Agriculture Pesticide Sprayer: Chapter-I

Agriculture Pesticide sprayer
CHAPTER- I
INTRODUCTION
In India about 73% of population is directly or indirectly depends upon

the farming. Hence it is said that India is an agricultural based country. But
till now our farmers are doing farming in same traditional ways. They are doing
seed sowing, fertilizers and pesticides spraying, cultivating by conventional
methods.
There is need of development in this sector and most commonly on

fertilizers pesticides spraying technique, because it requires more efforts and
time to spray by traditional way.
Most of Asian nations are at developing stage and they are facing the
problem of high population and as compared to that agricultural productivity is
much lower as compared to developed nations. India is one of the nations who
is facing the same problem. This is caused due to low level farms, insufficient
power availability to farms and poor level of farm mechanization.
In order to meet the requirement of food of growing population and rapid

industrialization, there is a need of the modernization of agriculture sector. On
many farms production suffers because, delay in sowing, improper distribution
suffer because delay in sowing, improper distribution of pesticides and
fertilizers, harvesting.
Mechanization solves all the problems which are responsible for low
production. It conserves the input and precision in work and get better and
equal distribution. It reduces quantity needed for better response, prevent the
Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 1

losses and wastage of input applied. It get high productivity so that cost of
production will reduced.
To reach the requirement of production Agriculture implement and

machinery program of the government take steps to increase availability of
implement, pumps, tractors, power tillers, harvester and other power operated
machines.
Special emphasis was laid on the later as more than 65% of the farmers
fall in small and marginal category. Generally mechanization of small forms are
very difficult and non-affordable but Japanese make it happens. They are by
proper mechanization they did farming and get more production than Indian.
They are using the modern time saving machine of required sizes to get more
production. Japanese led agriculture to new heights.
Crop yield is reduced by mainly due to attack of pests, diseases and

weed. Chemical control is the popular method adopted for controlling most
insects, weed and diseases. The chemicals are applied either by spraying,
sprinkling or On the crop with help of pump or dusting. Spraying is one of the
most effective and efficient techniques for applying small volume of spray liquid
to protect crops.
In conventional methods, manually operated low and high volume

hydraulic sprayer and power operated hydraulic sprayer with long boom, long
lances or spray gun are used to carry fluid at different targets. In this method,
the time and labour required is more. It is difficult to spray the pesticide
uniformly and effectively throughout the tree by conventional method of
spraying.
Though this method gives good pest control, it consumes large volume of
liquid per plant, great amount of time and labour are required. Also drip losses
are more. Owing to concern towards protecting environment from pollution by

excessive use of pesticide and to economies the spraying method suitable
alternative should be identified.
In India, diverse farm mechanization scenario in country due to varied

size of the farm holdings and socio-economic disparities. Most of farmer in
India are small and marginal land holder.
The spraying operation done by Knapsack sprayer which consumes more

time and energy. Tractor operated sprayers are difficult for adaption by the
farmer due to existing cropping patterns, available field size, field condition
during the rainy season.
To overcome these problem requirements for better adaptability. In the

view self propelled small engine operated sprayer is batter option due to its
medium cost and small size implying better manoeuvrability in the small land
holding. Self propelled walking type sprayers can full fill the mechanization gap
to do spraying operation at the faster rate.
This shows there is an urgent need to introduce mechanical sprayer in

Indian farm. The engine operated self propelled sprayer should be easily
manoeuvrable and less expensive for farmers or best source of power
mechanical spraying operation.
Present pattern of row cropping concept widely adopted by Indian farmer

and development of spraying vehicle type sprayer is the need of today. Keeping
the above point of view, the present investigation was under taken to evaluate
field performance of self propelled boom sprayer in the field crops and workout
the cost of spraying operation.
Mathew et al. (1992) studied test of power tiller operated boom sprayer. In
this study the experiment was conducted for varying pressure on the power
tiller operated boom sprayer provided with hollow cone nozzle. Also they

illustrated the relationship between pressure and cone angle, where cone angle
is the angle subtended at the orifice by the edge of spray pattern.
It was also observed that the cost of operating the boom sprayer reduced
29% as compared with the hand compression Knapsack sprayer.
Padmananthan and Kathirvel (2007) evaluated the power tiller operated rear
mounted boom sprayer for cotton crop. The performance of power tiller
operated boom sprayer was satisfactory at a pressure of 3 kg/ cm2 and could
be adopted by the farmers for spraying cotton crop and other row crops. it
saves the cost and time of operation by 51% power operated Knapsack sprayer.
Veerangouda et al. (2010) evaluated the performance of bullock drawn

sprayers for cotton crop. They reported that the bullock drawn traction sprayer
was capable to cover 6 rows at a stretch with an average field capacity of 0.66
ha/h with a power output of 0.68 kW.
Also in this study average quantity of chemical solution sprayed per ha

was 441.80 l/ha. The field capacity of bullock drawn engine sprayer was 1.19
ha/h with a power output of 0.60 kW. Gimenes et al. (2012) evaluated the
performance of airassistance in spray booms which have different spray
volumes and nozzle types.
Two spray nozzles (flat fan nozzle and hollow cone nozzle) were tested,
combined with two air assistance levels in the spray boom (with and without
air assistance) and a treatment control. They showed that hollow cone nozzle
increased the spray deposit level on the corn plants compared with the flat fan
nozzle, at growth stage V4.

1.1 Status of agricultural mechanization in India

Most of the developing countries of Asia have the problem of high
population and low level of land productivity as compared to the developed
nations. One of the main reasons for low productivity is insufficient power
availability on the farms and low level of farm mechanization. This is especially
true for India.
It is now realized the world over that in order to meet the food
requirements of the growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable.
It is said that on many farms, production suffers because of improper

seedbed preparation and delayed sowing, harvesting and threshing.
Mechanization enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity needed for better
response and prevention of losses or wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization
reduces unit cost of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Agricultural implement and machinery program of the government has

been one of selective mechanization with a view to optimize the use of human,
animal and other sources of power. In order to meet the requirements, steps
were taken to increase availability of implements, irrigation pumps, tractors,
power tillers, combine harvesters and other power operated machines and also
to increase the production and availability of improved animal drawn
implements. Special emphasis was laid on the later as more than 70% of the
farmers fall in small and, marginal category.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the main
organization looking after all agricultural research, including agricultural
implements and machinery.
It coordinates a number of research projects with centers at different

places in the country. Some of the State Governments have also facilitated in
setting up of research organizations at state level. Each of the state has at least
one agricultural university.
A research program usually concentrates on the development of

equipment suitable to a given farming conditions. The objective is to improve
upon the performance of indigenous implements or develop a new implement
that can either enhance labor productivity or appropriately mechanize the
operation where a labor or power shortage hinders completing the task in time.
1.3 Sprayer
A sprayer is a device used to spray a liquid, where sprayers are

commonly used for projection of water, weed killers, crop performance
materials, pest maintenance chemicals, as well as manufacturing and
production line ingredients. In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece
of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on
agricultural crops.
Sprayers range in size from man-portable units (typically backpacks

with spray guns) to trailed sprayers that are connected to a tractor, to self-
propelled units similar to tractors, with boom mounts of 4-30 feet up to 60–151
feet in length depending on engineering design for tractor and land size.

1.4Description of Agriculture Sprayers
Agriculture sprayers come in various design types, sizes, equipment and

performance specifications. There are small, spot spraying ag sprayers up to
very large sprayers with extensive land and plant spray coverage.
Agricultural sprayers have been engineered this way to optimize their

applicability and performance for the many scenarios, crops, vegetation, and
soil that sprayers are used on.
Agriculture sprayers are often used for applying water and water
chemical solutions containing acids or caustic materials, often as crop-
performance/pest-maintenance chemicals; i.e. fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
1.5 Agricultural Sprayers
There are a number of agriculture sprayers designed for spraying

applications and designed to be versatile and suitable for various uses from
spot applications, gardens, crops, row crops, crop trees, fruit, groves,
vineyards, perimeter maintenance, livestock needs, weed control, pastures and
rangeland.
Examples of general sprayer types include
1. Boom Sprayers
2. Boomless Sprayer Nozzles
3. Mist Sprayers
4. Three (3) Point Hitch Sprayers
5. Truck-Bed Sprayer
6. Towing, Hitch Sprayer
7. UTV Sprayer
8. ATV Sprayer
9. Spot Sprayer
10. Backpack Sprayer

1.6 Basic Components of Sprayer
a) Pump: A pump is a piece of equipment used to move fluids, such as

liquids or slurries, or gases from one place to another.
b) Tank: It is the storage place of chemical solution. It is made up of PVC,

Brass, etc.
c) Air chamber: In a reciprocate type pump, an air chamber is provided on

the release line of the pump to level out the pulsations of the pump and thus
given that an invariable nozzle pressure.
d) Pressure gauge: It is a dial gauge which shows the pressure at which the
liquid is delivering from the pump.
e) Pressure regulator: The pressure regulator use for some important

functions. It is the means of adjust the pressure is necessary for any spray job
within the pressure choice of the pump.
f) Strainer: It is a little circular plastic ring with nylon wire mesh to filter
any dust element coming with the chemical solution it is included in the
suction line connecting the chemical tank and the check valves.
g) Nozzles: It is the part which pull the fluid in to fine droplet.

Mechanization of spray fluid is usually achieved by releasing the liquid through
lips called nozzle under pressure.

CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Spraying Methods:
One of the more common forms of pesticide application, especially in
conventional agriculture, is the use of mechanical sprayers.
R. Joshua, V. Vasu and P. Vincent [1] “Solar Sprayer - An Agriculture

Implement”, “International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2 (1): 16-19,
2010 ISSN 2079-2107”
R..Fox, R.C. Derksen [2] “Visual and image system measurement of

spray deposits using water–sensitive paper” Applied Engineering in Agriculture
Vol. 19(5): 549–552 2003 American Society of Agricultural Engineers ISSN
0883–8542
M.A.Miller, B. L. Steward, M. L. Westphalen [3] “Effects of multi−mode

four−wheel steering on sprayer machine performance”, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers ISSN 0001−2351 [4] A. Taiwo K. Oje, “Development and
testing of a swirl chamber nozzle”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering and
sTechnology (JAET), Volume 16 (N0. 1) June, 2008
Sootha, G.D. and S.K. Gupta, [4] 1991. Jugal Kishor (Ed.); Generation
(STPG) Technologies in Indian Context, Solar Energy Centre. Proceedings of the
Workshop published in the proceedings of International on Technology
Transfer.

Rao, G.D.,[5]. Solar Energy, Solar Photo-Voltaic: American Society of

Mechanical Engineer, ASME, Electric Power Generation, 15: 434-484.
Rajesh, Kumar and O.S. Sastry,[6] 1998. Proceedings of 2 World

Conference on Photovoltaic Solar Energy nd Conversion held at Vienna,
Austria, pp: 6-10. Performance, evaluation and development of Solar
Photovoltaic Lighting Systems in India.
Sastry, O.S., Rajesh Kumar and P.C. Pant,[7] 1999. C This Technology
is most suitable for Energy Indo-Japan Co-operation on Science&Technology
Alternate Device for power sprayers. Seminar “Photovoltaic Technology in India
& C The farming community is more dynamic and they Japan”, 2 New Delhi
Sharma, R.S.,[8] 1995. Environmental Economics and implementation.

Design Consideration to commercialize Solar Thermal C Moreover the same
technique and technology can Power Generation in Megawatt(MW) Range, also
be extended for all types of power sprayers. Published in the transactions of
International REFERENCES organized by the University of Melbourne,
Australia.
Sharma, R.S.,[8] 1996.Sustainable Solar Thermal Power Generation

(STPG) Technologies in Indian Context, Solar Energy Centre. Proceedings of the
Workshop published in the proceedings of International on Technology
Transfer. Conference on Renewable Energy, organized by 2. Rao, G.D., 0000.
Solar Energy, Solar Photo-Voltaic: American Society of Mechanical Engineer,
ASME, Electric Power Generation, 15: 434-484. 1-3 at San Antanio, USA.

CHAPTER-III
METHODS & METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In our country farming is done by traditional way, besides that there is
large development of industrial and service sector as compared to that of
agriculture. The spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack type
sprayer which requires more human effort. The weeding is generally done with
the help of Bulls which becomes costly for farmers having small farming land.
So to overcome these above two problems, we tried to eliminate these problems
and designed the equipment which will be beneficial to the farmer for the
spraying and weeding operations.
3.2 Objectives
• Decrease the operational cost by using new mechanism.
• Work reliably under different working conditions.
• Decrease the cost of machine.
• Decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method.
• Machine can be operated in small farming land (5 acre).
• Making such a machine which can be able to perform both the operation
(spraying and weeding).
So considering these points related to spraying and weeding an attempt is
made to design and fabricate such equipment which will able to perform both
the operations more efficiently and also will results in low cost.

3.3 Types of Spryers
3.3.1 Backpack (knapsack) sprayer

One type of backpack sprayer is a compressed air sprayer with a harness
that allows it to be carried on the operator's back. Another type of backpack
sprayer has a hand-operated hydraulic pump that forces liquid pesticide
through a hose and one or more nozzles. The pump is usually activated by
moving a lever. A mechanical agitator plate may be attached to the pump
plunger. Some of these sprayers can generate pressures of 100 pounds per
square inch (psi) or more. Capacity of both these types of backpack sprayers is
usually 5 gallons or less.
Figure:1:Backpack type spraying

Hydraulic sprayers consist of a tank, a pump, a lance (for single nozzles) or
boom, and a nozzle (or multiple nozzles). Sprayers convert a pesticide
formulation, often containing a mixture of water (or another liquid chemical
carrier, such as fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets, which can be large rain-
type drops or tiny almost-invisible particles. This conversion is accomplished by
forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle under pressure. The size of

droplets can be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by altering
the pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. Large droplets
have the advantage of being less susceptible to spray drift, but require more
water per unit of land covered. Due to static electricity, small droplets are able
to maximize contact with a target organism, but very still wind conditions are
required. But, in this type of spraying, the labor has to carry all the weight of
the pesticides filled tank which causes fatigue to labor and hence reduces the
human capacity.
3.3.2 Lite-Trac
Lite-Trac is a trading name of Holme Farm Supplies Ltd, a
manufacturer of agricultural machinery registered in England and based in
Peterborough.The Lite-Trac name comes from "lite tractor", due to the patented
chassis design enabling the inherently very heavy machines manufactured by
the company to have a light footprint for minimum soil compaction.
Figure:2:Lite-trac spraying
Holme Farm Supplies Ltd agricultural products, sold under the Lite-Trac name,
include tool carriers, self-propelled lime and fertilizer spreaders, sprayers,
granular applicators and tank masters. Lite-Trac is currently the manufacturer
of Europe's largest four-wheeled self-propelled crop sprayers. The company's
products are identifiable by the combination of unpainted stainless steel tanks
and booms with bright yellow cabs and detailing. A Lite-Trac crop sprayer, or
liquid fertilizer applicator, mounts onto the SS2400 Tool Carrier centrally

between both axles to maintain equal weight distribution on all four wheels and
a low centre of gravity whether empty or full. The stainless steel tanks are
manufactured in capacities of up to 8,000 liters, whilst Pommier aluminium
booms of up to 48 meters can be fitted, making these Europe’s largest four-
wheele.
3.3.3. Motorcycle driven Spraying

In 1994, Mansukhbhai Jagani, developed an attachment for a motorbike
to get a multi-purpose tool bar. It which addresses the twin problems of
farmers in Saurashtra namely paucity of laborers and shortage of bullocks.
This motor cycle driven plough can be used to carry out various farming
operations like furrow opening, sowing, inter-culturing and spraying
operations. Mansukhbhai’s intermediate-technology contraption proved
efficient and cost-effective for small-sized farms.
Figure:3:Motorcycle driven spraying

It could plough one acre (0.4 ha) of land in less than half an hour on
just two liters of diesel oil. Using motorbike-santi, the cost of weeding a typical
field was found to be just Rs 8/ha because as much as 10 ha land could be
covered in a single day. But, this spraying equipment needs fuel for its running
and proper operation which increases its operating cost

3.3.4 Quadcopter Based Pesticide Spraying System

Aerial sprayer is another type of spraying; it is beneficial for the farmers
having large farms. This technique is not affordable by farmers having small
and medium farm. It is modern technique in agricultural field. In aerial
spraying the spraying is done with the help of small helicopter controlled by
remote. On that sprayer is attached having multiple nozzles and sprayed it on
the farm from some altitude. It is less time consuming and less human effort
required to spray fertilizers.
Figure:4:Aerial Sprayer

3.3.5 DRONE MOUNTED SPRAYER

Construction and working mechanism The process of construction and
mechanism involved in the operation of developed prototype sprayer are
discussed here.
As its prefix implies, a hexa-copter (“hexa” = six) is a type of drone setup

in which there are six arms and each arm is connected to a single high-speed
BLDC motor, These high speed motors are mounted at the outer end of
aluminium tubes (500 x 25mm) which in turn are fixed to the outer edge of the
glass fibre airframe (2mm thickness) using the arm mount.
Battery, high speed motor support tube, flight controller with GPS
antenna, ESC, FPV camera, sensors and other circuit boards are mounted on
air frame plate. A 5 l capacity fluid tank is fixed at the bottom of the glass fibre
supporting plate and outlet of the fluid tank pipe is connected to the inlet of the
spray motor. An aluminium pipe (14x1.5mm) is bent in an inverted U shape for
making supporting frame in which fluid tank, sprayer motor and spray lance
are mounted. Four nozzles are fixed on 1.3 m length of spray boom with 45 cm
spacing between two nozzles.
A 12 volts DC motor with pump is used to generate enough pressure to

spray the liquid. Inlet liquid pipe of spray motor is connected to the outlet of
fluid tank and outlet pipe is connected to sprayer nozzles. Landing gears are
mounted at the bottom of drone mounted sprayer unit, which helps in safe
takeoff and landing on ground surface before and after spraying operation. The
overall specification of the developed drone mounted sprayer and the
assembling and development of drone mounted sprayer
Electrical power supply system: A 2 LiPo (Lithium polymer) batteries

consisting of six cells – 8000 mAh are used and they are connected in parallel

system to provide the required power for the operation of dronemounted

sprayer. When the drone mounted sprayer system is switched on, the receiver
starts receiving the transmitted frequency from transmitter/remote control.
The transmitter gives commands for takeoff and landing as well as left,
right, forward, backward and yaw movements. Electrical power is supplied
equally to all the 6 BLDC high speed motors and they will start to rotate at
specified speed which is controlled by the respective ESC, when the
accelerator/throttle is increased or decreased in the transmitter.
A 12 volts DC motor with pump is connected to the battery system

through sprayer motor speed controller board for generating the pressurized
spray liquid and also the outlet discharge rate can be directly controlled by
changing the sprayer motor governor in the transmitter.
Figure:5:Drone mounted Sprayer
3.3.6 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Spraye

The UAV selected that will ultimately serve as the platform for the
developed spray application system is Rotomotion's SR200 (Rotomotion, LLC,
Charleston, S.C.) (fig.7). The SR200 is a Vertical Take‐Off and Landing (VTOL)
unmanned autonomous helicopter powered by a two stroke gasoline engine. It
has a main rotor diameter of 3 m (118 in.) and a maximum payload of 22.7 kg

(50 lb). An additional UAV helicopter, Rotomotion's SR20, which is

battery‐powered and has a main rotor diameter of 1.75 m (69 in.), was used to
develop control software familiarity as well as test and troubleshoot operational
software interface and routines.
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM AND TELEMETRY An Autonomous Flight

Control System (AFCS) is an integrated module mounted on the Rotomotion
helicopters. The AFCS receives commands from a ground control station via a
wireless telemetry system and controls the actions of the helicopters. The AFCS
consists of five modular components: 1) a 3‐axis, 6 degree of freedom Inertial
Measurement Unit (IMU); 2) a 3‐axis magnetometer; 3) a GPS; 4) a proprietary
radio receiver with servo interface and safety pilot override; and 5) a
Linux‐based flight computer. An Application Programming Interface (API)
developed with C++ provided the capability to send messages from the AFCS to
the ground station and from the ground station as commands to the AFCS.
Through use of a number of software and shell commands pushed from

the ground control system through unique Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for
each UAV, command routines such as Ground, GCS, Run‐Sim, and Flyto can
be used to control the UAV flight operations. The two most important
commands are “Ground,” which tracks and controls the flight of the UAV, and
“Flyto” which defines the waypoints of the flight and actuates the servos based
on GPS triggering. ON‐BOARD SPRAYER A spray system was designed and
constructed to be easily mounted onto the SR200. The spray system directly
interfaced with UAV's electronic control systems to trigger spray release based
on specified GPS coordinates and preprogram spray locations.
The spray system consisted of four key components: a boom arm with
mounted spray nozzles, a tank to house the spray material, a liquid gear pump,
and a mechanism to control spray activation. All of these components, along

with fuel and chemical, had to weigh less than the maximum payload of the
SR200, which was 22.7 kg (50 lb). A routine was developed to guide component
selection and maximize available mission payload capacities for optimum spray
mission efficiency.
Figure:6:Unmaned Aerial Vehicle Sprayer
3.3.7 Solar Operated Sprayer

Solar pesticide sprayer can give less tariff or price in effective spraying.
Solar energy is absorbed by the solar panel which contains photovoltaic cells.
The conversion of the solar energy into electrical energy is done by these cells.
This converted energy utilizes to store the voltage in the DC battery and that
battery further used for driving the spray pump.
Solar energy obtained by the sun is converted into electrical energy using
solar panel by photovoltaic effect. The out put of the energy conversion is given
to charge a deep cycle lead acid battery through a charge controller.

The charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added to
the battery.preventing overcharging and protecting against over voltage. It
employs the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique which gradually stops
charging the battery, The main advantage of PWM is that the power loss in the
switching device is very low.
Figure:7:Solar Operated Sprayer
3.4 Attachments of sprayer: Weeders
3.4.1 Exact definition

There is no universal definition for what qualifies as an obnoxious plant.
However, a plant is often termed weed when it has one or more of the following
characteristics:
Little or no value (as in medicinal, nutritional, or energy)
Very high growth rate and/or ease of germination
Exhibits competition to crops, for space, light, water and nutrients.
3.4.2 Weeding or Weed control

Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, using physical
and chemical methods to stop weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth

when they could be harmful to domesticated plants and livestock. In order to

reduce weed growth, many "weed control" strategies have been developed in
order to contain the growth and spread of weeds. The most basic is ploughing
which cuts the roots of annual weeds. Today, chemical weed killers known as
herbicides are widely used.
3.4.3 Effects on other plants

Weeds can compete with productive crops or pasture, or convert
productive land into unusable scrub. Weeds are also often poisonous,
distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or other damaging body parts or otherwise
interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating
harvests or excluding livestock. Weeds tend to thrive at the expense of the more
refined edible or ornamental crops.
They provide competition for space, nutrients, water and light, although
how seriously they will affect a crop depends on a number of factors. Some
crops have greater resistance than others- smaller, slower growing seedlings
are more likely to be overwhelmed than those that are larger and more
vigorous. Onions are one of the crops most susceptible to competition, for they
are slow to germinate and produce slender, upright stems.
Quick growing, broad leafed weeds therefore have a distinct advantage,

and if not removed, the crop is likely to be lost. Broad beans however produce
large seedlings, and will suffer far less profound effects of weed competition
other than during periods of water shortage at the crucial time when the pods
are filling out. Transplanted crops raised in sterile seed or potting compost will
have a head start over germinating weed seeds. Weeds also differ in their
competitive abilities, and can vary according to conditions and the time of year.

Tall growing vigorous weeds such as fat hen (Chenopodium album) can
have the most pronounced effects on adjacent crops, although seedlings of fat
hen that appear in late summer will only produce small plants. Chickweed
(Stellaria media), a low growing plant, can happily co-exist with a tall crop
during the summer, but plants that have overwintered will grow rapidly in
early spring and may swamp crops such as onions or spring greens.The
presence of weeds does not necessarily mean that they are competing with a
crop, especially during the early stages of growth when each plant can find the
resources it requires without interfering with the others.
However, as the seedlings’ size increases, their root systems will spread
as they each begin to require greater amounts of water and nutrients.
Estimates suggest that weed and crop can co-exist harmoniously for around
three weeks, therefore it is important that weeds be removed early on in order
to prevent competition occurring. Weed competition can have quite dramatic
effects on crop growth. Harold A Roberts cites research carried out with onions
wherein "Weeds were carefully removed from separate plots at different times
during the growth of the crop and the plots were then kept clean.
It was found that after competition had started, the final yield of bulbs
was being reduced at a rate equivalent to almost 4% per day. So that by
delaying weeding for another fortnight, the yield was cut to less than half that
produced on ground kept clean all the time." (The Complete Know And Grow
Vegetables, Bleasdale, Salter and others, OUP 1991). He goes on to record that
"by early June, the weight of weeds per unit area was twenty times that of the
crop, and the weeds had already taken from the soil about half of the nitrogen
and a third of the potash which had been applied".

3.5 Methods of Weed Control

In domestic gardens, methods of weed control include covering an area of
ground with several layers of wet newspaper or one black plastic sheet for
several weeks. In the case of using wet newspaper, the multiple layers prevent
light from reaching all plants beneath, which kills them.
Saturating the newspaper with water daily speeds the decomposition of

the dead plants. Any weed seeds that start to sprout because of the water will
also be deprived of sunlight, be killed, and decompose.
After several weeks, all germinating weed seeds present in the ground
should be dead. Then the newspaper can be removed and the ground can be
planted. The decomposed plants will help fertilize the plants or seeds planted
later. Typically a combination of methods is used in organic situations.
3.5.1 Manually pulling weeds

Laborers are used to pull weeds at various points in the growing process.
Figure:8:Manually pulling weeds

3.5.2 Boiling water
Pour boiling water to weed, they will become more green and then die in
few hours. Best for weed in cracks or other hard to reach locations.
3.5.3 Vinegar
Vinegar kills the visible part of the weed. They will wrinkle and die next
day, although the root will still be in place to continue growing.
3.5.4 Mechanically tilling around plants

Tractors are used to carefully till weeds around the crop plants at
various points in the growing process. Besides tilling, other mechanical weed
control methods also exist.
Figure:9:Mechanically tilling around plants

3.5.5Ploughing
Ploughing includes tilling of soil, intercultural ploughing and summer
ploughing. Ploughing through tilling of soil uproots the weeds ssswhich causes
them to die. In summer ploughing is done during deep summers. Summer
ploughing also helps in killing pests.
Figure:10:Ploughing
3.5.6 Crop rotation

Rotating crops with ones that kill weeds by choking them out, such as
hemp, Mucuna pruriens, and other crops, can be a very effective method of
weed control. It is a way to avoid the use of herbicides, and to gain the benefits
of crop rotation.

3.6 Spraying technology

 High volume spraying
 Low volume spraying
 Ultra low volume spraying
 Electrostatic Pesticide Spraying System
3.6.1 High volume spraying

3.6.2 Low volume spraying

3.6.3 Ultra low volume spraying

3.6.4 Electrostatic Pesticide Spraying System

An electrostatic spray charging device (ESCD) was designed for high-
volume application, and it incorporated an outer annular induction charging
electrode around a hydraulic nozzle with a high flow rate .
Efficient induction charging was achieved at low voltage in a high

humidity and dusty environment. The open section on the side of the ESCD
generated an air stream via suctioning at the nozzle tip. This air stream
protected the electrode against adhesion by spray droplets that could cause
undesirable corona discharge.
In order to evaluate the charging performance of the ESCD, we measured

the charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) of spray droplets. When the voltage applied to
the electrode was gradually increased to +4 kV, the CMR of spray droplets
increased without discharge or electric leakage from the electrode.
Figure:11:Boom-type electrostatic spraye

3.7 Parameters affecting spraying

3.7.1 Spray drift

Physical movement of pesticide droplets or particles through the air at
the time of pesticide application or soon thereafter from the target site to any
non- or- offtarget site.
There are two kinds of drift:-
 Particle drift is off-target movement of the spray particles
 Vapor drift is the volatilization of the pesticide modules and their
movement off target
3.8 Drift Management

 Choose appropriate nozzle which can have better converge on surface with
optimum size droplet
 Reducing the distance between target and nozzle is useful for decreasing
drift
 Some additive can be used at spraying chemical for reducing
 The reduction in drift used electrostatic force on smaller droplets than the
gravitational force

CHAPTER-IV
EXPERIMANTAL DISCUSSION
4.1 Brief Description of Model
Figure:12:Practical model
 Handle for controlling.

 Reciprocating pump.
 Connecting link (bar).
 Flexible pipes.
 Nozzles.
 Wheel.
 Crank.
 Supporting wheels.
 Storage tank.

The machine shown in figure is designed to perform the two operations

namely “Spraying”. For Spraying pesticides, the reservoir tank contains
pesticides is attached to the reciprocating pump. The outlet of the pump is
connected to the spraying nozzle through flexible pipe. A cutting plate is
attached just below the reservoir tank for the weeding purpose.
4.2 Working
When the equipment is push forward by using handles, front wheel
rotates and the gear is mounted at the axle of wheel is start to rotate and its
rotation is then transferred to the pinion through the chain drive.
The rotary motion of the pinion is converted into the reciprocating motion
by the single slider crank mechanism, due to this arrangement the connecting
rod moves upward and downward which then reciprocate the piston of single
acting reciprocating pump mounted at the top of storage tank.
During the upward motion of the connecting rod the pesticide is drawn
into the pump and during the downward motion of connecting rod the pesticide
is forced to the delivery valve, the delivery is connected to the pipe carrying the
number of nozzles.
4.3 Detailed Description
It consists of the following parts
4.3.1 Reciprocating pump

These types of pump operate by using a reciprocating piston. The liquid
enters a pumping chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via an outlet
valve by the action of the piston or diaphragm.
Reciprocating pumps are generally very efficient and are suitable for very
high heads at low flows. This type of pump is self priming as it can draw liquid

from a level below the suction flange even if the suction pipe is not evacuated.
The pump delivers reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering
duties delivering accurate quantities of fluid.
Figure:13:Reciprocating pump
4.3.2 Connecting link

Which connects piston and crank rod
Figure:14:Connecting link

4.3.3 Nozzles
The nozzle is a critical part of any sprayer. Nozzles perform three
functions:
 Regulate flow.
 Atomize the mixture into droplets.
 Disperse the spray in a desirable pattern.
The hydraulic spray nozzle used in the application of pesticides has

several functions. One of its main purposes is to convert the spray solution into
droplets for efficient target coverage.
In association with other variables, e.g. height above target, travelling

speed, operating pressure, the nozzle also has a role in spray pattern delivery,
volume rate delivered and sprays quality produced. Various nozzle types are
required to accomplish these roles within a range of operating variables.
Nozzles determine the rate of pesticide distribution at a particular

pressure, forward Speed and nozzle spacing. Drift can be minimized by
selecting nozzles that produce the largest droplet size while providing adequate
coverage at the intended application rate and pressure.
Nozzles are made from several types of materials. The most common are
brass, plastic, nylon, stainless steel, hardened stainless steel, and ceramic.
Brass nozzles are the least expensive but are soft and wear rapidly. Nylon
nozzles resist corrosion, but some chemicals cause thermoplastic to swell.
Nozzles made from harder metals usually cost more but will usually wear
longer.
Figure:15:Nozzle

4.3.4 Wheel
Wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial
bearing. The wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which
is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow
heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while
supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for
other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and
flywheel.
Figure:16:Wheel
Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly

reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles.
In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about
its axis, either by way of gravity, or by the application of another external force
or torque.
4.3.5 Crank
A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which
reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to
convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice-versa. The arm may
be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it.

Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a

connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular
motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding
motion.
Figure:17:Crank (mechanism)
The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to

manually turn an axle, as in a bicycle crank set or a brace and bit drill. In
this case a person's arm or leg serves as the connecting rod, applying
reciprocating force to the crank. There is usually a bar perpendicular to the
other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable handle or pedal attached.

4.4 Design Of Agriculture Sprayer
INTRODUCTION DESIGN SOFTWARE CATIAV5
computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) is a multi-

platform software suite for computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE), PLM and 3D,
developed by the French company Dassault Systèm
HISTORY
CATIA started as an in-house development in 1977 by French

aircraft manufacturer AVIONS MARCEL DASSAULT, at that time customer
of the CADAM software[1] to develop Dassault's Mirage fighter jet. It was
later adopted by the aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding, and other
industries.
Initially named CATI (conception assistée tridimensionnelle

interactive – French for interactive aided three-dimensional design), it was
renamed CATIA in 1981 when Dassault created a subsidiary to develop
and sell the software and signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement
with IBM.
In November 2010, Dassault Systems launched CATIA V6R2011x,

the latest release of its PLM2.0 platform, while continuing to support and
improve its CATIA V5 software.
In June 2011, Dassault Systems launched V6 R2012.
In 2012, Dassault Systems launched V6 2013x.
In 2014, Dassault Systems launched 3DEXPERIENCE Platform

R2014x [10] and CATIA on the Cloud, a cloud version of its software.

SCOPE OF APPLICATION
Commonly referred to as a 3D Product Lifecycle Management software

suite, CATIA supports multiple stages of product development (CAx), including
conceptualization, design (CAD), engineering (CAE) and manufacturing (CAM).
CATIA facilitates collaborative engineering across disciplines around its
3DEXPERIENCE platform, including surfacing & shape design, electrical, fluid
and electronic systems design, mechanical engineering and systems
engineering.
CATIA facilitates the design of electronic, electrical, and distributed

systems such as fluid and HVAC systems, all the way to the production of
documentation for manufacturing
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CATIA enables the creation of 3D parts, from 2D sketches, sheet metal,

composites, and molded, forged or tooling parts up to the definition of
mechanical assemblies. The software provides advanced technologies for
mechanical surfacing & BIW. It provides tools to complete product definition,
including functional tolerances as well as kinematics definition. CATIA provides
a wide range of applications for tooling design, for both generic tooling and
mold & die. In the case of Aerospace engineering an additional module named
the aerospace sheet metal design offers the user combine the capabilities of
generative sheet metal design and generative surface design.
DESIGN
CATIA offers a solution to shape design, styling, surfacing workflow and

visualization to create, modify and validate complex innovative shapes from
industrial design to Class-A surfacing with the ICEM surfacing technologies.
CATIA supports multiple stages of product design whether started from scratch
or from 2D sketches (blueprints).

INDUSTRIES
CATIA can be applied to a wide variety of industries, from aerospace and

defense, automotive, and industrial equipment, to high tech, shipbuilding,
consumer goods, plant design, consumer packaged goods, life sciences,
architecture and construction, process power and petroleum, and services.
CATIA V4, CATIA V5, Pro/ENGINEER, NX (formerly Unigraphics), and Dassault
Systems' own Solid Works platform are the dominant systems
File compatibility and CATIA V4 /V5 /V6 conversion
Dassault Systems provides utilities to convert CATIA V4 data files so they

are accessible to CATIA V5 and CATIA V6. Still, cases show that there can be
issues in the data conversion from CATIA V4 to V5 from either difference in the
geometric kernel between CATIA V4 and CATIA V5 or by the modeling methods
employed by end users. The percentage loss can be minimized by using the
appropriate pre-conversion clean-up, choosing the appropriate conversion
options, and clean-up activities after conversion.
Conversion from CATIA Version 4 to Version 5 created construction

problems for the Airbus A380 aircraft. These problems resulted in $6.1B of
additional costs due to years of project delays when aircraft wiring was too
short to make connections.
Transition from V5 to V6 is facilitated because they are sharing the same

geometric kernel. Third-party file translators also up-convert CATIA files
between versions.

SPECIFICATION TREE
MOUSE CONTROLS

VIEW TOOLBAR
OTHER COMMONLY USED TOOLS

Sketcher Module
The Sketcher workbench is a set of tools that helps you create and
constrain 2D geometries. Features (pads, pockets, shafts, etc...) may then be
created solids or modifications to solids using these 2D profiles. You can
access the Sketcher workbench in many ways. Two simple ways are by using
the top pull down menu (Start – Mechanical Design – Sketcher), or by selecting
the Sketcher icon. When you enter the sketcher, CATIA requires that you
choose a plane to sketch on. You can choose this plane either before or after
you select the Sketcher icon. To exit the sketcher, select the Exit Workbench
icon.
The Sketcher workbench contains the following standard workbench

specific toolbars.
• Profile toolbar The commands located in this toolbar allow you to create
simple geometries (rectangle, circle, line, etc...) and more complex geometries
(profile, spine, etc...).

• Operation toolbar Once a profile has been created, it can be modified

using commands such as trim, mirror, chamfer, and other commands located
in the Operation toolbar.
• Constraint toolbar Profiles may be constrained with dimensional

(distances, angles, etc...) or geometrical (tangent, parallel, etc...) constraints
using the commands located in the Constraint toolbar.
• Sketch tools toolbar The commands in this toolbar allow you to work in
different modes which make sketching easier.
Part Design Module
Part design environment is used to create 3D models from the basic 2D

sketches created in sketcher environment.

PAD command
In most CAD software, the equivalent of this is called EXTRUDE, but in

CATIA we call it PAD. This command adds material in the third direction, a
direction other than the sketch.
POCKET command
The POCKET commands somehow the opposite of PAD command. It

simply helps remove geometry belonging to an already create part. On the
figure below the POCKET command is helping to create the cylinder hole in the
middle of the cube.

SHAFT command
It is like revolve command in other CAD software, the SHAFT command

is mostly used to make shaft like parts. It requires an axis, around which the
sketch will be resolved.
RIB Command
This command which is usually known as SWEEP is called RIB IN

CATIA. It adds material along a guide curve. RIB is used to make components
like springs, pipes etc.

SLOT command
SLOT removes the material along a guide curve. Here is an example of

slot. While using SLOT, I have used the same guide curve that was used for
RIB. This ensures that the cross section will be uniform throughout.
Step 4: Assembly Module
Assembly environment is used to provide mating to two or more part

models to from complete assembly

We have two approaches in assembly
Top -down approach

Bottom -up approach
Entire design structure will be created in product environment in Top -
down approach whereas in bottom - up parts will be created separately and will
be mated using mating or constraint tools.
Step 5: Drafting Module
Drafting is a process of generating 2D machine drawing for the 3D part

models to send it to the manufacturers.
Catia drafting is of two types
1. Interactive Drafting
2. Generative Drafting


ASSEMBLY DESIGN IN CATIA

The Assembly Design used to create an assembly starting from scratch.
Here is illustration of the several stages of creation you may encounter for an
assembly.
Creating an Assembly Document
This task will show you how to enter the Assembly Design workbench to
create a new assembly from scratch. Select the Start -> Mechanical Design ->
Assembly Design command to launch the required workbench. The Assembly
Design workbench is opened. You can see that “Product1” is displayed in the
specification tree, indicating the building block of the assembly to be created.
To create an assembly, you need products. The application uses the term
“product” or “component” to indicate assemblies or parts. You can use parts to
create products. Those products can in turn be used to create other products.
The product document contains: a specification tree to the left of the
application window, specific toolbars to the right of the application window, a
number of contextual commands available in the specification tree and in the
geometry. Note that these commands can also be accessed from the menu bar.
Inserting a Components
This task will show you how to insert a component into an existing
assembly. In the specification tree, select Product1 and click the New
Component icon The structure of your assembly now includes Product1
(Product1.1).
Inserting a New Product
This task will show you how to insert a product in an existing assembly.
In the specification tree, select Product1 and click the New Product icon. The
Product2 (Product2.1) is created in the specification tree.

Inserting a New Part
This task will show you how to insert a new part in an existing assembly.
In the specification tree, select Product1 and click the New Part icon . If
geometry exists in the assembly, the New Part: Origin Point dialog box is
displayed, proposing two options to locate the part: Click Yes to locate the part
origin point on a selected point, on another component for example. Click No to
define the origin point of a component based on the origin point of the parent
component.
Defining a Multi-Instantiation
This task shows you how to repeat components as many times as you
wish in the direction of your choice. Select the component you wish to
instantiate. Click the Define Multi-Instantiation icon . The Multi-Instantiation
dialog box is displayed, indicating the name of the component to be
instantiated. The Parameters option lets you choose between the following
categories of parameters to define: Instances & Spacing, Instances & Length
and Spacing & Length. To define the direction of creation, check x-axis. The
application previews the location of the new components. Click OK to create
the components.
Fast Multi-Instantiation
This task shows you how to repeat components using the parameters
previously set in the Multi Instantiation command. You will use the Fast Multi-
Instantiation command to quickly repeat the component of your choice. The
operation is very simple. Select the component you wish to instantiate. Click
the Fast Multi-Instantiation icon . The result is immediate. Three components
are created according to the parameters defined in the Multi-Instantiation
dialog box.

Using Assembly Constraints
This section describes the notions and operating modes you will need to
set and use constraints in your assembly structure. Constraints allow you to
position mechanical components correctly in relation to the other components
of the assembly. You just need to specify the type of constraints you wish to set
up between two components, and the system will place the components exactly
the way you want. Setting constraints is rather an easy task. However, you
should keep in mind the following: You can apply constraints only between the
child components of the active component. You cannot define constraints
between two geometric elements belonging to the same component. You cannot
apply a constraint between two components belonging to the same
subassembly if this subassembly is not the active component. The active
component is blue framed (default color) and underlined. Double-clicking
activates it. The selected component is orange framed (default color).
Creating a Coincidence Constraint
Coincidence-type constraints are used to align elements. Depending on

the selected elements, you may obtain concentricity, coaxiality or coplanarity.
Click the Coincidence Constraint icon Select the face to be constrained. Select
the second face to be constrained. Green arrows appear on the selected faces,
indicating orientations. The Constraint Properties dialog box that appears
displays the properties of the constraint. The components involved and their
status are indicated. You can define the orientation of the faces to be
constrained by choosing one of these options: Undefined (the application finds
the best solution), Same, opposite. Click OK to create the coincidence
constraint. This constraint is added to the specification tree too.

Creating a Contact Constraint
Contact-type constraints can be created between two planar faces

(directed planes). Click the Contact Constraint icon . Select the faces to be
constrained. As the contact constraint is created, one component is moved so
as to adopt its new position. Green graphic symbols are displayed in the
geometry area to indicate that this constraint has been defined. This constraint
is added to the specification tree.
Creating an Offset Constraint
When defining an offset constraint between two components, you need to

specify how faces should be oriented. Click the Offset Constraint icon . Select
the faces to be constrained. The Constraint Properties dialog box that appears
displays the properties of the constraint. The components involved and their
status are indicated. You can define the orientation of the faces to be
constrained by choosing one of these options. Click OK to create the offset
constraint.

Creating an Angle Constraint
Angle-type constraints fall into three categories: Angle, Parallelism (angle

value equals zero), Perpendicularity (angle value equals 90 degrees). When
setting an angle constraint, you will have to define an angle value. Click the
Angle Constraint icon . Select the faces to be constrained. The Constraint
Properties dialog box is displayed with the properties of the selected constraint
and the list of available constraints. Keep the Angle option. Enter angle in the
Angle field and keep
Sector 1. Note that four sectors are available: . Click OK to create the angle
constraint.
Fixing a Component
Fixing a component means preventing this component from moving from

its parents during the update operation. There are two ways of fixing a
component: by fixing its position according to the geometrical origin of the
assembly, which means setting an absolute position. This operation is referred
to as “Fix in space”. By fixing its position according to other components,
which means setting a relative position. This operation is referred to as “Fix”.
Fix in Space: Click the Fix icon . Select the component to be fixed, that is
the light blue component. The constraint is created. A green anchor is
displayed in the geometry area to indicate that this constraint has been
defined. Fix:Double-click the fix constraint you have just created to edit it. In
the dialog box that appears,click More to expand the dialog box. Uncheck the
Fix in space option to the left of the dialog box.The lock symbol is no longer
displayed in the specification tree, meaning that the component is positioned
according to the other components only. Move the fixed component. Click OK
toconfirm. Update the assembly: now the component remains at its location.

Fixing Components Together
This task consists in fixing two components together. The Fix Together
command attaches selected elements together. You can select as many
components as you wish, but they must belong to the active component. Click
the Fix Together icon . You can select the components in the specification tree
or in the geometry area. The Fix Together dialog box appears, displaying the list
of selected components. In the Name field, enter a new name for the group of
components you want to create. Click OK. The components are attached to
each other. Moving one of them moves the other one too.
Using the Quick Constraint Command
The Quick Constraint command creates the first possible constraint as

specified in the priority list. Double-click the Quick Constraint icon Select the
two entities to be constrained. The possible constrain between these will be
according to list specifying the order of constraint creation: Surface contact,
Coincidence, Offset, Angle and Parallelism. The first constraint in the list can
now be set. A surface contact constraint is
Changing Constraints
Changing a constraint means replacing the type of this constraint by

another type. This operation is possible depending on the supporting elements.
You can select any constraints, not necessarily inthe active component. Select
the constraint to be changed. Click the Change Constraint icon The Change
Type dialog box that appears, displays all possible constraints. Select the new
type of constraint. Click Apply to preview the constraint in the specification
tree and the geometry. Click OK to validate the operation.

Deactivating or Activating Constraints
Deactivating or activating constraints means specifying if these

constraints must be taken into account during updates or not. Select any
activated constraint. Right-click and select the Deactivate contextual
command. The constraint is deactivated. The graphic symbol representing the
deactivated constraint is now displayed in white. Repeat step and right-click to
select the Activate contextual command to activate the selected constraint.
Updating an Assembly
Updating an assembly means updating its components as well as its

constraints. The application lets you choose between updating the whole
assembly or the components of your choice. The constraints are in black,
indicating they need an update. The default color is black, but the application
allows you to redefine the colors you want. To do so, refer to Customizing
Constraint Appearance. Select the Tools -> Options command, then expand the
Mechanical Design section to the left to access Assembly Design options. You
can choose between two update modes within the Assembly Design workbench:
Automatic or Manual. Check the Manual option in the Update frame. Click OK
to confirm and close the dialog box. Click the Update icon to update the whole
assembly. The assembly is updated.
Using a Part Design Pattern
This task shows you how to repeat a component using a pattern created
in Part Design. Select the rectangular pattern in the tree or in the geometry.
Control-click to select the component to be
The Instantiation on a pattern dialog box is displayed, indicating the

name of the pattern, the number of instances to be created (for information
only) and the name of the component to be repeated. There are two work
modes: Using associativity with the geometry: the option “Keep link with the

pattern” is on, Using no associativity: the option is off. To define the first
instance of the component to be duplicated, three options are available:
Reuse the original component, create a new instance, cut &

paste the
original component.
Click OK to repeat the second component. The new component “xxx on

RectPattern.xx” is displayed in the tree. An entity “Assembly features” has been
created in the tree. “Reused Rectangular Pattern.1” is displayed below this
entity. If you use the option “generated constraints”, the Reuse Constraints
section displays the constraints detected for the component and makes all
original constraints available for selection: You can define whether you wish to
reproduce one or more original constraints when instantiating the component.
Moving Components
6.8.1 Manipulating Components

Snapping Components
The Snap command projects the geometric element of a component onto

another geometric element belonging to the same or to a different component.
Using this command is a convenient way to translate or rotate components.
Depending on the selected elements, you will obtain
Different results.
First Element Last Element Result
Selected Selected
point point Identical points.
point Line The point is projected onto the line.
point Plane The point is projected onto the plane.
line Line Both lines become collinear.
line Plane The line is projected onto the plane.
plane Line The plane passes through the line.
Smart Move
The Smart Move command combines the Manipulate and Snap

capabilities. Optionally, it creates constraints. The Quick Constraint frame
contains the list of the constraints that can be set. This list displays these
constraints in a hierarchical order and can be edited by using both arrows to
right of the dialog box. The application creates the first possible constraint as
specified in the list of constraints having priority.

Sectioning
This task you will create section planes, orient the plane with respect to
the absolute axis system, invert the normal vector of the plane. Click the
Sectioning icon. The section plane is automatically created. The plane is
created parallel to absolute coordinates Y, Z. The center of the plane is located
at the center of the bounding sphere around the products in the selection you
defined. Line segments visualized represent the intersection of the plane with
all products in the selection. The Sectioning Definition dialog box contains a
wide variety of tools letting you position, move and rotate the section plane. A
Preview window, showing the generated section, also appears. 3D section cuts
cut away the material from the plane. Click the Volume Cut icon in the
Sectioning Definition dialog box to obtain a section cut. You can position
section planes with respect to a geometrical target (a face, edge, reference plane
or cylinder axis). You can view the generated section in a separate viewer.
Assembly Features
Prior to creating assembly features, keep in mind the following. You can
create assembly features only between the child components of the active
product. The active product at least must include two components, which in
turn must contain one part at least. You cannot create assembly features
between two geometric elements belonging to the same component. The
different assembly features you can create are: Split, Hole, Pocket, Remove,
Add, Perform a Symmetry.
Assembly Split
The dialog box that appears when you click Assembly Split, displays the
names as well as the paths of the parts that may be affected by the split action.
Move the parts to the list ‘Affected parts”. Arrows in the geometry indicate the
portion of parts that will be kept after splitting. If the arrows point in the wrong
direction, click them to reverse the direction. Click OK to confirm.

To edit an assembly split, double-click ‘Assembly Split.X’ in assembly

features available in history tree.
Creating Scenes
Scenes enable you to: work on the evolution of an assembly in a separate

window from the actual assembly and to impart updates to the assembly as
you see fit. Save a copy of an assembly in a separate window, work on the
evolution of that assembly directly on the assembly. You can modify the
following attributes either in the scene or in the assembly without the
modifications being replicated in the other: the viewpoint, the graphical
attributes of the components, the “show” or “hide” state of the components, the
“active” or “not-active” state of the components. Scenes are identified by name
in the specification tree and by a graphical representation in the geometry area.
The Edit Scene dialog box and a scene representation in the document
window are displayed. Click Ok to end the scene creation. You are now in a
scene window: The background color turns to green. Scene 1 is identified in the
specification tree. Perform the required modifications. For instance modify:
viewpoint, graphical attributes, show-no show. Within a scene, click the Reset
selected products icon to reposition the components as they were in the initial
product. Note that color attributes and the show-hide specification are not
taken into account when using the Reset selected products icon. Click the Exit
From Scene icon to swap to the initial window. Double-click Scene 1 either in
the specification tree or in the geometry area to swap to the scene window.
Exploding a Constrained Assembly
This task shows how to explode an assembly taking into account the
assembly constraints. This Explode type is applicable only to specific cases.
When the assembly is assigned coincidence constraints: axis/axis &
plane/plane. Click the Explode icon . The Explode dialog box is displayed.
Wheel Assembly is selected by default, keep the selection as it is. The Depth

parameter lets you choose between a total (All levels) or partial (First level)
exploded view. Keep All levels set by default. Set the explode type. 3D is the
default type. Keep it. Click Apply to perform the operation.
Detecting Interferences
Checking for interferences is done in two steps: Initial computation:

detects and identifies the different types of interference. Detailed computation:
computes the graphics representation of interferences as well as the minimum
distance. Two interference types are available: Contact + Clash, Clearance +
Contact + Clash. Results differ depending on the interference type selected for
the analysis. Four computation types are available: Between all
components, Inside one selection, Selection against all, Between two selections.
Click Apply to check for interferences. A progress bar is displayed letting you
monitor and, if necessary, interrupt (Cancel option) the calculation. The Check
Clash dialog box expands to show the results. Clash: red intersection curves
identify clashing products. Contact: yellow triangles identify products in
contact. Clearance: green triangles identify products separated by less than the
specified clearance distance.
Customizing Assembly Design
This task will show you how to customize Assembly Design settings.
Select Tools -> Options. Click the Mechanical Design category, then the
Assembly Design subcategory. The General tab appears, displaying the
following options: Update, Access to geometry, Move components.
Customizing General Settings
Select the Tools -> Options… command. Click the Infrastructure

category, then the Part Infrastructure subcategory. The General tab appears,
containing three categories of options: External References, Update and Delete
Operation

4.5 Cad Model Of Agriculture Pesticide Sprayer
Figure:18:Cad Model

CHAPTER-V
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5.1 Selection Of Reciprocating Pump
Speed of Crank N=30 rpm
Required Discharge (with nozzle) Q = 3 Lit/min = 0.0166
m^3/sec
Assuming Ratio, Length/Diameter= 2.5
Q = ALN/60
Where, A = Area of piston
L = Length of stroke
N = Speed of piston
Q = L*(π/4)*(1/4)*N/60
Q = L^3*(π/4)*(1/4)*N/60
Q = 1 Lit = 3000 cm^2
L^3 = Q*60/ (π/4)*(1/4)*N
Q = 3000 cm^2
N=30 rpm
L^3= 3000*60*16/π*30
L= 31 cm
D= L/2.5
D= 12.5 cm
So, pump having the diameter 15 cm and length 32 cm is chosen

5.2 SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications of machine
Sr. No Title Value

1. Wheel Diameter 50 cm
2. Pump Stroke per rotation of wheel 3
3. Pump in ideal condition, rate of discharge 3 lit/min
4. In working condition, rate of discharge 0.5 lit /min
5. Rotation of wheel per minute 20
6. Delivery of pesticide liquid per rotation 25 ml
7. Delivery of pesticide per stroke of pump 8.33 ml
8. Delivery of pesticide from 4 nozzles 8.3 ml /stroke
9. Delivery of pesticide per nozzle 2.08 ml /stroke
Table-1
5.3 TESTING OF MACHINE
The machine is tested on the farming land and got the satisfactory
results and then it is compared with traditional method
The results are as shown below
For 1 acre of land = 75 liter of water + 250 ml of pesticide
Cost of 1 liter pesticide = Rs 7000/-
for 250 ml of pesticide = Rs 1750/-
Cost of labor per day = Rs 200/-

By traditional method By proposed machine
Labor cost =Rs 400 per day Labor cost =Rs 200 per day
`Cost of pump =Rs 3000 – 4000 Discharge through sprayer =1litre per
min.
A labor can spray 3 acre of land in Our equipment can spray 6 acre of
one day land per day
For 3 acre of land = 3* 1750 + 400 = For 6 acre of land Total cost=6*cost of
Rs 5650 For 6 acre = 2 *5650 = pesticide + labor cost =6*1750+200
Rs 11300 (in two days) =Rs 10700 (in one day)
Table 2 Testing Results

CHAPTER-VI
SUMMARY & SUGGESTIONS
As shown in result, it reduces the labor cost by resolving the two days
work in a single day. So the proposed machine not only saves the money but
also the time. The proposed machine takes Rs. 10700/- for spraying 1 acre of
land in one day whereas traditional method takes Rs. 11300/- in two day.
In India, diverse farm mechanization scenario in country due to varied

size of the farm holdings and socio-economic disparities. Most of farmer in India
are small and marginal land holder.
The spraying operation done by Knapsack sprayer which consumes more

time and energy. Tractor operated sprayers are difficult for adaption by the
farmer due to existing cropping patterns, available field size, field condition
during the rainy season.
To overcome these problem requirements for better adaptability. In the view

self propelled small engine operated sprayer is batter option due to its medium cost
and small size implying better manoeuvrability in the small land holding. Self
propelled walking type sprayers can full fill the mechanization gap to do spraying
operation at the faster rate.

6.1 Advantages
 Cost effective
 Spraying is better
 The cost is lower
 Operation safety
 Less human effort
 Easy to operate
6.2 Disadvantages
 Output pressure is low compared to power sprayers
 Spraying can be done at minimum heights
 More effective only at dry lands

CHAPTER-VII
CONCLUSION & REFERENCE
7.1 CONCLUSION
The equipment is purposely design for the farmers having small farming
land say 5-6 acre. It is suitable for spraying as well as weeding at minimum
cost for the farmer so that he can afford it. The equipment will results more
beneficial when it is subjected to moist soil for weeding purpose, due to moist
soil the weed cutter can easily penetrate and dig out the soil and hence will
easily accomplished the weeding process.
Figure:19:Working model of agricultural pesticide sprayer
The performance of the equipment will increase when it is operates on

the smooth surface or less uneven surface and also it will be more effective
when it is used on the crops having nearly similar height and having the less
space between two crops

7.2 REFERENCES
[1] R. Joshua, V. Vasu and P. Vincent “Solar Sprayer - An Agriculture

Implement”, “International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2 (1): 16-19,
2010 ISSN 2079-2107”
[2] R. D. Fox, R. C. Derksen, “Visual and image system measurement of spray

deposits using water–sensitive paper” Applied Engineering in Agriculture Vol.
19(5): 549–552 2003 American Society of Agricultural Engineers ISSN 0883–
8542
[3] M. A. Miller, B. L. Steward, M. L. Westphalen “Effects of multi−mode

four−wheel steering on sprayer machine performance”, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers ISSN 0001−2351 [4] A. Taiwo K. Oje, “Development and
testing of a swirl chamber nozzle”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering and
sTechnology (JAET), Volume 16 (N0. 1) June, 2008
Rao, G.D.,[5]. Solar Energy, Solar Photo-Voltaic: American Society of
Mechanical Engineer, ASME, Electric Power Generation, 15: 434-484.
Rajesh, Kumar and O.S. Sastry,[6] 1998. Proceedings of 2 World

Conference on Photovoltaic Solar Energy nd Conversion held at Vienna,
Austria, pp: 6-10. Performance, evaluation and development of Solar
Photovoltaic Lighting Systems in India.
Sastry, O.S., Rajesh Kumar and P.C. Pant,[7] 1999. C This Technology
is most suitable for Energy Indo-Japan Co-operation on Science&Technology
Alternate Device for power sprayers. Seminar “Photovoltaic Technology in India
& C The farming community is more dynamic and they Japan”, 2 New Delhi


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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer

In India about 73% of population is directly or indirectly depends upon

There is need of development in this sector and most commonly on

In order to meet the requirement of food of growing population and rapid

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 1

To reach the requirement of production Agriculture implement and

Crop yield is reduced by mainly due to attack of pests, diseases and

In conventional methods, manually operated low and high volume

are more. Owing to concern towards protecting environment from pollution by

In India, diverse farm mechanization scenario in country due to varied

The spraying operation done by Knapsack sprayer which consumes more

To overcome these problem requirements for better adaptability. In the

This shows there is an urgent need to introduce mechanical sprayer in

Present pattern of row cropping concept widely adopted by Indian farmer

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 3

Veerangouda et al. (2010) evaluated the performance of bullock drawn

Also in this study average quantity of chemical solution sprayed per ha

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 4

1.1 Status of agricultural mechanization in India

It is said that on many farms, production suffers because of improper

Agricultural implement and machinery program of the government has

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 5

It coordinates a number of research projects with centers at different

A research program usually concentrates on the development of

A sprayer is a device used to spray a liquid, where sprayers are

Sprayers range in size from man-portable units (typically backpacks

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 6

1.4Description of Agriculture Sprayers

Agriculture sprayers come in various design types, sizes, equipment and

Agricultural sprayers have been engineered this way to optimize their

1.5 Agricultural Sprayers

There are a number of agriculture sprayers designed for spraying

Examples of general sprayer types include

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 7

1.6 Basic Components of Sprayer

a) Pump: A pump is a piece of equipment used to move fluids, such as

b) Tank: It is the storage place of chemical solution. It is made up of PVC,

c) Air chamber: In a reciprocate type pump, an air chamber is provided on

e) Pressure regulator: The pressure regulator use for some important

g) Nozzles: It is the part which pull the fluid in to fine droplet.

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 8

R. Joshua, V. Vasu and P. Vincent [1] “Solar Sprayer - An Agriculture

R..Fox, R.C. Derksen [2] “Visual and image system measurement of

M.A.Miller, B. L. Steward, M. L. Westphalen [3] “Effects of multi−mode

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 9

Rao, G.D.,[5]. Solar Energy, Solar Photo-Voltaic: American Society of

Rajesh, Kumar and O.S. Sastry,[6] 1998. Proceedings of 2 World

Sharma, R.S.,[8] 1995. Environmental Economics and implementation.

Sharma, R.S.,[8] 1996.Sustainable Solar Thermal Power Generation

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 10

METHODS & METHODOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 11

3.3 Types of Spryers

3.3.1 Backpack (knapsack) sprayer

Figure:1:Backpack type spraying

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 12

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 13

3.3.3. Motorcycle driven Spraying

Figure:3:Motorcycle driven spraying

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 14

3.3.4 Quadcopter Based Pesticide Spraying System

Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-Gudur Page 15

3.3.5 DRONE MOUNTED SPRAYER