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25 Causes of impairment
YUMS APP
3.1
Attenuation
3.2
Measurement of Attenuation
3.3
Figure 3.26 Attenuation
YUMS APP
3.4
Example 3.26
3.6
Example 3.28
3.7
Figure 3.27 Decibels for Example 3.28
YUMS APP
3.8
Example 3.29
Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
3.9
Example 3.30
3.10
Distortion
◼ Means that the signal changes its form or
shape
◼ Distortion occurs in composite signals
◼ Each frequency component
YUMS APPhas its own
propagation speed traveling through a
medium.
◼ The different components therefore arrive
with different delays at the receiver.
◼ That means that the signals have different
phases at the receiver than they did at the
source.
3.11
Figure 3.28 Distortion
YUMS APP
3.12
Noise
◼ There are different types of noise
◼ Thermal - random noise of electrons in the
wire creates an extra signal
◼ Crosstalk - same as above
YUMS APP but between
two wires.
◼ Impulse - Spikes that result from power
lines, lighning, etc.
◼ Induced
3.13
Figure 3.29 Noise
YUMS APP
3.14
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
3.15
Example 3.31
Solution
YUMS
The values of SNR and APPcan be calculated as
SNRdB
follows:
3.16
Example 3.32
YUMS APP
3.17
Figure 3.30 Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
YUMS APP
3.18
Performance
◼ Throughput- How fast data can pass through a point.
Throughput is the number of bits that can pass through
transmission media in one second.
3.20
◼ Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate
◼ For a noiseless channel, the Nyquist bit
rate formula defines the theoretical
YUMS APP
maximum bit rate
3.21
◼ Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity
◼ In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel; the
channel is always noisy.
◼ Claude Shannon introduced a formula, called the
Shannon capacity, toYUMS APP
determine the
◼ theoretical highest data rate for a noisy channel:
◼ Capacity =bandwidth X log2 (1 +SNR)
3.22
Example 3.34(Nyquist theorem)
YUMS APP
3.23
◼ Consider an extremely noisy channel in
which the value of SNR is almost zero. In
other words, the noise is so strong that
the signal is faint.
YUMSForAPP
this channel, the
capacity is calculated as:
◼ C= B log2 (1+S/N)
◼ =B log2(1+0)
◼ =B log2 1= B * 0= 0
3.24
Numerical
3.25
Ans
C= B log2 (1+S/N)
3.26