Science

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eecuvv

process by which plants and some other organisms use light
Photosynthesis energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and
high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
Metabolism total chemical processes taking place within the living system
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry
Chlorophyll
out photosynthesis
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, is an electron ac-
NADP ceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons
produced during the light reactions.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - a coenzyme that is an elec-
NAD
tron carrier; NAD+ is oxidized, NADH is reduced
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for
ATP
most of their work
FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a
ADP
phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
the part of the leaf above the palisades layer that prevents the loss
Upper epidermis
of water
protective layer on the bottom of leaf which contains stomata &
Lower epidermis
guard cells
Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper
Palisade mesophyll
epidermis of a leaf
composed of palisade cells are arranged like columns and spongy
Mesophyll spongy layer
cells
Vascular bundles strands of vascular tissue that run the length of the stem
bean-shaped cells called guard cells (epidermal cell with chloro-
Stomata
plast that regulates opening and closing stomata
The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and
Mesophyll
lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.
Stroma fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
Granum embedded in the stroma is a complex of stacked sacks
Equation of photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O ---->C6H12O6 + 6O2
- occurs in the thylakoid membrane and requires continuous sup-
ply of light
light-dependent reactions - abosrbed by chlorophyll and converted into CE energy.
- Water is the raw material of photosynthesis to facilitate the
formation of free electrons and oxygen
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy
Calvin Cycle from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds
such as sugar
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from
Cellular respiration
food
- 6 carbon sugar is broken down, into 2 molecul;es of a 3 carbon
Glycolysis
molecule called "pyruvate"
occurs in mitochondrial matrix that generates a pool of chemical
Kerbs cycle energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) from the expedition of pyruvate
the end product of glycolsis
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
Greek philosopher that said all matter is made of tiny particles
Democritus called "atomos" or atoms, indivisible, indestructible, and smallest
particle of matter

1/4
Science
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eecuvv
Greek philo, all elements on Earth were not made of except for
Aristotle
Earth, fire, water, and air
John Dalton - developed modern atomic theory
Matter composed of tiny, indivisible spheres called atoms
discovered electrons with a cathode ray tube; cathode ray was
Joseph John Thomson deflected by a negatively charged magnet, so cathode rays are
composed of negatively charged particles called electrons
Thomson Plum pudding model
proposed that most of the mass and positively charged part of the
Ernest Rutherford atom, the protons, must be concentrated in a small region called
nucleus
-said that electrons are in energy levels, the further an electron
Neils Bohr was from the nucleus, the higher its energy -developed the plan-
etary model
James Chadwick Discovered the neutron
- proposed that electrons behave in a wave-like manner rather
Erwin Schrodinger
than just as particles
Dalton- an atom is little more than a singular, solid particle without
Solid Sphere model
other components.
J.J Thomsons model of an atom, in which he thought electrons
Plum pudding model
were randomly distributed within a positively charged cloud
Model of the atom with a nucleus containing protons and neutrons
Nuclear model
and with electrons in the space outside the nucleus
model by Bohr where electrons move around the nucleus in fixed,
Planetary model
circular orbits
current atomic model in which a tiny, dense atomic nucleus is
Quantum model surrounded by a "cloud" of electrons occupying three-dimensional
orbitals according to their energies by Schrodinger
Atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic
Mass number
nucleus
Ion An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Cation an ion with a positive charge
Anion an ion with a negative charge
Atoms with the same number of protons or atomic numbers but
Isotopes
have different mass numbers
Nucleus Control center of the cell
Shells the orbits of electrons around the nucleus in certain energy levels
The arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus of an
electronic configuration
atom.
The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an
Valence electrons
atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds.
Low conductivity, not ductile, not malleable, brittle, dull, gas at
Non-metals
room temp
Covalent bonding a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
In Lewis structures, the goal is to make almost all atoms have
Octet this structure. This means they will have access to (8) electrons
regularly, even if they do have to share some of them
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to
Electronegativity
attract electrons

2/4
 Science
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eecuvv
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an
Ionization energy
atom
atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the
Octet rule stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence
electrons
Chemical Bond the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one
Ionic bond
atom to another
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the
two atoms
Nonpolar covalent bond
EN diff.
0 to 0.4
a bond with unsymmetrical distribution of e' one is negative than
the other
Polar covalent bond
EN diff.
Greater than 0.4 or less than 1.9
the chemical bonding that results from the attraction between
Mettalic bonding
metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons
Pb- Lead
Ag- Silver
Au- Gold
Mettalic bonding examples Cu- Copper
Zn- Zinc

are bonding examples of what?

compounds that are primarily used/composed of carbon atoms,
which are chemically bonded with hydrogen and other elements
such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
Organic compound
Examples: alcohol, acetone, naphthalene balls, petroleum prod-
ucts, acetic acid, and acetylene
Hydrocarbons compounds that contain the elements carbon and hydrogen
organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; in-
Biomolecules
cludes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Carbohydtraes, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids What are the 4 Major Biomolecules?
Name the biomolecule!!

ELEMENTS: C,H,O
Carbohydrates
EX: Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
USES: Main energy or primary energy source of cells, helps
maintain cell structure, serves as stored energy in plants
it is the simplest of sugar that cannot be broken down (glucose,
Monosaccharides
fructose)
A sugar containing two monosaccharides. Example: sucrose
Dissacharides
which is fructose + glucose.
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccha-
Polysaccharides
rides
Name the biomolecule!!

ELEMENTS: C,H,O
Lipids EX: Steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides
USES: Storing energy, structural component of cells to become
more flexible, serves as signal molecules for cells to communicate
with each other.
3/4
Science
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eecuvv
Steroids a type of lipid that are insoluble in water and hydrophobic.
a type of lipid that acts as a barrier in the cell. It allows molecules
Phospholipids
to pass through adn prevents others from passing through
Triglycerides a type of lipid of fat found in your blood
Name the biomolecule!!

Protein ELEMENTS: C, H, O, N
EX: Hemoglobin, collagen, insulin, keratin, myoglobin, and fibrin
USES: For cellular structure like in muscles and hair
Name the biomolecule!!

ELEMENTS: C,H,O, N, P, S
EX: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids) a double stranded forming a
Nucleic acids
doublex helix while RNA (Ribonucleic acids) is usually single
stranded
USES: direct and store information for the reproduction and cel-
lular growth
Viscosity, Flammability, Volatility What are the 3 properties of common organic compounds?
Viscosity a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate or to turn
Volatility
into gaseous state
Flammability measure of a material how easily it burns
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes 3 types of hydrocarbons
Alkanes a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
Alkenes - hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Alkynes a hydrocarbon containing triple bonds
Expanded structural formula shows all of the atoms and the bonds connected to each atom
a structural formula that leaves out some bonds and/or atoms; the
Condensed structural formula
presence of these atoms or bonds is understood
a chemical formula of a molecular compound that shows the kinds
Molecular formula
and numbers of atoms present in a molecule of a compound
CnH2n (molecular)
What is the molecular and condensed formula for alkene?
CH2 = CH2 (condensed)
CnH2n+2 What is the molecular and condensed formula for alkanes?
CnH2n-2 (molecular)
What is the molecular and condensed formula for alkynes?
HC = CH (condensed)
-developed table of atomic weights
Jons Jakob Berzelius
-introduced letters to symbolize elements

4/4