TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
- Transportation Engineering is a field or branch
of Civil Engineering that deals with the
application of technology and specific
principles to planning, functional design,
operation and management of facilities for any
mode of transportation in order to provide
safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods.
Modes of Transportation:
1. By Air
2. By Water
3. By Land
METRO MANILA MAJOR ROAD NETWORK
- The Philippines has a total road length of
about 161,000 km, with an average road
density of 0.53 km/sq km or 2.35 km per 1,000
people.
- There are about 11,500 bridges in the national
network (DPWH 2004).
- Metro Manila comprises sixteen cities and one
Municipality (NSCB 2007). Its land area is
636 sq. km., and it has a population of 10.4
million.
- Metro Manila has a total road length of about
4,800 km. The major arterial roads form
circumferential and radial patterns, although
road expansion is seen toward the north and
south directions.
- Many of the roads have reached their capacity.
Due to traffic congestion, the average travel
speed is estimated to be as low as 14kph, with
roughly one-third of the travel time wasted.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
- The mode of public transportation in Metro
Manila is predominantly road-based,
consisting largely of jeepneys and buses as
primary and secondary routes, and motorized
tricycles and pedicabs for feeder routes.
- The jeepneys cover more than 610 km of the
roads while buses operate mainly on about 350
km of roads (ALMEC Corp. 1999).
- During rush hours, the inadequate provision of
public transportation becomes apparent. Ride-
Sharing Services such as Angkas, Move it, and
Habal, are gaining popularity and high demand
in Metro Manila.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
- Traffic control devices such as traffic signs
and markings generally follow international
standard, the Philippines being a signatory to
the Vienna Convention in 1968. However,
many of the road signs installed conform
neither to color nor shape as provided for in
the standard. The number of traffic signs
installed is generally insufficient (Sigua 2008).
PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES
- Sidewalks are in relatively good condition;
however, many obstructions can be found on
them such as illegal vendors, electrical posts,
etc. With the sidewalk occupied, pedestrians
have to walk on the carriageway.
- There are few overhead pedestrian bridges in
Metro Manila, but some pedestrians still prefer
to cross the road at grade level. Moreover,
pedestrian overpasses are often inaccessible to
the elderly and the handicapped.
VEHICLE REGISTRATION
- The registration of vehicles in the Philippines
is handled by the Land Transportation Office
(LTO), a line agency of the Department of
Transportation and Communications (DOTC).
The table shows the number of vehicles
registered in the Philippines in 2021.
- About 40 percent of the total number of
vehicles are registered in Metro Manila
Motor Vehicles are classified as follows:
➢ Private Vehicles – refers to motor vehicles owned
by private individuals or companies and are not
intended to be used for hire.
➢ For Hire Vehicles – refers to motor vehicles
authorized to be used as public vehicles by virtue of
franchise granted by the LTFRB.
➢ Official/Government Vehicles – refers to motor
vehicles owned by the Government.
➢ Diplomatic Vehicles – refers to vehicles owned by
foreign governments or by their diplomatic officials in
the Philippines
DRIVING LICENSE
The issuing procedure of a driving license is provided
for under the Republic Act (RA) 4136. The LTO has
full responsibility for the issuance of driving licenses.
Three types of driving licenses:
➢ Student Driver’s Permit – the applicant must be at
least sixteen years old and must be physically and
mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle.
➢ Non-professional Driver’s License – the applicant
must be at least seventeen years old and must be a
holder of a valid student permit for at least one month.
He or she must be physically and mentally fit to
operate a motor vehicle and must not be a drug user or
alcoholic.
➢ Professional Driver’s License - the applicant must
be at least eighteen years old and must be a holder of a
valid non-professional license for at least five months.
He or she must be physically and mentally fit to
operate a motor vehicle and must not be a drug user or
alcoholic
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT AND LEGISLATIVE
FRAMEWORK
management group has been reorganized as the traffic
enforcement arm of the PNP covering national roads.
HIGHWAY INTERSECTION
- General area where two or more highways join
or cross. For two or more directional traffic,
perpendicular intersections are the most
desirable. There are three (3) types of
intersection, namely: At-grade, Grade
Separated (without ramps), and Interchange;
➢ At-grade Intersection – the adjoining roads in
a highway intersection exist in the same road level.

➢ Traffic laws are enforced by the Traffic

Management Group (TMG), the traffic division of
each police district, and the LTO. In 1978,
Presidential Decree (PD) 1605 was issued to
centralize enforcement matters in Metro Manila to
the Metro Manila Commission (MMC), now the
Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA).

➢ In Metro Manila, the TMG and the MMDA assist

each other in traffic management, especially when
ongoing infrastructure projects cause heavy
➢ Grade Separated Intersection – the adjoining
congestion.
roads in a highway intersection exist on different
➢ Republic Act 4136, known as the Land road level (1st level and 2nd level).
Transportation and Traffic Code, provides for the
➢ With this type of intersection, greatest
system of registration of motor vehicles, checks on
accessories of vehicles, and defines road traffic rules efficiency, safety, capacity can be attained.
and regulations. ➢ Major roadways can either go under
➢ Commonwealth Act 146, otherwise known as the (underpass) or over (overpass) another road
based on existing topography
Public Service Act, rests on the regulatory body
(LTFRB) the power to compel any public service ➢ Interchange – similar to the previous type of
provider to furnish safe, adequate, and proper service intersection, but with provision of ramps (to
as regards the manner of furnishing the same as well as access other road level).
the maintenance of necessary materials and equipment
➢ It is a system of interconnecting roadways, in
➢ Executive Order (EO) 125 reorganized the then conjunction with one or more grade separations.
Ministry of Transportation and Communications into a
Department and defined its powers and functions,
including the establishment of the Land Transportation
Office as the sectoral agency responsible for
implementing and carrying out policies, rules, and
regulations governing the land transportation system in
the country.

➢ Executive Order 202 created the Land

Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board with
the main function of regulating the land transport
industry pursuant to the Public Service Act.

➢ Republic Act 6975 established the Department of FREEWAY ENTRANCE AND EXIT
Interior and Local Government (DILG), including the
creation of the PNP under which the traffic
➢ It is a part of an interchange where vehicles
from different road level utilizing different design
speed, enter or exit a freeway - also called an
expressway in local setting. (NLEX, CAVITEX,
SCTEX, SLEX, SKYWAY, TPLEX).