Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6. For critically-ill patients, the dynamic compliance is between 30 and mL/cm H2O.
a. 40 c. 60
b. 50 d. 70
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Lung Compliance
7. For critically-ill patients, the static compliance is between 40 and mL/cm H2O.
a. 50 c. 70
b. 60 d. 80
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Lung Compliance
9. occurs when the ventilated alveoli are not adequately perfused by pulmonary circulation.
a. Alveolar deadspace c. Physiologic deadspace
b. Anatomic deadspace d. Arterial deadspace
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Deadspace Ventilation
10. Hypercapnia, which involves an increase in , is the key feature of ventilatory failure.
a. PCO2 c. FIO2
b. PIO2 d. PaCO2
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Ventilatory Failure
11. Which of the following is the difference between tidal volume and deadspace volume?
a. minute alveolar ventilation c. (V/Q) ratio
b. alveolar volume d. physiologic deadspace
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Ventilatory Failure
12. The gas diffusion coefficient for carbon dioxide is times greater than that for oxygen.
a. 10 c. 17
b. 14 d. 19
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Ventilatory Failure
15. Which of the following is a clinical example of a condition that may lead to ventilatory pump
failure?
a. emphysema c. pulmonary embolism
b. hyperkalemia d. COPD
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Clinical Conditions Leading To Mechanical Ventilation
COMPLETION
1. Regardless of the diagnosis or disease state, patients who require mechanical ventilation generally
have developed , oxygenation failure, or both.
2. In mechanical ventilation, the degree of airway resistance is primarily affected by the length, size,
and patency of the airway, endotracheal tube, and .
3. In a clinical setting, may result if the patient is unable to overcome the airway
resistance by increasing the work of breathing.
ANS: hypoventilation
4. A(n) bowing of the P-V loop suggests an overall increase in airflow resistance.
ANS: increased
ANS: atelectasis
SHORT ANSWER
1. When a patient fails to ventilate or oxygenate adequately the problem may be caused by one of six
major pathophysiological factors. List these factors.
ANS:
1. increased airway resistance
2. changes in lung compliance
3. hypoventilation
4. V/Q mismatch
5. intrapulmonary shunting
6. diffusion defect
ANS:
(1) Obtain corrected expired tidal volume.
(2) Obtain plateau pressure by applying inspiratory hold or occluding the exhalation port at
end-inspiration.
(3) Obtain peak inspiratory pressure.
(4) Obtain positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level, if any.
3. Assessment of compliance can be divided into static compliance and dynamic compliance
measurements. Explain the relationship and clinical significance of these measurements.
ANS:
Static compliance is calculated by dividing the volume by the pressure (i.e., plateau pressure)
measured when the flow is momentarily stopped . When airflow is absent, airway resistance
becomes a non-factor. static compliance reflects the elastic resistance of the lung and chest wall.
Dynamic compliance is calculated by dividing the volume by the pressure (i.e. peak inspiratory
pressure) measured when airflow is present Since airflow is present, airway resistance becomes a
factor in the measurement of dynamic compliance. Dynamic compliance therefore reflects the
condition of airway resistance (nonelastic resistance) as well as the elastic properties of the lung
and chest wall (elastic resistance).
Footnote 320
Footnote 452
Errata
p. 255
Ibun-l-abbáns and Ibun-l-abbar should read Ibn al-Abbar
p. xxviii, Footnote 254, 303, 375
Bibliothèque de l’École de Chartres should read Bibliothèque de l’École de
Chartes
p. 462, 463
The address New York: 29 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
should read New York: 27 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOOKS AND
THEIR MAKERS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES ***
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.F.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.