Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge

Technologies, Nuzvid
Lecture
on
Biophysics and Cell Doctrine
By
Ravi Gedela M.Tech IITG, (PhD IITG)
Associate Dean of students welfare (i/c)
Assistant professor
Department of Bio-Sciences
RGUKT Nuzvid
https://rguktn.ac.in/profile/120102N
 Origins
• Evidence for prokaryotic cells is found as early
as 3.9 billion years ago
• The prokaryotes had the Earth to themselves
for another 2.4 billion years
• Prokaryotes show an extraordinary diversity of
biochemistry
• Structurally prokaryotes are quite small and
simple (1-10µm in diameter).
 The Three Domains
Eukaryotic:
Eukaryotes cells have
a nucleus
Kingdoms:
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Yeast
Archaea Prokaryotic: Bacteria
cells have
no nucleus
“Extremophiles” Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
 Classification
• Old 5 Kingdom system
Prokaryote
• Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi,
Animals
• New 3 Domain system
– reflects a greater understanding
of evolution & molecular
evidence
• Prokaryote: Bacteria
• Prokaryote: Archaebacteria
• Eukaryotes
– Protists
– Plants
– Fungi Archaebacteria
&
– Animals
Bacteria
Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Bacteria Archaebacteria Protist

Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom

Fungi Plant Animal
 Cell Types
• Two categories:
1. Cell that have
membrane-bound organelles
– Called Eukaryotic Cells
2. Cells that do not have membrane-
bound organelles
– called prokaryotic cells
• Unicellular organisms such as
bacteria are examples of
prokaryotes.
 Cell Theory
• Cells are the basic units of living organisms.
• The cell theory states that:
– All living things are made of one or more cells.
– Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in
living things.
– All cells come from other cells.
 The structural evidence
• Organelles are found in
membrane envelopes
• Captured in a vacuole or
vesicle by a larger cell?
• Organelles about the
same size as a
prokaryotic cell.
Mitochondrion

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
continued:

• allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be

removed
– This is referred to as selective permeability.
*(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)*

• keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and water

within the cell is called homeostasis
 Prokaryotes

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaebacteria
Domain Domain Domain
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

2007-2008
Common ancestor
 eukaryote cell

Prokaryote Structure prokaryote

cell

• Unicellular
– bacilli, cocci, spirilli
• Size
– 1/10 size of eukaryote cell
• 1 micron (1um)
• Internal structure
– no internal compartments
• no membrane-bound organelles
• only ribosomes
– circular chromosome, naked DNA
• not wrapped around proteins
 Bacterial structure
• Bacteria have no
nucleus, but do have:
• a cell membrane
• a cell wall
• a capsule
• flagellae or cillia
 Bacterial diversity
rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!
 Bacterial shapes
 Bacteria come in three common shapes:
 Coccus (spherical)
 Bacillus (rod-shaped)
 Spirillus (spiral-shaped)
 Motility
 Some bacteria are motile and can move by
means of a flagella.
 A simple “wheel and axle” arrangement of
proteins forms the base of the flagellum.
 Reproduction/Cell division

 Bacteria reproduce
by binary fission
(simple cell division).
 However, they can
also exchange
genetic information
by trading plasmids
(DNA rings) across
conjugation bridges.
 Bacteria live EVERYWHERE!
• Bacteria live in all ecosystems
– on plants & animals
– in plants & animals
– in the soil
– in depths of the oceans
Microbes always
– in extreme cold find a way to
make a living!
– in extreme hot
– in extreme salt
– on the living
– on the dead
 Eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells-
– Cells that contain organelles which are held together by
membranes
– Examples include plant and animal cells.
 Plant cell
• Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant cells
contain some organelles that are not found in
animal cells.
 Plant Cell Organelles
• Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It
provides the cell with extra support.
• Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into
chemical energy.
• Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast.
• Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the
plant cell.
 Mitochondria
• Represent an aerobic
prokaryote that took up
residence in a larger cell
• Found in all the eukaryotic
kingdoms
(plants, animals, fungi and
protoctista).

Mitochondrion

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Chloroplasts
Represent a cyanobacterium
type of prokaryote that was
trapped in ancestral plants and
some protoctista.

Cyanobacterium heterocyst
 Overview of Organelles
• Nucleus-
– Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner
compartment of the cell
– contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands
called chromosomes
– “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction
• Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins
• Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here
 Cont’d
• Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of
as “factories”
• Cytoplasm- clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all
organelles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of membranes
– Rough ER: with ribosomes
– Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes
• Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends
them to needed places in the cell
 Cont’d
• Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes
to remove waste and invading bacteria
• Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the
cell
– release energy for the cell
– It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell

• Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane

– Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products
Bacterial cell Animal cell Plant cell
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Similarities
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Differences
Thank You