Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 01 (2021)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.061

Design, Development and Evaluation of Manual Vegetable Transplanter

Kanakam Yaswanth Kumar*, V. Narendra Reddy, S. C. Moses,

R. N. Aalam and Sandeep Singh

Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Vaugh Institute of Agricultural

Engineering and Technology (VIAET), Sam Higgin bottom University of Agriculture, Sciences
and Technology, (SHUATS) Prayagraj, (Uttar Pradesh), India
*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out during the year 2020 to design, development and
evaluation of manual vegetable transplanter on two different types of vegetable crops i.e.,
tomato and chilli. The manual vegetable transplanter consists of different components like
frame, wheels, supporting rod, furrow covering device, seedling stand, seedling delivery
Keywords tube, hopper, jaw opening pedal, handle and jaw mouth. The seedling delivery tube
Manual Vegetable penetrates into the soil by applying little force while holding with handle, seedling is
Transplanter, dropped into seedling delivery tube then the jaw is opened by pressing the pedal. The work
Vegetable crops demonstrates the application of engineering techniques to reduce the labour efforts and
time required for transplanting. The results obtained from the trial tests concluded that
Article Info transplanter functioned properly. The effective field capacity was 0.0057 ha/h for tomato
and effective field capacity for chilli is 0.0029 ha/h. Field efficiency was found to be 95%
Accepted: for tomato and 96.66% for chilli. The time to transplant a hectare by manual vegetable
07 December 2020 transplanter comes out to be 46.28 man-h/ha for tomato and 61.72 man-h/ha for chilli. The
Available Online: time and labour requirement to transplant a hectare by conventional method comes out to
10 January 2021 be 160 man-h/ha for tomato and chilli. Results revealed that the average saving of 66.25%
of time and labour over conventional method. The cost of operation for transplanting
tomato and chilli by manual vegetable transplanter were found to be 2168.51 Rs/ha and
2891.3 Rs/ha respectively and the cost of operation for transplanting tomato and chilli by
conventional method were found to be 5000 Rs/ha respectively. The cost of operation was
reduced with the developed prototype and saving in cost of operation was found to be
56.62% for tomato and 42.17% for chilli over conventional method.

Introduction self-employment to families who are engaged

Vegetables play an important role in human
nutrition and vegetable production is
essentially a small-farm venture that benefits
thousands of families in urban and rural areas.
Growing vegetables in the country, offers
in different aspects: crop-cultivation,
harvesting, transporting, preparation for the
market and selling for about 175 types of
vegetables. According to Horticultural
Statistics at a Glance-2020, total vegetable
production in India in the year 2018-2019 was

497
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
183.17 million tonnes. It is estimated that the
per capita fruits and vegetables availability in
India is less than 190 to 200 g per day, which
is far below the recommended quantity of 230
g per capita per day (Nandede et al., 2017).
On other side, growth in the vegetable and
fruit sectors offers considerable opportunities
for increased diversification of agricultural
income and nutrition in the future in Indian
farming conditions. The estimated demand of
vegetables in India by the end of 2020 is 220
million metric tons and this can be achieved
by increasing the area under vegetable
cultivation and mechanised operation of
vegetable seedlings cultivation. In the past
one decade, the change in cropping pattern is
more towards the horticulture sector and
commercial crops. Presently at most of the
area is covered by hybrid seeds for vegetable
cultivation, seeds are costly but gives higher
yield and quality produce.
The development of Indian agriculture sector
depends on the development of farm
machinery. There is need of cheap and easily
available farm machinery to reduce human
efforts and the product damage. The available
vegetable transplanter is expensive for the
small-scale farmer; therefore, these farmers
use traditional methods of vegetable
transplanting. In India most of the farmers
doing transplanting operation of vegetables
with traditional methods, that methods
include all operation such as making holes in
mulching paper, dugout pits on bed and
transplant seedling in each hole are done
manually. This method of transplanting is
time consuming and need maximum labour
input, sometime there is lack of availability of
labour. The unavailability of labour, cause
delay in transplanting operation which
directly affects crop production and economic
condition of the farmer.
Transplanting is practice which involves the
placing of seedlings either on the ridge or
498
well-prepared seedbed, such that they start
establishing their roots and survive as a
separate plant. Seedlings for transplanting
purposes are raised on beds in which seeds
are broadcasted or dibbled in lines. According
to the requirement of the procedure followed
for transplanting of a particular crop or
method. Seedling are then uprooted manually
when they are about 4-10 weeks old and
transplanted in fields. Transplanting of
seedling is a manual and labour-intensive
operation. Timely transplanting of vegetable
crops is essential for higher yields.
The farmers need a vegetable transplanter that
is simple in design, affordable and suitable for
their farming conditions. Considering the
small and fragmented holdings under
vegetable crops and to avoid bending posture
in manual transplanting, it was considered
that manually operated vegetable transplanter
will be suitable for adoption in Indian
conditions.
Shaw (1997) developed an automatic
transplanting vegetable machine with the
transplanting rate of 7000 plants per hour per
row unit and tested it in a greenhouse for both
tomato and pepper seedling into bare ground
with plastic mulch and it was found that on a
regular basis, the machine resulted in 98% of
good quality seedling from a tray and
regularly removes all of the seedlings from
the tray. This machine was designed for 7 to 8
inches total length seedlings and however
some difficulties were observed with plants
over 9 to 10 inches in length.
Vinay Kumar et al., (2018) developed the
single row manual vegetable transplanter on
three different types of vegetable crops i.e.,
brinjal, chilli and tomato at two different sites
and compare it with traditional method of
transplanting. The effective field capacity was
52.36 per cent superior over conventional
method of transplanting. Field efficiency was
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
found to be 91.34 and 90.63 per cent with
vegetable transplanter and conventional
method respectively. Labour requirement and
cost of operation were also extremely reduced
compared to traditional method of
transplanting and results revealed average
saving of 52.83 per cent of time and labour
over traditional method. In agriculture,
transplanting is one of the important labour-
intensive activity and adoption of the single
row manual vegetable transplanter in the
present study increased not only efficiency
but cost of operation was also reduced by
reducing labour engagement during
transplanting.
Arjya et al., (2018) developed the Bullock
Drawn Vegetable Transplanter. The machine
was evaluated in the field condition with a
pair of bullocks using bare root seedlings of
brinjal and chilli of 10- 12% moisture content.
From the field studies the average depth of
planting brinjal and chilli was found to be 58-
60 cm. The plant stand and plant mortality
after 21 days of transplanting was found to be
70.78-72.76 % and 21.66- 25.66 %
respectively. The tray type metering
mechanism maintained a plant to plant
spacing of 525 mm. Draft developed by the
vegetable transplanter was 21 kgf. The field
capacity and field efficiency of the developed
transplanter was 0.052 ha/h and 72.20%
respectively.
Anuj et al., (2018) conducted an experiment
to evaluate the performance of semi-
automatic vegetable transplanter and compare
it with the traditional system of manual
transplanting. The two-row vegetable
transplanter was evaluated in the field for
brinjal and chillies and compared with the
manual transplanting of bare root seedling
and study evaluation of transplanter revealed
that field capacity of transplanter was 0.09-
0.12ha/h with field efficiency of 64 to 75%.
The average plant height, number of branches
499
per plant, plant mortality, yield, seedling
missing, and leaf area were found more by
machine transplanting while plant population,
planting depth were found less by machine
transplanting. Time saving, labour saving,
lower cost of operation was observed in
machine transplanting as compared to manual
transplanting.
Manjuath Pai et al., (2016) developed the
Semi-Automatic Vegetable Planting Machine.
This planter machine has considerable
potential to greatly increase productivity. The
main task now is to promote this technology
and have available to farmers at an affordable
price. The Planter machine can be readily
made from local components in workshops.
By using of this machine, achievement of
flexibility of distance and depth variation for
different seed plantation is possible.
Materials and Methods
The present investigation entitled “Design,
Development and Evaluation of Manual
Vegetable Transplanter” was developed in the
workshop of Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology and Sciences,
Prayagraj, U.P. The chapter deals with
various materials and methods used in the
experiments under following:
1. Experimental setup of manual
vegetable transplanter
2. Design considerations of manual
vegetable transplanter
3. Performance evaluation of manual
vegetable transplanter
Experimental setup of manual vegetable
transplanter
Keeping in view the design specifications, a
prototype of manual vegetable transplanter
was fabricated in the workshop of SHUATS
using locally available materials (Fig. 1–4;
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
Table 1-3).
Design considerations
The following design considerations have
been considered in mind while developing the
prototype:
Simple in fabrication with locally available
materials and easy to use
Able to transplant vegetable seedlings in
standing posture
Farmer friendly, the safety of the operator
Able to transplant seedling of different
vegetable crops
Minimal force requirement for penetration
into the soil surface
Easy to operate both male and female can be
operated
Design of manual equipment depends on
many factors like mode of operation,
anthropometric data of user population,
material and shape of equipment. Research
has shown that there are anthropometric
differences between different populations in
almost every part of the human body.
Based on the conceptual view of the manual
vegetable transplanter, functional
requirement, the anthropometric data of the
user populations of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
(Ahmed Merza Abood et al., 2015) and taking
into consideration of the specification of
nursery seedlings of different vegetable crops
such as tomato and chilli, the prototype was
developed. The specifications of the seedlings
taken into consideration for design of
prototype.
Improved equipment plays an important role
in farm mechanization of a country.
Compatibility between size and physical
strength of the users, design and dimensions
of farm tools and equipment is essential to
achieve enhanced performance and efficiency
of man-equipment system along with better
500
comfort and safety of operators.
The main components of the vegetable
transplanter are given below:
Frame
Wheels
Frame
Seedling tray mounted on the frame
Supporting rod
Furrow covering device
Planting device
Seedling delivery tube
Hopper
Handle
Jaw opening lever (pedal)
Jaw (Opening mouth)
Wheels
The wheels are manufactured with 3.5 cm
width of steel bar with thickness 3 mm. The
diameter of the wheel is 30 cm. Lugs on
wheels to resist sliding action and due to self-
cleaning property, 2 cm height of lugs was
attached to four wheels. The diameter of the
wheel including lugs was 34 cm.
Frame
The frame which is suitable to push the total
equipment and balance the total loads in
equipment. The frame is constructed with L-
shaped bar with thickness of 3 mm and width
of 3.5 cm. The total length of the frame is 4.3
feet. The frame consists of a handle which
helped to hold tight and give maximum
support to push equipment.
Seedling tray mounted on the frame
The seedling frame is used to place the
seedling tray. The height of the seedling
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
frame is 52 cm, width of the seedling frame is
71 cm. Height of the seedling frame from the
ground was 115.5 cm. The seedling frame
holds the 4 seedling trays and rotates 3600 by
using 45 mm bearings.
Supporting rod
Seedling frame is mounted on the supporting
square rod, the diameter of the square pipe
was 45 mm and length of the square pipe is 3
feet. One end of the supporting rod is attached
to frame and another end is attached to
seedling frame. The seedling delivery
mechanism is attached by four bars from the
supporting rod.
Furrow covering device
The covering device of manually operated
vegetable transplanter was designed
adjustable. It was designed to allow for proper
covering of the soil over the seedlings in the
furrows. The length of the furrow covering
device is 22 cm, width is 22 cm and
adjustable height is 10 cm.
Seedling delivery tube
The dimension of seedling plays vital role to
decide the diameter of seedling tube, height of
jaw and apex angle. Canopy of seedling is
considered to decide the diameter of seedling
delivery tube. The average size of canopy is
required to avoid clogging in hollow pipe.
The height of seedling should not me more
than 20 cm and seedling age from 30-40 days
is preferable as the height at this stage ranges
from 10-15 cm (Malunjkar et al., 2014).
For seed delivery tube, polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) pipe is selected due to its light weight,
easy availability and its cheapness. The
diameter of tube was selected 7 cm on the
basis of dimension of average canopy of
seedlings which ranged from 21 to 53 mmand
501
it was also provided with a hopper so that it is
easy for seedling to go inside the delivery
tube without any interruption and damage to
the leaves of the seedlings from the upper
edge of the feeding pipe of transplanter.
Height of handle of vegetable transplanter
from ground
For manually operated implements, the
handle is one of most important components
with which the operator controls and guides
the implements properly during field
operations and the height of the handle of the
transplanter from the ground should be
designed such that during operation the
operator stands erect as far as possible to
reduce musculoskeletal discomfort
(Dewangan et al., 2008).
The height of the handle from ground was
determined as 87 cm and made up of MS
pipe.
Handle width
It is used to hold and penetrate the jaw in the
soil bed. For maximum work efficiency, hand
positioning should be such that both hands are
close to their neutral position. Thus, handle
width depends on elbow- elbow breadth.
Taking a clearance of 87 cm on each side, the
recommended handle width was 54 cm. The
recommended grip diameter was determined
as 2.5 cm.
Size of jaw mouth
The size of jaw mouth depends on the
required depth of transplanting of the
different vegetable seedlings.
The required depth for transplanting is 3 to 5
cm for the vegetable seedlings therefore, the
size of jaw mouth is taken as 20 cmso that
jaw could easily penetrate into the soil surface
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
up to 5 cm depth.
Apex angle
The apex angle (ϴ) is inclined angle formed
by the two edges between the jaw and jaw
opener, according to Singh (1998). It ranges
between 36o to 60o for proper penetration of
implement into the soil; therefore, apex angle
of jaw was taken as 60ofor easy penetration
without much efforts. The apex angle was
found by using the angle protractor.
Performance evaluation of manual
vegetable transplanter
Working principle of the manual vegetable
transplanter
The main working principle of manual
vegetable transplanter is pedal operated. This
prototype has simple mechanism; the jaw is
operated with pedal which is connected by
spring. The prototype in held position with as
the jaw penetrate into soil bed, pick up one
seedling and drop into seedling delivery tube,
then push the pedal downside and the action
of pedal opens the jaw inside the soil, at that
condition seedling is drop into the pit. Now
pick up the implement in the same position
(jaw in open position), the outermost soil
from jaw comes towards the root zone of
seedling, then the jaw closer covers the
seedling with the soil partially. Then the
furrow closer will covers the seedling with
soil.
Field capacity
Field efficiency
Refilling time
Turning losses
Labour requirement
No. of plants per sq. m
Field capacity
Theoretical field capacity was calculated
based on the speed of operation and
502
theoretical time taken
Theoretical Field Capacity =
W = Width of operation (m)
S = Speed (km/h)
Actual field capacity was calculated based on
area covered and actual time taken for
covering the area including the time lost in
turning, rest and talk.
Actual Field Capacity =
(ha/h).
Field efficiency
Field efficiency was obtained by dividing
actual field capacity by the theoretical field
capacity.
Field efficiency = × 100
Refilling time
Time taken to refill the seedling tray mounted
on the frame of equipment.
Turning losses
Time taken to place the equipment from one
row to another row to planting.
Labour requirement
Skilled labour (man power) required to
operate the vegetable planter viz., operating
the planter, placing seedling tray, shifting the
machine from one row to another row.
No. of plants per meter length
The total number of plants were recorded per
meter length with the help of measuring tape.
Results and Discussion
The chapter deals with the results of the study
which has been conducted in two phases. In
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
the first phase, a manual vegetable
transplanter was designed and developed. In
the second phase, the developed prototype
was evaluated in the field with the different
types of vegetable crops i.e., tomato and
chilliat SHUATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh,
during November, 2020 to determine its
performance under actual field conditions.
The results obtained during the course of
these investigations are presented and
discussed under the following sub heads.
Experimental setup of manual vegetable
transplanter
Design considerations of manual vegetable
transplanter
Performance evaluation of manual vegetable
transplanter
Experimental setup of manual vegetable
transplanter
The field evaluation of the manual vegetable
transplanter was carried out in the field at
SHUATS, Allahabad.
Design considerations of manual vegetable
transplanter
The review of the literature revealed that the
main problem with traditional method of
transplanting was that the farmers have to
work with their hands and there was lot of
fatigue involved in it along with the
occupational health hazards and the posture
adopted during the operation was also not
proper and lead to occupational health
problems. Transplanting with tradition
method in strenuous posture also causes
severe pain in shoulders, upper back, hands
and fingers.
The design of the equipment was based on the
idea that it should relieve farmers from back
pain and eliminate continuous sitting posture
by employing standing posture to increases
the work efficiency, reduce drudgery and
503
provide comfortable working posture.
The design and fabrication of prototype of
manual vegetable transplanter was based on
the two main factor.
Specifications of seedling
On the basis of the canopy (floral spread) of
the seedlings, the diameter of the seedling
delivery tube was decided.
On the basis of the height of the seedlings the
size of the jaw mouth was decided.
Performance evaluation of manual
vegetable transplanter
Field capacity
The average effective field capacity for
transplanting tomato and chilli with
developed vegetable transplanter was 0.0057
ha/h and 0.0029 ha/h. The lower field
capacity in case of chilli was due to higher
plant population per unit area as compared to
tomato. The mean effective field capacity was
49.12% higher over chilli.
Field efficiency
The average field efficiency for transplanting
tomato and chilli with developed vegetable
transplanter was 95% and 96.66%,
respectively.
The lowest average field efficiency was found
in case of tomato with developed transplanter
due to its larger floral spread (Canopy) and
the seedlings of the tomato crop were more
delicate therefore required more caring while
transplanting.
Higher field efficiency was found in case of
chilli crop with developed vegetable
transplanter. However, the efficiency can be
increased with more skillful operators.
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
Refilling time
The time taken to replace the empty tray with
the seedling tray.
Crops R1 (sec) R2 (sec) R3 (sec) Avg (sec) In conclusion the results obtained in the
Tomato 8 10 9 9
Chilli 10 11 9 10
The maximum refilling time is 10 sec,
minimum is 8 sec and average is 9 sec were
observed in the planting of tomato seedlings.
The maximum refilling time is 11 sec,
minimum is 9sec and average is 10 sec were
observed in the planting of chilli seedlings.
Turning losses
The loss of time during the field operation
while working on borders to turn the
equipment one row to another row.
Crops R1 (sec) R2 (sec) R3 (sec) Avg (sec) anthropometry
Tomato 8 10 12 10
Chilli 10 12 11 11
The maximum turning loss is 12 sec,
minimum is 8 sec and average is 10 sec were
observed in the planting of tomato seedlings.
The maximum turning loss is 12 sec,
minimum is 10 sec and average is 11 sec were
observed in the planting of chilli seedlings.
Labor requirement
The time and labor requirement has been
considerably reduced by use of developed
vegetable transplanter and it was seen that the
average time required to transplant a hectare
area by developed vegetable transplanter
found to be 46.28 man-h/ha for tomato and
61.72 man-h/ha for chilli. The time and labour
requirement to transplant a hectare by
conventional method comes out to be 160
man-h/ha for tomato and chilli.
No. of plants per meter length
The number of plants planted in the square
meter area is 4.4 for tomato and 12 for chilli.
present study on the design, development and
evaluation of manual vegetable transplanter
on different types of vegetable crops i.e.,
tomato and chilli at SHUATS, Allahabad,
Uttar Pradesh during November, 2020 to
determine its performance under actual field
conditions are summarized below:
The present study was carried out in two
phases. In the first phase, a manual vegetable
transplanter was designed and developed in
the workshop of SHUATS. In the second
phase, the developed prototype was evaluated
in the field on vegetable crops tomato and
chilliat SHUATS-Allahabad. The prototype
was design on the basis of conceptual design,
specification of the seedlings and
data of the user’s population
of Allahabad (Ahmed Merza Abood et al.,
2015). The anthropometric data of farm
workers of the region were considered
essential for design and development of
manual vegetable transplanter.
The main working principle of manual
vegetable transplanter was pedal operated.
This prototype has simple mechanism; the
jaw was operated with pedal which was
connected by spring. The prototype in held
position with handle as the jaw penetrate into
soil bed, pickup one seedling and drop into
seedling delivery tube, then push the pedal
downside and the action of pedal opens the
jaw inside the soil, at that condition seedling
is drop into the pit. Now pick up the
implement in the same position (jaw in open
position), the outermost soil from the jaw
comes towards the root zone of seedling, then
the jaw closer covers the seedling with the
soil partially. Then the furrow closer will
504
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508

covers the seedling with soil.

Table.1 Seedling parameters of the vegetable crops

Parameters Names of vegetables

Tomato Chilli
Age of seedlings (days) 35 35
Leaf stage (No. of leaves) 4-6 3-5
Floral spread cm (Mean) 5.28 2.13
No of plants/meter length 2.2 3.3
Mean seedling height (cm) 4.85 3.35
Mean seedling diameter (mm) 1.7 1.1
Row to row distance (cm) 60 45
Plant to plant distance (cm) 45 30
Variety of vegetable Heemsona Shimla

Table.2 Specification of manual vegetable transplanter

S. no. Description Dimensions (mm) Material used

1. Seedling delivery tube 600 PVC pipe
2. Hopper diameter 70 PVC pipe
3. Handle height 870 MS pipe
4. Jaw mouth length 200 MS flat
5. Apex angle 60o -

Table.3 Field performance of manual vegetable transplanter

Parameters Transplanter
Tomato Chilli
Theoretical field capacity (ha/h) 0.006 0.003
Effective field capacity (ha/h) 0.0057 0.0029
Field efficiency (%) 95 96.66
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 46.28 61.72
Cost of operation (Rs/ha) 2168.51 2891.3

505
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508

Fig.1 View of developed manual vegetable transplanter

Fig.2 Graphical representation of Field Capacity for tomato and chilli

Fig.3 Graphical representation of Field Efficiency for tomato and chilli

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 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 497-508
Fig.4 View of evaluation of manual vegetable transplanter at field
The field evaluation of the manual vegetable
transplanter was carried out in the field at
SHUATS, Allahabad. Field capacity and field
efficiency of the developed transplanter was
evaluated in the field. Mean effective field
capacity was found to be 0.0043 ha/hwith
manual vegetable transplanter respectively.
The effective field capacity was 0.0057 ha/h
for tomato and effective field capacity for
chilli is 0.0029 ha/h. Field efficiency was
found to be 95% for tomato and 96.66% for
chilli.
It can be used for transplanting many
vegetable crops such as tomato, brinjal,
cabbage, chilli, cucumber etc.
Vegetable seedling transplanter machine
made transplanting seedling easier,
faster and used less manpower.
Vegetable seedling transplanter machine
made transplanting seedling easier and
used less manpower.
It is used for small plots and small fields.
You can stand straight when seeding, no need
to bend over and save much energy.
There is no damaged to seedling and
negligible missing rate compared with
507
automatic vegetable transplanter.
It is very suitable for some plants which need
plastic film mulching.
Easy operation.
Acknowledgment
The author is thankful to Assistant Professor.
Dr. S. C. Moses, Department of Farm
Machinery and Power Engineering, Vaugh
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology (VIAET), Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Sciences and
Technology, (SHUATS) Allahabad, (Uttar
Pradesh).
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Himanshu Raj. and Rohit Kumar
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performance of two row semi-
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International Journal of Chemical
Studies 4: 125-127.
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S. and Debraj, B. 2018. Development Planting Machine. National

and Evaluation of a Bullock Drawn Conference on Advances in
Vegetable Transplanter. International Mechanical Engineering Science:
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Manjuath, P., Sandesh, S., Chaitra, K., Transplanter. Indian Journal of Hill
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Study on Semi-Automatic Vegetable

How to cite this article:

Kanakam Yaswanth Kumar, V. Narendra Reddy, S. C. Moses, R. N. Aalam and Sandeep

Singh. 2021. Design, Development and Evaluation of Manual Vegetable Transplanter.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(01): 497-508. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.061

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