Environmental and Developmental Issues: Wednesday, 5 June 2019 - Afternoon 1 Hour 30 Minutes

Centre Candidate
Surname
Number Number
Other Names 0
GCSE
C111U20-1 S19-C111U20-1
GEOGRAPHY A – Component 2
Environmental and Developmental Issues
WEDNESDAY, 5 JUNE 2019 – AFTERNOON

1 hour 30 minutes
For Examiner’s use only
Maximum Mark
Question
Mark Awarded
1 34
2 34
C 111 U 2 0 1
SPaG 4
01
either 3 16
or 4 16
Total 88
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
In addition to this paper you may use a calculator and a ruler if required.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Answer both questions in Section A.
Answer one question in Section B.
Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not use pencil or gel pen. Do not use correction fluid.
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
If additional space is required you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question
number(s) should be clearly shown.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.
Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terms accurately will be assessed in
your answer to question 2 (d).
JUN19C111U20101 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. LDE*(S19-C111U20-1)

2
SECTION A: CORE THEMES
Answer all of the questions in this section.
CORE THEME 5: Weather, Climate and Ecosystems
1. (a) Study Graph 1.1 below and Map 1.2 on page 3.
Graph 1.1 – Climate graph for Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

30 240
220
25 200
180
20 160
Temperature (°C)
140
Rainfall (mm)
15 120
100
10 80
60
5 40
20
0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months of the Year
02 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

3
Examiner
only
Map 1.2 – Location of Kisangani and central African rainforests
NIGERIA
IVORY
COAST
LIBERIA
CAMEROON
GHANA
Kisangani
Equator EQUATORIAL GUINEA
N
BO
GA
O
G
N CO N DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Atlantic
OF CONGO
Ocean
0 250 500 750

Rainforests
km
(i) Complete the paragraph to describe the temperature and rainfall pattern for
Kisangani. [4]
Choose the correct answers from the box below. Use Graph 1.1.
C 111 U 2 0 1
The temperature in Kisangani remains constant at …………................................……………… all year
03
round. The monthly rainfall …………................................……………… throughout the year. The wettest
month is …………................................……………… .
January is the driest month with …………................................………………mm of rainfall.
fluctuates August decreases increases

26°C 36°C April 160°C
60 98 October 115
(ii) Give one reason why tropical rainforest ecosystems are located in this part of the
world. [2]
03 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

4
Examiner
only
(b) (i) Diagram 1.3 below shows flows and stores in the nutrient cycle of a tropical
rainforest. Complete the table below to identify store X and flow Y. [2]
Diagram 1.3 – The nutrient cycle of a tropical rainforest
Precipitation
X
er
anic matt
LITTER Dead org
Run-off
Uptake
Y
SOIL
Leaching
Weathering
Store X
Flow Y
(ii) Give one reason why nutrient cycling occurs rapidly in rainforests. [2]
(iii) Give two examples of human activities that lead to deforestation in tropical
rainforests. [2]

Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5
Examiner
only
(iv) Explain why deforestation in tropical rainforests has an impact on both climate and
the nutrient cycle. [6]
C 111 U 2 0 1
05

6
Examiner
only
(i)
The UK uses the natural environment to generate some renewable energy
(c)
resources.
Complete the Divided Bar Graph 1.5 below using the data provided in Table 1.4.
[2]
Table 1.4 – Renewable energy sources in the UK
Energy source % of UK renewable energy
Wave and tidal 4
Solar and geothermal 4
Wind 22
Bioenergy 70
Divided Bar Graph 1.5 – Renewable energy sources in the UK
100%
90%
80%
70% Key:
Wave & tidal
60%
Solar & geothermal
50%
Wind
40% Bioenergy
30%
20%
10%
0%

7
Examiner
only
(ii) Tick (√) two other appropriate techniques that could be used to present the data in
Table 1.4. [2]
Technique Tick (√)
Choropleth map
Proportional circles
Scatter graph
Line graph
Pie chart
(iii) Describe two impacts of energy production on the environment. [4]
Impact 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C 111 U 2 0 1
Impact 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
07


8
(d) Study the information in Resource Box 1.6 about Storm Brian, a low-pressure system
which affected some parts of the UK in October 2017.
Resource Box 1.6
Trees brought down by Storm Brian Dangerous coastal conditions
Flood defences were erected in Fowey, Cornwall
• Storm Brian affected much of the UK in October 2017. The UK is a HIC.

• Wind gusts of 84 mph were recorded on the Isle of Wight, and 78 mph on the Llyn
Peninsula in Wales.
• There was disruption to English Channel and Irish Sea ferry sailings, flights from Heathrow
and many railway services.
• Weather warnings were issued, and the Environment Agency issued red and amber flood
warnings meaning “take action”.
• People were urged to stay away from sea fronts and not to take “storm selfies”.
• 8.4mm of rain fell in an hour in Port Logan, Scotland.

9
Examiner
only
The hazards created by low pressure systems pose a greater risk to the economy than to
people in HICs. To what extent do you agree with this statement? [8]
C 111 U 2 0 1
09
End of Question 1

10
Examiner
only
CORE THEME 6: Economic Development and Resource Issues
2. (a) Study Map 2.1 below. The map shows the level of income inequality within countries.
Map 2.1 – The pattern of global inequality 2017
Asia
Europe
North
America
Africa
Equator
South
America
Australasia
N
24 30 40 50 60 64 No data
Higher values indicate greater levels of inequality
(i) Tick (√) the two correct statements in the table below which correctly describe the
pattern of inequality shown on Map 2.1. [2]
Statement Tick (√)

The countries with the highest levels of inequality are found in Africa.
The countries with the lowest levels of inequality are found in South America.
There is absolute equality in North America.
The continent with the lowest levels of inequality is Europe.

11
Examiner
only
(ii) Describe the patterns of regional inequality in one named LIC or NIC. [4]
(iii) Give two reasons for inequality within countries. [4]
C 111 U 2 0 1
11

12
Examiner
only
(b) Study Graph 2.2 below.
Graph 2.2 – Difference in hourly pay of selected regions compared to the UK average
UK average
South East London 10%

Outer London 18%
Inner London 36%
East Anglia – 5%
South West – 5%
Liverpool – 8%
Greater Manchester – 8%
West Yorkshire – 8%
West Midlands – 9%
North East – 11%
Sheffield region – 13%
–20% –10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
(i) Calculate the difference in hourly pay between Inner London and the Sheffield
region. Show your working. [2]
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13
Examiner
only
(ii) Describe two social impacts of regional inequality in the UK. [4]
C 111 U 2 0 1
13

14
(c) Study the Graphs 2.3 and 2.4 below.
Graph 2.3 – Largest recipients of aid from the UK government in 2015

Largest country recipients of aid
Pakistan £351.4m
Ethiopia £334.1m
Nigeria £253.5m
Sierra Leone £213.8m
South Sudan £205.2m
Syria £201.6m
Tanzania £199.7m
Afghanistan £199.6m
Bangladesh £157.5m
India £150.4m
Graph 2.4 – Changes in UK government aid spending
16
14
12
10
£ billions
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year

15
Examiner
only
(i) What conclusions can you reach about overseas aid provided by the UK from the
information shown in the graphs? [4]
(ii) Explain why long-term development aid can be more effective than emergency
aid. [6]

16
(d) Study the information in Resource Box 2.5 about the Liverpool City Region Enterprise
Zone.
Resource Box 2.5
Stanley Dock before redevelopment Redevelopment – Liverpool One
• Liverpool ranks as the third most deprived city in England according to a 2016 study. This
considered income, employment, health, education, skills and crime.
• The government designated 24 Enterprise Zones across the UK in 2012 as part of a
strategy to improve the economy and create jobs in areas of need. One of these is in the
Docklands area of Liverpool.
• Stanley and Prince’s Docks are part of the Liverpool City Region Enterprise Zone.
• The redevelopment projects will include residential space, offices, visitor attractions,
shops and services.
• Stanley Dock has been redeveloped into the luxury Titanic Hotel.
• Redevelopment in the city centre includes the Liverpool One shopping centre.
• Enterprise Zones attract investment due to their potential to generate economic growth.

17
Examiner
only
Study the information about the Liverpool City Region Enterprise Zone in Resource
Box 2.5.
Evaluate the success of investment in creating growth in deprived areas of the UK. [8]

Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terminology accurately
will be assessed in your answer to this question. [4]
End of Question 2

18
Examiner
only
SECTION B: OPTIONS
Answer one question in this section.

Choose either Question 3 (Theme 7) OR Question 4 (Theme 8)
THEME 7: Social Development Issues
3. (a) Study Map 3.1 below.
Map 3.1 – Child labour by region
9 million
MIDDLE EAST AND
NORTH AFRICA
12.5 million 77.7 million
LATIN AMERICA AND ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
THE CARIBBEAN
59 million
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
? million
REST OF THE WORLD
(i) In the world in total there are 168 million child labourers. How many are found in
the ‘Rest of the World’? Show your working. [2]
........................................................ Million

19
Examiner
only
(ii) Explain why child labour is more common in some parts of the world. [4]
(b) (i) Give two factors that result in people becoming refugees. [2]
1. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

20
(ii) Study the information in Resource Box 3.2 about refugee movements from Syria.
Resource Box 3.2
Syrian refugee children attending school in a refugee camp in Jordan
Information about the refugee crisis

• According to the UN Refugee Agency, more than half of the world’s refugees come
from Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia.
• In 2017, there were over 65 million refugees worldwide.
• The UN works with charities, local and national governments and the public to
ensure refugees are protected.
• The UN has provided humanitarian aid with cash for medicine and food, stoves and
fuel for heating, insulation for tents, thermal blankets and winter clothing.
• In 2015, 3370 migrants died crossing the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe.
Syrian refugee children in Turkey

21
Examiner
only
To what extent have initiatives to tackle issues associated with international refugee
movements been successful? [8]
End of Question 3

22
Examiner
only
THEME 8 – Environmental Challenges
If you have answered question 3, do not answer this question.
4. (a) Study Diagram 4.1 below.
Diagram 4.1 – Ecological footprints (measured in 1000s of square metres)
Top 6 countries with the biggest ecological footprint per person

11.68 Mean ecological footprint - 8.73% of top 6 countries
9.72
8.44 8.25 7.19 7.11
QATAR KUWAIT UAE DENMARK USA BELGIUM
Top 6 African countries with the biggest ecological footprint per person
4.55
2.86 2.84 2.59
2.06 2.03
MAURITIUS MAURITANIA BOTSWANA SOUTH EGYPT NAMIBIA

AFRICA
(i) Calculate the mean ecological footprint of the top 6 African countries.
Show your working. [2]
Mean: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
Examiner
only
(ii) Explain why ecological footprints vary throughout the world. [4]
(b) Give two impacts of consumerism on the environment. [2]
1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

24
(c) Study the information in Resource Box 4.2 below about habitat restoration on the Sefton
Coast in north-west England.
Resource Box 4.2
Repairing dune damage with Christmas trees to trap sand
Habitat created for the endangered Natterjack toad
Information about issues on the Sefton coast.

• Coastal erosion is reducing the dune habitats along the Sefton Coast. Climate
change is likely to make this problem worse.
• Increasing visitor numbers are causing disturbance to habitats for wintering birds.
• The coastline is also under pressure to be used for urban development.
• The dunes are managed to conserve habitats and control visitor numbers whilst still
allowing access.
• Sheep and cattle are allowed to graze to increase the range of species in the dunes.
• Less money has been spent on conservation since 2010 which means fewer
wardens and fewer repairs to damaged habitats.

25
Examiner
only
To what extent have strategies to restore habitats damaged by human activity been
successful? [8]
End of Question 4
END OF PAPER

26
BLANK PAGE
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE

ON THIS PAGE

27
Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

number Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. only

28
Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

number Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. only

Environmental and Developmental Issues: Wednesday, 5 June 2019 - Afternoon 1 Hour 30 Minutes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Environmental and Developmental Issues: Wednesday, 5 June 2019 - Afternoon 1 Hour 30 Minutes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Centre Candidate

WEDNESDAY, 5 JUNE 2019 – AFTERNOON

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

JUN19C111U20101 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. LDE*(S19-C111U20-1)

SECTION A: CORE THEMES

Answer all of the questions in this section.

CORE THEME 5: Weather, Climate and Ecosystems

1. (a) Study Graph 1.1 below and Map 1.2 on page 3.

Graph 1.1 – Climate graph for Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

Months of the Year

02 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

0 250 500 750

January is the driest month with …………................................………………mm of rainfall.

fluctuates August decreases increases

03 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Diagram 1.3 – The nutrient cycle of a tropical rainforest

04 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

05 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Table 1.4 – Renewable energy sources in the UK

Energy source % of UK renewable energy

Wave and tidal 4

Solar and geothermal 4

Divided Bar Graph 1.5 – Renewable energy sources in the UK

06 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

Technique Tick (√)

(iii) Describe two impacts of energy production on the environment. [4]

07 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Resource Box 1.6

Trees brought down by Storm Brian Dangerous coastal conditions

Flood defences were erected in Fowey, Cornwall

• Storm Brian affected much of the UK in October 2017. The UK is a HIC.

08 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

09 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Map 2.1 – The pattern of global inequality 2017

Higher values indicate greater levels of inequality

Statement Tick (√)

There is absolute equality in North America.

The continent with the lowest levels of inequality is Europe.

10 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

(iii) Give two reasons for inequality within countries. [4]

11 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

South East London 10%

12 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

13 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

(c) Study the Graphs 2.3 and 2.4 below.

Graph 2.3 – Largest recipients of aid from the UK government in 2015

Graph 2.4 – Changes in UK government aid spending

14 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

15 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Resource Box 2.5

Stanley Dock before redevelopment Redevelopment – Liverpool One

16 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

17 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Answer one question in this section.

THEME 7: Social Development Issues

3. (a) Study Map 3.1 below.

Map 3.1 – Child labour by region

18 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

19 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1) Turn over.

Resource Box 3.2

Syrian refugee children attending school in a refugee camp in Jordan

Information about the refugee crisis

Syrian refugee children in Turkey