GEOPHYSICAL METHODS

LEARNING EXPERIENCE 1P

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

Ingeniería Petrolera
Docente: Karla Anahy Castro Lavariega

Equipo #3. Integrantes:

Eder Adrián González Pérez - 4738495
Santana Mejía Arturo – 4738543
Vázquez Torres Eduardo- 4714756
Semestre: 6 Grupo: 6510

07 de febrero, 2023

1
 Agenda
• Agenda
• Objective
• Introduction
• Seismic data processing
• Pre – staking treatments
• Stacking treatments
• Post – staking treatments
• Conclusion
• References

2
 Objectives

To understand the importance of seismic data processing,

besides the stages and steps involved, in addition the operation
of each of them.

3
 Introducción

Exploratory studies are often carried out in the Petroleum Industry with the aim of
finding potentially profitable prospects. The result of these studies, especially the
seismic, must be subjected to seismic data processing, which is a fundamental
part since it allows for a high-quality resolution on the subsoil.

4
Seismic data processing.

5
 Seismic data processing
The same algorithms, including the same software, are used in shallow seismic data processing
as in deep seismic. In particular, this report has been developed with a commercial software
package (PROMAX, V.7; Landmark Inc.) widely used in oil exploration seismic processing.

Pic.1 Seismic Data Processing

6
 Conventional data processing
sequence
From the moment field data (seismic records) are entered into a workstation the processing
sequence begins to unfold. According to Yilmaz, there are three stages in data processing:

Pre - stack
• Stage where one of the most significant operations is deconvolution.

Stack
• stage with speed analysis as a fundamental point.

Post - stack
• Migration being one of the final algorithms applied.

7
 Conventional data processing
sequence

Pic. 2 Basic sequence of reflection seismic data processing 8

Pre-stacking treatments.

9
 Pre-stacking treatments.
Storage
Field data are recorded in different types of formats, which must be compatible with the
software used.

Standard formats for seismically acquired data:

• SEG-2 for surface seismic
• SEG-Y for deep seismic; among others.

Definition and establishment of geometry

The coordinates (X, Y, Z) of each of the stations (sources and receivers) are correctly defined,
as well as some other characteristics such as offset and deviation, among others.

10
 Pre-stacking treatments
Editing records

During data acquisition, great care is taken to ensure that the seismic recording is of high quality since this part of
the processing is the most important part of the entire data processing flow, as the subsequent results will depend
on good isolation of reflections.

Most significant stages of this step:

➢ Trace elimination: Tracings with noise or bad connections are totally or partially excluded.

➢ Change of polarity : Some traces often show polarity changes due to site effects or exchange of connections.

➢ Readings of the first arrivals : In reflection seismic, these readings are used to calculate static corrections.
In surface seismic, the set of these readings is also used to calculate the refraction velocity field and thus obtain a
first model of the subsurface.

11
 Pre-stacking treatments
EXAMPLES

Pic. 3 Field example, where traces with a high noise content are observed.
Pic. 4 Field example, reading first arrivals

12
 Pre-stacking treatments

Filter application

The purpose of filtering is to remove noise and highlight reflection events. Filters generally
operate on the basis of the frequency and amplitude of the traces.

➢ Spectral analysis : Spectral analyses of the logs are used to choose the filter types and
their parameters.

➢ Filter F-K : This type of filter is useful to eliminate coherent noise with a linear trend. It is
also known as a velocity filter because in the space in which it operates (wavenumber,
frequency), the different events are discriminated because they are aligned according to
straight lines whose slopes define the different velocities.

13
 Pre-stacking treatments
EXAMPLES

Pic. 5 Analysis of spatial frequencies. (a) Field record. (b) Spectrum in the F-K space Pic. 6 Effect on the recording after filtering by wave number and frequency the
where the most significant events have been marked events attributed to noise (GR, A and D).

14
Stacking treatments.

15
 Common Mid Point (CMP)

In multichannel seismic acquisition, the

common midpoint (CMP) is the point on the
surface, halfway between source and receiver,
that is shared by numerous source-receiver
pairs. Such redundancy between source-
receiver pairs improves the quality of seismic
data when the data are stacked. (SLB, 2020)

Pic. 7 Common Mid Point

 Common Mid Point (CMP)
It consists of going from the source-receiver domain to the common midpoint domain -
offset,(xm, h) these points are calculated by the relationship xm = (g + s)/2 and h = (g − s)/2 ,
where g = (xg, yg) are the coordinates of the receiver and s = (xs, ys) are the coordinates of the
sources.

Pic. 8 Common Mid Point

 Normal Move Out (NMO)

The Dynamic Correction (NMO) consists of taking all the oblique trajectories, of a CMP family, to
the vertical, that is, assuming that the source and the receiver are in the same station.

Pic. 9 Normal Move Out

 Speed analysis

The process of calculating the seismic velocity, usually using common

midpoint data, in order to better process the seismic data.

Speed ​or stacking speed can be calculated from the normal overtime by
distance, or from the change in arrival time produced by the distance between
sources and receivers.
 Stacking Treatments
The sum of all the CMP traces that are the result of all the previous steps is performed. This
process represents an image of the reflectors present in the subsoil in zero offset and double
time mode.

Pic. 10 Stacking treatments

Post-stacking treatments.

21
 Post-stacking processes treatments:

Post-stack processing includes

deconvolution to recover high frequencies
lost during stacking and to suppress reverbs
and short-period multiples. A band pass filter
is also often applied to eliminate the noise
associated with low and high frequencies
generated (and/or residual) in the stack.

Pic. 11 Geostatistical inversion of seismic amplitudes.

 Post-stacking processes treatments:

This is a process that is applied to correct the diffractions that occur in a seismic section due to a sudden relief from a
reflector. The main algorithms are found in two migrations:

• The Kirchhoff Migration:

This is based on the integral solution of the wave equation. The response to a diffraction point is a hyperbola defined
by a certain velocity and therefore the sum over its inverse places the diffraction in phase.
• Stolt's Migration:
It transforms the data to a pseudo-depth domain in order to approximate a constant velocity on earth, then relocates
the energy to the frequency-wavenumber domain by filtering the velocity conversion. The data is then converted back
to the time domain.
 POST-STACK TREATMENTS CONVERSION
TO DEPTH:

The end point of the processing is to provide

a depth reference of these seismic images.
Geologists who are used to working with
seismic sections find it easy to mentally go
from double the time at which a reflector is
detected, to the approximate depth that it
would hit.

Pic. 12 seismic section

 Conclusion

Seismic is one of the most used geophysical methods in the oil industry, because it
generates a clearer image of the subsoil, together with magnetometry and gravimetry.

This is composed of different stages to achieve the desired; after the seismic acquisition,
once you already have the data, we proceed to the processing of seismic data, which is one
of the important stages because in this through several steps, manages to generate the
much desired radiography of the subsoil.
 Referencias bibliográficas

https://repository.eafit.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10784/1403/6marcoTeorico.pdf?sequenc
e=6&isAllowed=y

https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2099.1/3404/41205-9.pdf

https://tesis.ipn.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/15772/An%C3%A1lisis%20de%20la%2
0correcci%C3%B3n%20est%C3%A1tica%20en%20el%20procesamiento%20s%C3%A
Dsmico%20de%20reflexi%C3%B3n.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

https://glossary.slb.com/en/terms/c/common_midpoint