CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Garlic (Allum sativan Linn) belonging to the onion family, has long been recognized all over the
world as a valuable condiment for foods. It is also popular for remedy or medicine for various
ailments and physiological disorders. Garlic has been cultivated for thousands of years in the
world which is native to Central Asia where it originated 5200 years ago. Ethiopia Garlic is
popular in the local and export markets. The raw fresh Ethiopia Garlic bulbs come from family
growers in the country. They contribute 95% of the whole garlic national produce. Ethiopia
exported 138,000 metric tons of garlic which was worth $420,000 in 2020. They only produce 16
tons of garlic crop from a single hectare in the good season by using spades and garden forks
which is not a mechanized practice. [Selina Mawucci, 2020]

Ethiopia garlic production is still relatively low because of a lack of improved varieties. Because
of absence of mechanized planting, garlic planting is done manually. Traditionally, the garlic
sowing is performed by dibber. The seeds (cloves) are put in the holes made by hand on the
furrow and covered with a thin layer of soil. Man power requirement is very high for the garlic
planting in traditional methods, which, requires about 60 to 65 men for sowing one hectare in
one day because row and plant spacing in garlic is very narrow, in which the garlic cloves are
sown in well prepared soil at a depth of 5 cm with seed to seed spacing of 7.5 cm. Row-to-row
spacing is kept at 10 to 15 cm. [Brajesh et al, 2014].
Fig 1: land preparation and manual planting of garlic cloves in furrow

In the sowing of garlic by traditional method, Due to requirement of high number of labors, crop
sowing is delayed in most of the cases. The standard or required spacing between row-to-row
and plant-to plant and depth of planting is not uniform. In manual planting for larger areas,
condition like soil moisture also change rapidly and it is not easy to hire the large number of
laborer for the planting of garlic. Planting of garlic cloves in adverse condition will affect its
germination which will ultimately affect the yield. Due to these reasons if the crop is delayed, the
garlic will not fetch good price in the market.

Garlic Planter is mechanized farming machinery designed and developed to perform planting of
garlic seeds with regular spacing in a row and at regular depth. A manually operated garlic
planter has been developed by Garg and Dixit in 1998 G.C. Two men are required one for
pulling and another for supplying the seeds. This planter does not have seed covering device, as
such, the germination was not very good. It has also been reported that sowing depth is not
uniform. The capacity of the seed hopper is only 3 kg due to which it requires frequent filling.
On the same principle, Singh and Yadav (2000) also developed a manually operated garlic
planter.

According to studies, the single-row manually operated garlic planter which has been started by
Garg and Dixit, consists of a planting mechanism and a hopper mounted over a vertical disc with
spoons on its face. The field capacity of the planter ranges between 0.03–0.04 ha.h-1. It was
highly labor-saving equipment as it required only about 83 man-h. ha-1 in comparison to
520man-h. ha-1 with traditional practice. (Garg et al., 1998).

The single-row manually operated garlic planter which can be assumed to be preferable from the
other single-row hand garlic planter is as shown in the following figure.

In Ethiopian mechanization of agriculture is still in an early stage. Under intensive cropping,

timelines of operation is one of the most important factors which can only be achieved if
appropriate use of agricultural machines is advocated. To achieve the best performance from the
productivity of the crop, mechanized agricultural types of machinery should be used. due to its
reduction of labor demand, uniform rate of production, simplicity, less time consumption and
high yield of productivity with low cost using these machines and distributing in Ethiopia is
recommended.

1.1 Statement of the problem

Garlic has higher nutritional and medical value as well as a higher demand in the market. But
still now a day most of farmers in Ethiopia use traditional method of production to produce
garlic. taking the case of traditional planting system which involves manual planting, it requires
high labor force, stressful for planters, time consuming and non-uniform planting depth and plant
spacing which makes the production system results a small yield. So, these production methods
are not effective in terms of cost, yield and rate of production. That is why mechanization is
required in the garlic planting system. There were attempts to solve this problem by developing a
garlic planter machine both tractor driven and manual. But we find out that Tractor driven
machines are not much applicable in Ethiopia since most of the farmers have no tractors and they
are not economically able to buy. on the other hand, geographical position and most of the
countries agricultural land is owned by small scale farmers with small plots of land. this project
tries to design effective garlic planter machine which can be applicable in all geographical
position and can address all economic levels of the societies that can boost the production of
garlic as well as the profit from the production.

The other main problem is on the garlic planter that are seen on the handle of the garlic planter.
The handle of all the previous worked hand garlic planter is a rigid part. And the height of people
is different (i.e., some people are verry long, some are verry short and some are medium). So, the
rigidity of the handle makes difficult to work with the same hand garlic planter. Because the
force that they use is different due to their height. To overcome this problem a little modification
is required on the handle. This project tries to solve this problem by using adjustable handle
which can be shortened and extended as required.

1.2 Objective of the project

1.2.1 General Objectives

The general objective of the project is to design a single row hand garlic planter which is
applicable for all farmers that can reduce cost of production and boost yield and rate of
production.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

 To make detail design analysis of all the components of the machine

 To design all the components by using the design analysis
 To design the complete assembly of hand garlic planter machine by using all the designed
components.
 To determine the overall cost required to produce the machine
1.3 Scope of the Project

The extent of this project is mainly to design a manually operating garlic planter by taking the
case of Ethiopian farmers as a main consideration. It constitutes the detail design analysis or
calculations of each individual components of the machine. And also, it includes the design of all
the individual components and assembly of the machine using solid work software. and it covers
also the overall cost analysis of the project.

1.4 Significance of the Project

The modification of the handle of the garlic planter is verry useful, which enables that different height
family members and also neighbors can use one hand garlic planter efficiently by adjusting the length of
the handle according to their height. This reduces unnecessary force losses and reduces expenditure of
buying different size garlic planters. The successful completion and implementation of this project will
benefit:

 The farmers since it will make them to be able to use their agricultural land effectively with a
minimal labor cost and boosted production capacity leading to higher profit from the
production. In addition, it will minimize the physical pain on the farmers that may happen
due to a prolonged manual planting with uncomfortable condition.
 It will create a job opportunity for the peoples during manufacturing and also for
merchants.
 It also creates a job for youths in such a way that the small-scale enterprises may use
sowing by using this machine as a source of income.
 The government by saving a foreign currency that would have been used to import garlic
planting machine as these machines are produced with in the country.
 It will benefit the country as a source of income due to export since, it increases the yield.

Limitation

There are so many problems that has been encountered during the preparation of this design
project. Among them some are the following.

 The non-availability of the machines nearby makes the quick understanding difficult.
  There are no sufficient previous works related to this project that makes our project
difficult.
 There is no enough time to refer various materials related to this project.
 There is no enough time and also there are no all the required materials to develop the
prototype.

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIE

To develop solutions for different problems and drawbacks of traditional farming and to bring it
in to modern, different researchers develop their researches. Based on the major problems in
garlic plantation, researchers have been made their researches through years to develop an
accurate and highly efficient planter to achieve the mechanization of garlic sowing which is used
in small and large sized farms.

Rocha et al. (1991) designed and developed a manually operated planter for garlic bulbs
mounted on two bicycle wheels and equipped with toothed rubber belt using the sponge teeth 25
× 47 mm and 25 mm high. In field tests using the prototype equipment, bulbs were spaced at 5
bulbs per m.

Gajakos, A.V, et al (2015) designed and evaluated the performance of manually operated garlic. The
weight of the planter unit without cloves was 12 kg. Two persons were required for operating the
planter. One person requires for pulling the implement in forward direction and another for direction
control. The field efficiency of the machine was 84.79 % and the cost of operation was found to be
Rs.1214/ha, depth of placement of cloves was 4-5 cm. Time required and cost of sowing by planter
was effectively less than manual sowing. Yield and returns of planter were found to be more than
manual sowing.
 M. M. Morad1, et al (2018) developed and evaluated a two rows garlic-cloves planter. The
developed garlic-cloves planter consists of the main frame with three hitching-points, transmission
system, furrow opener, covering device and two planting units. Each planting-unit consists of gloves
hopper, agitator, cutoff, metering device, housing and metering device shaft. Laboratory experiments
were carried out as a function of change in metering device speed, agitator speed, cutoff clearance
and cloves size. While field experiments were conducted to optimize machine forward speed, the
machine performance was studied in terms of cloves damage, plant scattering, emergency, crop yield,
specific energy and planting cost. The experimental results reveal that the garlic-cloves planter is
recommended to be used under the following conditions:
 Metering-device speed of 20 rpm (0.21 m/s) for all sizes of Chinese garlic cloves.
 Agitator speed of 50 rpm (0.22 m/s) for all sizes of Chinese garlic-cloves.
 Cutoff clearance of 15 mm for all sizes of Chinese garlic-cloves.
 Planter forwards speed of 3.44 km/h for the medium clove size.

AM El Shal, A. Awny (2019) designed and developed a two row Chinese garlic cloves planter. The
performance of the planter prototype was evaluated under four levels of planting forward speeds of
1.2, 1.7, 2.2 and 2.9 km/h and two sizes of Chinese garlic cloves big and small. The results showed
that the best forward speed about 1.7 km/h was as given the actual field capacity was about 0.19
fed./h, the field efficiency was about 78 %, specific energy requirement was about 22.4 kW. h/fed.,
operating cost about 385 EGP/fed., the value of missing hills was about 8 and 6 %, longitudinal
scattering of garlic was about 13.3 and 11.7 %, transverse scattering about 3.9 and 3.3 %, the value
of double hills about 8 and 13 % by using big and small Chinese garlic cloves, respectively. It turns
out that this prototype does not cause significant damage to the garlic cloves because it quietly and
smoothly picks garlic from the bottom to up in the clove tank does not exceed the damage rate about
0.8 and 0.4 % when the size of cloves is big and small, respectively. The prototype saves about 81 %
of cost compared with manual planting and saves the time of planting.

Manish kumar and rama kant (2019) in their study tested and evaluated the effectiveness of metering
mechanisms. In their study, three types of metering mechanisms (i) commercially available cell type
metering mechanism (ii) commercially available spoon type metering mechanism and (iii) cup type
metering mechanism were evaluated for sowing garlic cloves. All metering mechanisms were tested
under laboratory as well as field conditions. The cup type metering mechanism performed better in
comparison to others. Different parameters such as seed spacing, miss index, multiple index, quality
of feed index and precision index for cup type metering mechanism were found to be 102 mm, 8.73
%, 6.48%, 84.8% and 21.78%, respectively under laboratory conditions and 108.70 mm, 10.23%,
7.45%, 82.32%, and 22.04%, respectively under field conditions. Seed damage varied ranged 2–4%.

Kumar Manish, et al (2017) developed an animal drawn garlic planter, especially for small and
marginal farms. Six types of digger blades with varied width and nose angles were evaluated for
digging of garlic plants. The digger was operated at 16% soil moisture content and cone index of
1350 Kpa within soil profile 0–150 mm. The draft requirement of 650 mm wide blades was 30%
higher than the pulling capacity of selected pair of bullocks. Blades of 550 mm of radius of curvature
and 700 mm wide curved type with radius of curvature 700 mm had 86% efficiency, and required
less draft with bullock fatigue score of 12. The fatigue score of blades of same width with 170° and
150° nose angle were 18 and 16, respectively. Field capacity of the digger was found to be 0.12
ha.h−1, and almost 25 times higher than that of manual digging. The average garlic damage was in the
range of 3.62–5.40% for selected blades. The animal drawn garlic digger saved 75% cost and 44.8%
energy as compared to the traditional method of manual digging.

Apoorv Prakash, et al (2014) designed and fabricated a self-propelled garlic (clove) planter in
Jabalpur. The design of the machine components was based on the principles of operations to give a
correct shape in form of prototype. The actual field capacity (AFC) was found to be 0.065 ha/h with
field efficiency of 79.84 %. The placement of garlic cloves was under a range 4.2 cm to 5.2 cm depth
with a minimum SD and CV of 0.33 cm and 6.92 % respectively. The miss index, multiple index and
seed damage was found to be only 2.67, 8.0 and 1.46 % respectively, which was within acceptable
limits. The machinery cost per hour was calculated as Rs.151.00 /h. For sowing one ha of land the
planter required Rs.2321.50 /ha which would save 55.35 % of money over traditional methods.

Chapter three
 Materials and methodology

3.1 Materials

For constructing this project various materials are used since using suitable material is essential
for the success of this thesis. Material selection is one of the foremost functions of effective
engineering design as it determines the reliability of the design in terms of industrial and
economical aspects. A great design may fail to be a profitable product if unable to find the most
appropriate material combinations. So, it is vital to know what the best materials for a particular
design are. In this aspect engineers use several facts of materials to come to the most reasonable
decision. They are mainly concentrated on the properties of the materials which are identified as
the potential materials for that specific design.

3.1.1 basic facts to be consider in the selection of material

There are several considerations over material selection where this article series is going to be
concentrated on. When we talk about choosing materials for a component, we take into account
many different facts. These facts can be breakdown into the following.

A. mechanical properties

these are properties that influence the material’s reaction to applied loads. Mechanical properties
are used to determine how a material would behave in a given application, and are helpful during
the material selection and coating specification process. These properties include; Strength,
Hardness, Toughness, Brittleness, Ductility, Stiffness etc.

B. Wear of materials

Wear is a problem when the materials are contacting each other in a product. So, it must be
ensured that the selected materials have sufficient wear resistance make the material is more
suitable for the application. It is very important factor to be considered when selecting a material
for a particular design. In the engineering design process this has to be considered with great
care.
 C. Corrosion

it is an important engineering design criterion for designs open to the environment for a longer
period of time. Some materials are very likely to be corroded in the service depending on the
service environment. Therefore, it must be assured that the material is capable of being employed
for the particular design before selecting it.

D. ability to manufacture

Although the material is well capable of using for the design, it may be difficult to manufacture.
If this selection criteria is neglected the manufacture process might be very costly making it
unprofitable as a commercial product. So before selecting the materials this fact also must be
considered. To make the dimensions more accurate it has to be machined in the production. So,
the selected material must able to be machined with a minimum cost. Otherwise, there is no point
of selecting that material for that particular gear.

E. Availability of the material

Materiel Availability is a measure of the percentage of the total inventory of a system

operationally capable (ready for tasking) of performing an assigned mission at a given time,
based on materiel condition. We may find that sometimes the availability of the material
becomes a governing factor. When the desired material supply is limited, then a costly material
which is available in ample quantity may be chosen.

F. cost

Cost is a critical fact to consider when selecting materials for a certain design for most products
because they are facing a severe competition in the market.it including cost of the material and
cost of processing

The Cost of the material in most of the cases accounts about 50 % of the finished cost.
Obviously, the cost of the material is a major factor which influences the choice of the material
or process. the use of cheaper material will not always reduce the final cost of the component or
product. Use of cheaper material may be associated with higher processing cost due to large
number of operations to be performed and also more scrap. We can easily see that this
sometimes makes the overall cost more than that of expensive raw material in combination with
low processing cost due to lesser number of operations and lesser scrap. The type of material
affects the detailed aspect of design and hence the choice of material as well as the process is
selected at the early design state. In most of the industries, the processing cost (labor cost) and
other costs such as overhead costs account for about 50% of the production cost. Overhead cost
in automatic industries is much more than the other costs. If one can somehow reduce all such
costs, the total production cost will automatically reduce.

3.1.2 Power transmission system

To operate the metering mechanism power was taken from the rear wheels. For the transmission
of power from the rear wheels to metering mechanism, two sprockets were provided and
connected by means of a roller chain. One front wheel and two rear wheels were provided in
garlic planter. Rear wheels were provided to give stability to machine in stationary condition as
well as for power transmission and to maintain uniform depth of furrow. The shaft used here is
used to transmit power from the wheel to another shaft through a chain mechanism, used to
connecting the wheels and supporting the machine parts like the frame, the seed box and the
furrow opener. By considering the factors listed above carbon steel is selected because it has
very high strength, extreme hardness, resistance to wear, moderate ductility and machinability.
This means it can be easily machined compared to harder steels. Since, the shaft is connecting
and supporting machine element due to this factor it can develop bending stress and shear stress
due to its rotation. So, choosing carbon steel is preferable because its price is relatively low while
it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications.so for this design
purpose 45 C 8 steel is selected.

3.1.3 Hopper for cloves (seed box)

Hoppers were designed to cover full width of the machine and located above the main frame.it is
a large trapezoidal prism shaped container with extensional parts that is used to store the garlic
seeds and contains the seed metering devices (Chain, Bearings and the cup). It is constructed
with some inclination in order to allow an easy movement of the cloves towards the metering
plate. The location of hopper in garlic-clove planter varied from 40 cm above the ground level,
brajesh.et.al (2000). The capacity of box was determined by keeping the balance between the
weight of material filled (as it affects draft) and the field efficiency of the machine. Application
rates and field capacity values had to be taken into consideration. A 2 mm thick low carbon steel
(Mild Steel) sheet metal was used to construct the hopper. Low carbon steels generally contain
less than 0.25% carbon and cannot be strengthened by heat-treating (strengthening can only be
accomplished through cold working). The low carbon material is relatively soft and weak, but
has outstanding ductility and toughness. In addition, it is machinable, weld-able, and is relatively
inexpensive to produce.

3.1.4 Seed metering device

A metering device draws seed from bulk and delivers them at the desired rates in the seed tubes

for planting of garlic cloves in soil uniformly. A vertical plate cup or spoon type picking device
was employed as metering mechanism in the planter.in this cause the seed cup is fabricated with
an alloy steel and the disc which forms a chain like structure is fabricated with low carbon (mild
steel). The mild steel is selected for their property which is explained above and for fabricating
the cup AISI 4140 alloy steel is selected because of their improved properties as they include
impurities in their constituent.

3.1.5 Seed tube

When a body falls freely downwards then the heavier part of the body tends to come down first
and the lighter portion goes upward due to tube surface friction. Garlic cloves are thicker and
heavier at base portion as compared to top portion. Instead of allowing the cloves to fall freely, if
they slide along the tube, the chances would be better that they will fall upright in the furrow,
which will help in early germination of the garlic cloves. For this reason, three strips have been
provided throughout the length of the tube in which the size is based on the specified dimensions
of garlic seed in which the garlic cloves have length, width and thickness as 2.99 cm, 0.9 cm and
0.9 cm respectively as reported by Singh and Yadav (2000). the angle of inclination is 30°. The
strip has been provided for the reducing the kinetic energy, rolling force and to guide the garlic
cloves. the materials suitable for this part is mild steel, due to its property which fits for this
purpose. The seed tube is fabricated with mild steel due their property explained above.

3.1.6 Furrow opener

Furrow opener is soil-working element of a sowing device the role of which is to ensure such
deposition of seeds in the soil that optimum conditions for their germination and development
may be obtained. This apparently indicates all the important function of furrow openers.
Considering that optimum conditions for plant developments which depend on the type of soil its
preparation, moisture content and other similar factors and further on individual kinds of seeds
the furrow opener assembly consists of the shank and bottom soil engaging part of furrow
opener. The furrow opener mounted on the garlic planter should not make too narrow a furrow as
it will hinder in the placement of the seed at proper depth. A wider furrow opener will require
unnecessary more draft. the material selected for the fabrication of furrow opener is hardened
steel in which Hardened steel is resistant to wear, rough usage, high-impact pressure and shock,
Corrosion Resistance, Abrasion Resistance and Durability. These properties are better for
constructing furrow opener as it needs to be rigid.

3.1.7 Adjustment

An adjustment is a screw like structure which is used to adjust the furrow opener. The furrow
opener is adjusted during the time of normal condition which is retracted and, in the operating, or
planting condition which is extended.

3.1.8 Drive wheel

Drive wheel is a power transmission component, which is used to transmit rotational movement
to the seed cup using a set of chain drives by converting linear motion of pushing effect of a
human force in to rotational movement. It is mounted below the main frame of the machine.
Twelve spikes were provided on the outer periphery of the wheel to develop sufficient grip for
power transmission. The material selected for drive wheel is AISI 4140 alloy steel.

3.1.9 Chain and sprocket

A sprocket is a profile wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain in order to transmit power. As one
of the most widely used steel metals, carbon steel is highly malleable and comes in a range of
carbon content levels. Cold drawn carbon steel is selected over hot rolled carbon steel for the
design of sprocket. The cold drawn carbon steels are typically harder and stronger than the
standard hot drawn steels. As the metal is shaped at the lower temperature, the steels hardness,
resistance against tension breaking, and resistance against deformation is high. 40A45 Type “A”
plate sprocket with 4’’ stock bore is used for the metering shaft. 40A45 sprockets are ANSI
standard size that has 45 teeth and works with #40 roller chain. These sprockets are known as a
“Type A”, which is a hub less roller chain sprocket. The plate sprockets are durable, high
strength sprocket that is manufactured from 1045CD carbon steel. Hardened to help minimize
wear, then a black oxide finish is applied for corrosion resistance.

3.1.10 Supporting frame

The components of the garlic planter were mounted on the main frame (chassis) which was
supported by two-gauge wheels. The machine was also connected to the rigid hitch point of the
prime-mover. Mostly hollow square frames made up of mild steel were used in the sowing
machines. The frame was subjected to torsion and bending moment due to three tines arranged
on one line. The material taken for the frame was of size 4 cm × 4 cm square section with
thickness of material of 0.5 cm.

3.1.11 Handle

Handle is provided to control the direction of planter during working, taking turn in the field and
also operator exerts push on handle, if required by which proper depth of operation is controlled.
Handle is made up of mild steel pipes. This pipe was selected, as it is easily available in the
market, light in weight, cheaper in cost and strong enough to bear the load. One end of the
handle was attached to the front wheel for proper guidance. At the middle there is an adjustment
which permits to reduce and increase the length of the handle. At the other end of the handle a
cross bar was mounted on both ends of which proper grips were provided to hold the planter.

3.2 Methodology

Garlic Planter is mechanized farming machinery designed and developed to perform planting of
garlic seeds with regular spacing in a row and at regular depth. To design and develop this
machine different methods have been used.it includes different data collection methods, but due
to shortage of time primary source of data are limited since there is lack of adequate time to
communicate with stakeholders to get accurate information the extent of the effects of the
position of the garlic, depth and spacing, the causing area and other factors affecting the
germination of the garlic. It mainly relays on secondary source data for carrying out this project
in identifying, selecting, processing and analyzing the project. In this design project literature
review was used as a reference for supporting the whole process. It is used for finding out the
suitable parameters for planting garlic including planting depth, raw distance, seed size and
more. for the completion of this project, it passes through the product design and development
steps and it started with a plan defining a project mission and developing a concept based on the
defined mission. a system level design was done after defining the product based on a mission
and decomposing it into subsystems. Detail designs defining the complete specification and
material selection was carried out. specific standard procedures and techniques to design the
garlic clove planter are used.
Figure: schematic representation of different methods used throughout this design project

3.2.1 Identification of the problem

the gap between the current condition and desired one based on real facts are identified and
explained, a concise description of the problems are clearly stated and the conditions to be
improved are written.

3.2.2 Literature review

It is comprehensive review and summary of previous research.in this portion about this topic,
title and sub title are studied from previous works or researches. These increases understanding
about the whole idea the concerned area. In the study of each literature the advantage and
limitation of the previous work and its working principle are taken. And also, overall view of
hand garlic planter and the method designing are analyzed. by enumerating, describing and
objectively clarify the previous research and identified why we are making further study by
placing our research context within the existing ones.
3.2.3 Material selection

In the design process, the material selection discusses about the material properties, cost of the
material and its manufacturing process. After all of these, suitable material that most fits to the
desire of the design are selected.

3.2.4 Geometric analysis

In geometric analysis overall dimensions that come from direct measurement or different
assumptions are presented.

3.2.5 Detail design analysis

This is where the design was refined the plans, specifications and estimates are created. The
design analysis includes the strength analysis and each detail analysis of each component.

3.2.6 Results and Discussion

Based on the above results using the actual data and numbers a comparison with the previous
works and finding are made.

3.2.7 Cost analysis

For the feasibility of this design project, by figuring out its benefits outweigh costs are
determined and justified. it began by making lists, which includes all the expenses of the project
together with the benefits that will derive from it once the project will be completed.

3.2.8 Part and assembly drawing

In this portion each component of the machines are drawn by using the values obtained from the
detailed design analysis and finally assemble the drawing. This means where we made 2D and
3D models with plans and specifications. This makes the project clearer and easier to
manufacture.

3.2.9 Report

an information based on the result of the research and analysis of data are compiled in a single
document.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
In this chapter the dimensional analysis, force analysis and stress analysis of each component of

the garlic planter will be discussed. There are so many estimations are presented on the design
analysis of each component. the materials selected for each of the components are listed in the
following table.

Table: Bill of material

Parts Material property Density of material
Power transmission Carbon steel (45 c 8) σ=660Mpa ρ=7.85 g/cm3
system τ=80Gpa
E= 90-120Mpa
Hoper or seed box Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
E=190-215Gpa
Seed metering device AISI 4140 alloy steel σ=655Mpa ρ=7.85g/cm3
E=200Gpa
Furrow opener Carbon steel (45 c 8) σ=660Mpa ρ=7.85 g/cm3
τ=80Gpa
E= 90-120Mpa
Drive wheel AISI 4140 alloy steel. σ=655Mpa ρ=7.85 g/cm3
E=200Gpa
Chain and sprocket Cold drawn carbon σ =440Mpa ρ=7.87 g/cm3
steel τ =220Mpa
E =205Gpa
Supporting frame Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7.860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
 E=190-215Gpa
Seed tube Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7.860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
E=190-215Gpa
handle Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7.860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
E=190-215Gpa
adjustment Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7.860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
E=190-215Gpa

Detailed design analysis

Design of seed box(hopper)

Seed hopper is a large trapezoidal prism shaped container with extensional parts that is used to

store the garlic seeds.to make the design analysis, let us make some assumptions.

Let: length of the bottom=4cm

Length of the top=18cm

Height of the hopper(h)=38cm

The area of the hopper is calculated as follow but the shape is inverted in our case.

b2

1
h A = (b1+b2). h
2

b1
A=1/2(4+18).38=418cm2

Volume of the hopper = Area of the hopper * Height between trapezium ends (18cm since it has
a square like structure)

V=A*18cm=418cm*18cm=7524cm3

Then the actual volume of seed box will be, the volume of the hopper minus the volume of the
material.

So, the volume of the seed box material can be calculated as follow.

V=1/2(b1+b2).h*t

Where t is thickness of the material (i.e., 2mm mild steel)

V=1/2(4+18).38*0.2=83.6cm3

So, actual volume V =7524cm3-83.6cm3 =7440.4cm3

Capacity of hopper = The actual volume of seed box, cm3 * density of garlic plant g/cm3

7440.4cm3*0.57g/cm3 = 4241.028g=4.241kg

Weight of the garlic seed;

Weight of the garlic seed = mass of the garlic * acceleration due to gravity

W = 4.241kg*9.81m/s2 =41.6N

Mass of the hopper material

Mass of the hopper material=volume of the hopper material * density of the hopper material

(i.e., density of mild steel is 7.850g/cm3)

M=83.6cm3*7.850g/cm3 =656.26g=0.656276kg
The weight of the hopper material = The mass of the hopper material * acceleration due to
gravity

W = 0.656276kg*9.81m/s2 = 6.4379N

Design of drive wheel

Drive wheel is a power transmission component, which is used to transmit rotational movement
to the seed cup using a set of chain drives by converting linear motion of pushing effect of a
human force in to rotational movement. The size of the drive wheel must match with the front
wheel which has a diameter of 38cm. It was observed that the diameter of power transmission
wheels used for seed drills/planters ranges from 30 to 70 cm. Diameter of 42cm, having width 3
cm and thickness of 0.5 cm was provided below the main frame of the machine. Twelve spikes
(3.7 cm × 3.0 cm × 0.5 cm) were provided on the outer periphery of the wheel to develop
sufficient grip for power transmission. Brajesh Nare et al., 2014.

So, in order to adjust the plant spacing, the diameter of power transmission wheel was taken as
38cm including the size of the spikes (i.e., Including the twelve spikes having a dimension of
3.7cm x 3.0cm x 0.5cm).

Design of shaft for seed metering mechanism

The shaft is subjected to bending stress

Material for shaft is mild steel with: E = 2.10 x 105Mpa, ρ = 7860 kg/m3

Tensile yield strength = 590 Mpa

The ball bearing is selected from the 6000 series which is 6003 having outer diameter 35mm.
then the diameter of the roller is assumed to be.

D = Outer diameter of roller = 30 mm

L = length of the roller = 80mm

Then checking whether it is safe or not.

 W =19.83N

A 80mm B

Assume the load is concentrated at the center,

Maximum Moment is given by;

2 2
WL 19.83∗0.08
Mmax = == = 15.8 Nmm
8 8

2 2
πd π (15)
Moment of inertia (I) = = =2485mm
64 64

y
Maximum bending stress =Mmax X I where y =d/2 = 42/2 =21mm = 0.21m

15.8∗21
2485 = 0.0133 Mpa

The design value of stress ( = = 295Mpa

0.0133Mpa < 295Mpa

Since the allowable stress > maximum bending stress the design consideration is safe.

To determine the weight of the material which is used for cost analysis;

πd 2 π (0.3)2
Volume V = xL= x 0.8 =0.0565cm3
4 4

ρ = m/v

m =ρ x v = 7.86 x0.0565 =0.444kg

Design of chain and sprocket

From shaft analysis the speed N2 = 5.45

For an effective velocity ratio, the speed of rotation of smaller sprocket is N1 = 12 rpm (Devesh

Kumar 2017)

from Garg et al. (2003), the power generated by the man will be, P= 0.35hp = 260.995 watts.
Which is equivalent to the power transmitted by the shaft.

The velocity ratio of the chain drive is given by;

V.R = = =

Were

N1= Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in r.p.m

N2= Speed of rotation of larger sprocket in r.p.m

T1= Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket

T2= Number of teeth on the larger sprocket

according to this velocity ratio the number of teeth on the smaller sprocket is selected. In order to
have smooth operation, the minimum number of teeth on the smaller sprocket or pinion must be
taken appropriately for moderate speed and high speed. The number of teeth on the smaller on
the smaller sprocket plays an important role in deciding the performance of a chain drive. A
small number of teeth tends to make the drive noisy. A large number off teeth makes chain pitch
smaller which is favorable for keeping the drive silent and reducing shock, centrifugal force and
friction force.

the number of teeth on the smaller sprocket or pinion (T1) for a velocity ratio of 2.2 is 25.
after selecting the number of teeth on the smaller sprocket, the number of teeth on the large
sprocket is calculated.

V.R = =

T2 = T1* = 25* =55.046 say 56

The design power is calculated by the following relation.

Design power = rated power * service factor

Service factor-KS- is a measure of periodically overload capacity at which a motor can operate

without damaging. The service factor includes various factors including the load factor,
lubrication factor and rating factor.

1. Load factor (K1) = 1, for constant load

1.25, for variable load with mild shock

1.5, for heavy shock loads

2. Lubrication factor (K2) = 0.8, for continuous lubrication

1, for drop lubrication

1.5, for periodic lubrication

3. Rating factor (K3) = 1, for 8 hours per day

1.25, for 16 hours per day

1.5, for continuous service

In this cause these factors are selected in the following manner.

Load factor: for variable load K1 = 1.25

Lubrication factor: for periodic lubrication K2 = 1.5

Rating factor: for 8 hours per day K3 = 1

service factor (KS) =K1*K2*K3 =1.25*1.5*1 = 1.875

design power = rated power *KS = 0.261 * 1.875 = 0.4875

the next one is selecting the type of chain for the smaller sprocket having a speed of 12 r.p.m. in
this cause the 06B chain type of chain is selected from the standard.

Since the type of chain is selected, noting down the parameters of the chain, such as pitch, roller
diameter, minimum width of roller are selected from the standard table.

Pitch(p) = 9.525

Roller diameter (d1) = 6.35

Width of roller (b1) = 5.72

Breaking load = 8.9

For finding the pitch center diameter and the pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket, the
following formula is used.

Pitch center diameter(D1) = = =76mm

Pitch line velocity = = =47.75mm =0.0477m/sec

Determining the load applied on the chain

W= = = 5471.7N =5.4717KN

Factor of safety = = = = 1.63

Compare the value it must be greater than the value from the table.

The minimum Centre distance between the smaller and larger sprockets should be 30 to 50 times

the pitch. let us take it as 30 times the pitch.

center distance (x) = 30*9.525=285.75mm

number of chain links (k) = + +[ ]2

K= + +[ ]2

K = 179.54

Length of the chain(L) = K.P =179.54 =1710mm =1.7m

The weight of the chain from the standard table for the size of 1710≈ 1800 is 9.045LBS

9.045LBS=4.06kg

W = mg = 4.06x9.81 =40N

Design of seed metering device

A metering device draws seed from bulk and delivers them at the desired rates in the seed tubes
for planting of garlic cloves in soil uniformly. As per recommendation for clove to clove spacing
i.e., 10 cm; the ground wheel of 38cm diameter was used giving the circumference of 120 cm.
Therefore, in one revolution the ground wheel would cover 120 cm distance dropping 12 garlic
cloves. The plant to plant spacing is 7.5 cm. from the shaft design the velocity ratio is common
to both in the chain sprocket and seed metering mechanism sprocket. So by taking the velocity
ratio 3 the number of teeth is 25 and pitch p =9.525, Roller diameter (d1) = 6.35 Width of roller
(b1) = 5.72, Breaking load = 8.9 we can find the outer diameter of sprocket by the following
formula.
D0 =D + 0.8d1

P 9.525
Where D = 180 = 180 =76mm
sin sin
T1 25

d1 = roller diameter =42mm

D0 =D + 0.8d1 = 76mm+(0.8*42)

D0 =76mm+33.6mm =109.6mm=10.9cm

The length of the chain of the seed metering mechanism is the sum of the length of the chain that
can release 12 garlic cloves with 7.5 plant spacing, half of the sprocket outer diameter on the
power transmission shaft below the hopper, and the half of the outer diameter on the seed
metering mechanism on the top of the hopper.

Length of chain L = L0 + DO/2 +D0/2

L = (7.5 x 12) + 10.9/2 + 10.9/2 = 90+5.45+5.45

L = 100.9cm

To know the number of chain links the following formula is used. hence pitch p = 9.525.

L=KxP where k = number of chain links

L 100.9
K= = = 105.9 say 105
P 0.9525

The other part on the seed metering device are the cups. As reported by Singh and Yadav (2000),
the garlic cloves have length, width and thickness as 2.99 cm, 0.9 cm and 0.9 cm respectively.
According to these dimensions of garlic cloves the size of the seed metering cups were selected.
The length and width of cup was kept as 3.0 cm, and 1.0 cm respectively. The height of cup was
selected as 0.5 cm (along the length) and 0.9 cm (along the width). The seed cup was fabricated
with 1mm thick aluminum sheet. For more effective seed metering mechanism other medium
size of seed cup is used, to efficiently measure different sizes of garlic cloves. So, the other size
of seed metering cup is taken as 2.9cm length and 0.9cm width.

Finding the weight of seed metering mechanism.

Area of roller A = π (do -di)2 /4= π (42-40)2 /4 = 3.14mm2
Volume V = A * L =3.14 *80 = 251.3mm3=0.2513cm3
m
The density of material ρ =
v
m = ρv = 7.85g/cm3* 0.2513cm3 = 2g =0.002kg
Weight of 06B25 = 0.41kg expressed in kg unit from the standard table
So, the weight of the two sprockets = 2*0.41 =0.82kg
From the standard weight of chain, the weight of the chain which has a size of 100.9 is 2.65
LBS.
2.65 LBS = 2.65 * 04536kg =1.2 kg
The total mass of seed metering device is the sum of these masses.
m =0.002kg + 0.82kg +1.2kg
m =2.022kg
weight W =mg =2.022 *9.81 =19.83N
Design and analysis of main frame

The frame, which is the skeleton of the planter, supports all other component parts of the
planter. It has to be rigid and strong as all parts are mounted on it. The two design factors
considered in the determination of the material required for the frame were weight and
strength. As per design square shaped pipe of alloy steel size having length 760mm of the
bar were taken. Design was based on the stresses produced in the frame.

In this frame three parts;

Part one; triangle and rectangle

the Cross-sectional area of the triangle and rectangle is given by;

length of the rectangle L =800mm

width of rectangle W = 2mm

height of rectangle h = 750mm

Area of rectangle = L*W=

Volume of rectangle = A*h

Vr1 = (0.8*0.02) *0.75 = 0.012m3

Vr2-3 = 2*(0.75*0.2) = 0.3m3

1
Volume of triangle = bh
2

1
Vt1-2 = 2* (0.15*0.75) = 0.112m3
2

1
Vt3 = 2* (0.04*0.75) = 0.03m3
2
Total volume = Vr1 +2*Vt1-2+2*(Vr2-3 – Vt3)

Total volume = 0.0012+0.112 +2*(0.3-0.03)

Total volume = 1.852

Mass

m = 7.860* 0.001852=14.5567kg

Weight = mg =14.5567*9.81

W = 142.8N

Part 2 to calculate volume of the semi-circle, top side rectangle and both left and right-side
rectangular part

1 2
Volume = 2h*(lt+ π r ) +lwt
2

1
V = 2*0.08*(0.3*0.005)+ π *0.042 + (0.15*0.06*0.005)
2

V = 0.687cm3

Mass = ρ steel *V

M = 7.860*0.000687 = 5.4kg

Weight = mg = 5.4*9.81

W = 52.9N

Part 3: the planter bar

Area = L*W
A = 0.85*0.01 = 0.0085m2 =85cm2

Volume = A*h =85*2 =170 cm3

Mass = ρ steel *V

M = 7.860 *170 = 1.3362kg

Weight = mg = 1.3362*9.81

W = 13N

Total weight = Wpart1 + Wpart2+ Wpart3

Wtotal =142.8N + 52.97N +13N

Wtotal = 208.7N

Force analysis of the frame

208.7N

Ra 1545mm Rb

Assume the load is concentrated at the center, so the reaction forces are assumed to be equal
since it is divided equally.

Ra +Rb =208.7N

2Ra = 208.7N =2 Rb

Ra =Rb =104.35N
 , Where L = 1545mm

208.7 X (1.545)2
= 31.14Nm
8

Torque (T) = force perpendicular distance

T= 208.7 =161.22Nm

then calculate the maximum shear stress applied on the frame. this is done by considering the
concentrated force at the center.

772.5mm

Mc

v Rb

∑Fy = 0

Rb -v = 0

Rb = v = 104.35N

From the maximum bending moment

∑Mb = 0: M = 772.5 x v

∑Mb = 0.7725 x 104.35 =80.6Nm

The maximum shear stress applied is given by the formula,

3V 3∗80.6∗1000
τ= = =14.22N/mm2 = 14.22Mpa
2A 2∗8500

14.22Mpa <435 Mpa

Since the design stress is less than allowable stress, the design is safe.

Design of shaft

The length of the ground wheel shaft is determined by considering the dimension of the wheel,
sprocket, bearing and the bearing housing width, the whole structure of the mechanism and the
clearance. Considering all these components, the length of the input and output shaft is taken as
25cm.

Equations used in the analysis:

T τ
= ……………………………………………………………….1
J R

π
J= *D4 ……………………………….……………….………..2
32

2 πNT
P= ……………….…………………………………………...3
60

60 P
T= ………….….………………………………………….… 4
2 πN

Vav
ω= …………………..................................................…….….5
R

Where, T= twisting moment acting up on the shaft

J=polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation
τ= torsional shear stress
R= distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber
d = diameter of the shaft

When the shaft is subjected to a twisting moment (or torque) only, then the diameter of the shaft
may be obtained by using the torsion equation.

shaft subjected to twisting moment

In this project mild steel is going to use for the shaft with a length of 25cm long and then
for mild steel the polar moment of inertia is given in equation 1;

T τ
from equation 1, =
J R
 T τ
π = d
∗d 4
32 2

d=
√
3 16 T
πτ

where, d = diameter of the shaft

Here the moment or the torque (T) we use in the calculation to find the diameter is the average of
torque acted by both twisting and bending, which is equivalent twisting moment Te.

Now, on average a human can work on the field for 4 hours continuously. If the power
developed by an average operator is 0.35 hp. So, the power generated by the man will be, P=
0.35hp = 260.995 watts. Garg et al. (2003).
To find the number of revolution, N

Vav
Average walking speed, ω = , the average velocity a wheel can ran is estimated about
R
0.12m/s and the diameter of the wheel is given 42cm and the radius r= 21cm = 0.21m.
Vav 0.12
ω= = = 0.57 rad /sec
R 0.21
60
N = 0.57 rad/sec * = 5.45 rpm
2π
60 P 60∗260.995
T= = = 457.3Nm
2 πN 2 π∗5.45
Shaft subjected to bending moment
The machine parts apply their weight on the shaft along with the forces exerted upon them
causes the shaft to bend. Furthermore, the frame at both side of the shaft causes it to twist. In
other words, the shaft is subjected to torque and b
ending moment. This shaft is mounted on
the bearing of wheel and the weight is applied at both side and assumed to an inverse of simply
supported beam.
The weight of components of the planter that has significant effect in bending of the shaft was
estimated as follows by taking maximum possible weight of components;
Total weight on the planter is the sum of the weight of seed, weight of seed box, weight of
furrow openers, weight of frame, weight of chains and sprockets with shafts and weight of other
attaching components.
Total weight =weight of seed + weight of seed box + weight of furrow opener + weight of frame
+ weight of chain and sprocket +weight of seed metering mechanism
W total = 41.6N +6.4379N + 40+19.83+208.7
W total = 316.57N
Considering load imposed on the shaft equals to 50-60 % of total weight of machine with seed.
Wtotal = 316.57N *55/100 = 174N

P1 25cm p2

where P1 & P2 = the total weight of the machine and the seed applied on the shaft

R = the reaction force applied by the wheel on the shaft

2T
Tangential force (Ft) =
D

where D = diameter of the sprocket

For an effective velocity ratio, the speed of rotation of smaller sprocket is N1 = 12 rpm (Devesh
Kumar 2017)

T 2 N1 12
Velocity ratio VR = = = = 2.2 say 3
T 1 N 2 5.45

From the standard table we find that for the roller chain, the number of teeth on the smaller
sprocket or
pinion (T1) for a velocity ratio of 3 are 25.

to get the diameter of the sprocket first select the pitch of the sprocket by using the walking
speed N = 5.45 rpm

by selecting iso chain number from the standard, the value of pitch P is known to be 9.525mm.

to find the diameter of the sprocket the following formula is used.

p
The diameter of the sprocket D = 180
sin ⁡( )
T1

Where T1 = number of teeth on the smallest sprocket

9.525
D= 180 = 76mm =7.6cm
sin ⁡( )
25

2T 2∗457.3 NM
Ft = = = 12.034kN
D 0.076

Normal load (w) acting on the sprocket;

Ft
W=
cosα

Where α is the pressure angle =200

Note: pressure angle is the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure (which is normal to
the tooth surface) and the plane tangent to the pitch surface.

12.034
W= = 12.815kN
0.939

Since the sprocket is mounted at a distance of 5cm from the frame support, then the maximum
bending moment at that point of the sprocket will be M,

WL 12.815 N∗0.05
M= = = 0.160kNm
4 4

Thus, to calculate the diameter of shaft, we know that the equivalent twisting moment (T e)
Te = √ M 2+T 2

Te = √ 0.962 + 457.32
Te = 457.3Nm
Then the diameter of the shaft d can be calculated as;

d=
√
3 16 T e
πτ
=
√
3 16∗457.3

πτ

𝜏 =τu/F. S
Where, τ = shear stress, for the selected material 45 C 8 is 660Mpa
Safety factor F.S = considering all the factors in the shaft it is taken as 5
𝜏 =τu/F. S

𝜏 =660/5 =132N mm2 = 132Mpa

d=
√
3 16 T e
πτ
=
√
3 16∗457.3∗1000

π∗132
= 55.8mm = 5.58cm

so, it is estimated to the nearest standard shaft diameter is 8cm

force analysis of the shaft

horizontal force on the shaft

P1 25cm p2

a R b

The horizontal force in this cause is in the Z direction. Because in the X direction at both sides of
the shaft there is a rigid frame. The tangential force (Ft) is also in the forward direction. So, the
horizontal force is introduced in the forward direction or in the Z direction when it is driven
forward. But in the force analysis of horizontal force there is no difference from making analysis
in the X direction.

Where p1 &p2 = half of the weight of the machine and the seed
 R = the reaction force on the shaft by the wheel

And there is Ft (tangential force) at right of the machine at 5cm from frame support

From the above calculation;

Torque T = 457.3Nm

Tangential force Ft = 72.24N

Resistive force Fr = Ft * tanα = 72.24 * tan200 = 26.29N

The total weight is equally distributed on both p1 and p2.

So, total weight W = P1 + P2

2P1 =2P2 =W

P1 =P2 = W/2 = 316.57/2 =158.285N

Determining the reaction force

∑Fy = 0

-P1 +R -P2 = 0

R = P1+ P2 = 158.285+158.285

R = 316.57N

Calculating the bending moment

P2

Mc

v 100mm

a 100mm b
∑Fy = 0

P 2 -V = 0

V = P2 = 158.285N

∑Ma =0: M=100mm* P2 =15828.5Nmm

Maximum bending moment Mb =15828.5Nmm

Torque T =V * 100mm = 15828.5Nmm

So, from the above bending moments diagram, the maximum bending moment is, 15828.5Nmm

Stress analysis

Bending stress (σ b)
32 Mb 32∗15828.5
σb= = = 314.89N/mm2 = 314.89Mpa
πd3 π (8)3
stress due to torsion / shear stress
16T 16∗15828.5
τ= = = 157.45 N/mm2 =154.45Mpa
πd3 π (8)3
maximum shear stress;

√
2
τmax = ( σ ) + τ 2
2

= √ (314.89 /2)2 +(154.45)2

τmax = 220.55Mpa
220.55Mpa<250Mpa
Since the design stress is less than the allowable stress of the material, the design is safe.

Furrow opener
The minimum clearance H1 between the land surface and the lower edge of the frame was
kept at 200 mm. The height of tine (H) of furrow opener was calculated as (Varshney, et al.,
2004):

H = amax + H1 + ∆H ………………………………………….1

Where, amax = depth of tool = 10 cm

∆H = length of tine used for fastening with frame = 4.0 cm

H1 = length of tine = 24 cm

So, H = 10 + 24 + 4.0

H = 38 cm

The tine of the furrow opener was exposed first to bending due to soil resistance. soil resistance
(Pk) offered by the particular soil. The value of the actual average soil resistance is obtained by
the formula:

=a× ..............................................................2

Where, a = Effective working depth of tine = 5 cm

= Effective working width of tine = 5 cm

Pk = Specific soil resistance for the medium soil

Specific soil resistance Pk when sowing to a depth of 15 cm under different soils is:

Light soil: 0.12 kg/cm2

Medium soil: 0.15 kg/cm2

Heavy soil: 0.20 kg/cm2

 Very heavy soil: 0.25 kg/cm2

Therefore, = 5 × 5 × 0.15 × 9.81 = 36.78 N

The soil resistance is assumed to be 3 to 5 times higher than actual average soil resistance (Fx)

Draft at the tip of tine (Dt) = 36.78 × 3 = 110.36 N

Stress (σ in Pa), causing the tine to bend was calculated as (Varshney, et al., 2004):

σ =6 Dt ¿ ¿ x 104

Where,

Dt = draft at the tip of tine, N;

t = thickness of the tine, cm and

h= diameter of tine, cm

It is to be assumed that the thickness (t) and width (h) of tine were

2.0 and 5 cm respectively.

σ= = 45.03 Pa

Now, Torsional stress ( in Pa) is calculated as:

= 27.93x 105 Pa
τ= 27.93*105pa

Where, Ww = Effective working width of tine,5 cm; and thus, τ = 15.5 × 105 Pa

Then, the reduced stress (δ in Pa)

was calculated as:

δ = √ (σ2 + 4τ2)

δ = √ ( 4503000 ) 2+ 4 x (1550000)2

δ = 54.6 × 105 Pa

The factor of safety has been taken 5 times more than that of the actual stress,

Therefore, the stress = 54.6 × 105 × 5 = 273 × 105 Pa =27.3Mpa

The allowable stress of 45C8 steel is 600 MPa which is more than the designed stress 27.3Mpa
Hence, a spring steel of dimension (l × b × t) of 42.0 cm × 5.0 cm × 2.0 cm had been taken for
the machine. There was a provision of 4 holes of diameter 10 mm at equal distance for lowering
tine up to a depth of 8 cm to 12 cm as and when required.

Design of handle

Section designation Radius of Plastic modulus Area of section

gyration

Outside Thickness r (cm) S (cm3) A (cm2)

diameter(D) t(mm)

26.9 3.2 0.846 1.81 2.38

48.3 3.2 1.6 6.52 4.53

 60.3 5.0 1.96 15.3 27.7

114.3 6.3 3.82 73.6 21.4

Table2: standard dimensions of hollow circular mild steel

from the above standard table, A hollow steel pipe with an external diameter of 2.56 cm and
3.2mm wall thickness was selected for making the handle.it has five holes for adjustment of the
handle to suit operators of different heights.

Cost analysis

Cost analysis is an important portion which is used to determine whether the project is feasible or
not.it is done by making a cost analysis for each component and finally computing all the
components or by finding the mass of each component and multiplying them with their
respective cost.

Data obtained from the above calculation and from the standards are;

Mass of hopper =0.6562kg

mass of shaft for power transmission to seed metering mechanism = 0.444kg
mass of chain and sprocket = 4.06kg
dimensions of furrow opener l = 42cm,b = 5cm, t = 2cm
weight of frame = 208.7N
dimensions of shaft L = 25cm, D = 8cm
mass of the handle material =3.56kg/m length
mass of seed metering mechanism = 2.022kg

Then first the weight of furrow opener and shaft shouid be calculated to compute all the masses
and to find the overall cost with their respective material cost.

Mass of furrow opener;

Volume V = l x b x t =42 x 5 x 2 =420cm3

 m
ρ=
v
where density ρ=7.85 g/cm3

m = ρ x v = 7.85g/cm3 x 420cm3

m =3297g =3.297kg

mass of shaft;

volume V= πr2l = π (4)2 x 25 =1256.6cm3

m
ρ=
v
where density ρ=7.85 g/cm3

m = ρ x v = 7.85 x 1256.6 =9864.3g = 9.8643kg

mass of frame

w=mg

m =w/g =208.7/9.81 =21.27kg

then computing these masses with their category,

carbon steel (45 c 8) =0.444kg + 3.297kg = 3.741kg

AISI 4140 alloy steel = 2.022kg

Mild steel = 3.56kg + 21.27kg =24.8kg

Cold drawn carbon steel =4.06kg

Carbon steel (45 c 8) = 3.297kg

Now multiply the mass with the material price

1kg carbon steel (45 c 8) = 0.65dollar =32.5birr

Then 32.5 x 3.741 = 121.5birr

1kg AISI 4140 alloy steel = 0.75dollar =37.5birr

Then 37.5 x 2.022 = 75.82birr

1kg Mild steel = 0.7dollar = 35birr

Then 35 x 24.8 = 868birr

1kg Cold drawn carbon steel = 0.5dollar = 25birr

Then 4.06 x 25 = 101.5birr

Carbon steel (45 c 8) = 0.65dollar = 32.5birr

Then 3.297 x 32.5 =107.2birr

Finally compute the overall or total cost

Total cost = 121.5 + 75.82 + 868 + 101.5 +107.2

Total cost =1273.9birr

 CHAPTER 7

RESULT , CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Results of the modification design analysis

Name Material type specification property

Seed box Mild steel Lbottem = 4cm

(Hopper) Ltop = 8cm
h = 38cm
t=
Seed metering alloy steel Do = 10.9cm
 device Di = 42cm
L = 100.9cm
t = 0.5cm
k = 105
Shaft for seed alloy steel Do=30mm
metring L=80mm
mechanism
Drive wheel alloy steel. Do = 42cm
Di = 38cm
W = 3cm
t = 0.5cm
Chain carbon steel L=1.7m
K=175
D

Table: Bill of material

Parts Material property Density of material
Power transmission Carbon steel (45 c 8) σ=660Mpa ρ=7.85 g/cm3
system τ=80Gpa
E= 90-120Mpa
Hoper or seed box Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
E=190-215Gpa
Seed metering device AISI 4140 alloy steel σ=655Mpa ρ=7.85g/cm3
 E=200Gpa
Furrow opener Carbon steel (45 c 8) σ=660Mpa ρ=7.85 g/cm3
τ=80Gpa
E= 90-120Mpa
Drive wheel AISI 4140 alloy steel. σ=655Mpa ρ=7.85 g/cm3
E=200Gpa
Chain and sprocket Cold drawn carbon σ =440Mpa ρ=7.87 g/cm3
steel τ =220Mpa
E =205Gpa
Supporting frame Mild steel σ=485-645Mpa ρ=7.860 g/cm3
τ=345-525Mpa
E=190-215Gpa
Identification of the problem

Literature review

Material selection

Geometric analysis

Detail design analysis

Result and discussion

cost analysis

Part and assembly drawing

report