.8
Note

The physical layerYUMS APP for movements of

is responsible
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.9
• Type of transmission media
• Data rate
• Topology
YUMS APP
• Transmission mode
• Synchronization of clock

2.10
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

YUMS APP

2.11
Note

YUMS
The data link layer APP for moving
is responsible
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.12
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow control
YUMS APP
• Error control
• Access control

2.13
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

YUMS APP

2.14
Figure 2.8 Network layer

YUMS APP

2.15
Note

The network YUMS APP

layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.16
• Logical addressing
• Routing

YUMS APP

2.17
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

YUMS APP

2.18
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

YUMS APP

2.19
Note

YUMS
The transport layer APP for the delivery
is responsible
of a message from one process to another.

2.20
• Service-point addressing
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control
YUMS APP
• Flow control
• Error control

2.21
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

YUMS APP

2.22
Figure 2.12 Session layer

YUMS APP

2.23
Note

YUMS
The session layer APP for dialog
is responsible
control and synchronization.

2.24
• dialog control (turn to transmit)
• Synchronization (introducing check point)

YUMS APP

2.25
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

YUMS APP

2.26
Note

YUMS
The presentation layer APP for translation,
is responsible
compression, and encryption.

2.27
• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression
YUMS APP

2.28
Figure 2.14 Application layer

YUMS APP

2.29
Note

YUMS
The application layerAPP
is responsible for
providing services to the user.

2.30
• File transfer, access, and management.
• Mail services

YUMS APP

2.31
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

YUMS APP

2.32
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite YUMS
is madeAPPof five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.33
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

YUMS APP

2.34
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

YUMS APP
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.35
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

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2.36
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

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2.37
 Comparison of the OSI and
TCP/IP Reference Models
❑ Functionality of the layers is roughly similar

Concepts central to OSI model

• Services : The service definition
YUMStells what the layer does, not how
APP
entities above it access it . It defines the layer's semantics.
• Interfaces : tells the processes above it how to access it. It specifies
what the parameters are and what results to expect
• Protocols: the layer's own business.
 Comparison of the OSI and
TCP/IP Reference Models
❑ OSI reference model was devised before the corresponding protocols
were invented. This ordering means that the model was not biased
toward one particular set of protocols
❑ the protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of
the existing protocols
❑ Number of layers: the OSI YUMS
model hasAPP
seven layers and the TCP/IP has
four layers.
❑ The TCP/IP model has only one mode in the network layer
(connectionless) but supports both modes in the transport layer,