YEAST

-Yeast are eukaryotic single-celled microorganisms.

-Size: 3-4 micrometer.
-Reproduce asexually by mitosis and usually show Budding.
-Ability to ferment sugers for the production of ethanol
-They are usually unicellular and exist as colonies and used in baking
process.
-Budding yeast referred as the “true yeasts” are members of the
phylum ascomycota and order saccharomycetals.
-Minimum aw for growth of yeast lies between 0.88 and 0.94.
-Optimum temperature for yeast growth lies between 25C and 30С.
-Acid environment (pH 4.5 – 6.0) will favor the yeast growth.

BACTERIA
- Size of bacteria rang between 0.5 to 5 micrometer
- They are prokaryotic microbes (have no membrane bounded Nucleus
and mitochondria)
- Have a single chromosome as Genetic material
- Enclosed in a rigid cell wall made up of peptidoglycane
- Some bacteria, along with plasma membrane, contain an additional
membrane called Capsule
- Some bacteria break down food to obtain energy.
- These bacteria often live on dead organic matter.
- Bacteria that can live where there is no oxygen are called anaerobic.
- Bacteria that need oxygen are called aerobic
- Bacteria are Microscopic, Single-celled organisms.
- They lack organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, and they
do not have the true nucleus.
- Bacteria also have a cell membrane and a cell wall.
- The cell membrane and cell wall are referred to as the cell envelope.
- Asexual Reproduction by binary fission.
- However, some bacteria can also exchange genetic material among
one another in a process known as horizontal gene transfer.

VIRUS
- Viruses are metabolically inert.
- Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
- Viruses cannot make energy or proteins independent of a host cell.
- Viruses multiply inside the living cells using host cell machinery.
- Obligatory intracellular parasites
- Contain DNA or RNA
- No ribosomes and ATP-generating mechanism
- Contain a protein coat
- Virus particles contains either DNA or RNA (not both)
- Nucleic Acid is surrounded or coated by a protein shell (capsid)
- Some viruses possess a membrane-like envelope surrounding the
particle