Thank you all for coming. Are we all here.
We’re all here,
Right. Well let's begin. This lecture as you
know is the third in our course introduction
to linguistics. Today we'll be looking at a
variety of different languages not anyone
specific one and we'll be looking especially
at languages, which can help us understand
how both language and languages evolve.
Another issue that we will be exploring is
the way in which languages have changed
overtime. These are fairly complex areas
and they have proved to be rather difficult to
grasp. And there are many different theories
some of which we'll look at today. But first
I want to talk briefly about a few different
ways of looking at a language. Now the
language we all speak English is what is
called a natural language like French,
German, Greek. What do we mean by that
Well it's a difficult term to define because
most languages have evolved naturally.
Except for a very few such as Esperanto,
which was invented in the 19th century. So.
I suppose that what we mean by natural is a
language which we consider stable fixed
term but not constantly changing. Now as
we know all languages are in fact constantly
changing, so it's something of a misnomer.
But let's put it another way. Natural
languages are considered by us to be
permanent. They didn't appear suddenly.
They grew up out of other things. Now I
want to contrast these languages with two
other kinds of language. Pidgin languages
and Creole languages. A pidgin language is
a language which is forced into being by
….. usually some sort of situation where
two groups meet and don't speak each
other's language, and they invent an
intermediary language usually for the
Thank you for coming!
right?! Well…Let’s begin! This lecture, as
you know, is the third IN OUR course
Introduction to Linguistics. Today, we’ll be
looking at the variety of different languages,
not any one specific one and we will be
looking especially at languages which can
help us understand how both language and
languages Evolved. Another issue that we
will be exploring is the way in which
languages have changed overtime. These are
fairly complex areas and they have proved
to be rather difficult to grasP. There are
many different theories.. Some of which
we’LL look at today. But first, I want to talk
briefly about a few different ways of
looking at a language. Now, the language
we all speak: English, the one which is
called a natural language like French,
German, Greek. And what do we mean by
that? Well, it’s a difficult term to define
because most languages have evolved
naturally, except FOR a very few SUCH AS
ASPERANTO which were invented in the
19th Century. So, I suppose that what we
mean by natural is a language which WE
consider stable, fixED, not constantly
changing. Now, as we know, all languages
are in fact constantly changing. So is
something about MISNOMER but let’s put
it another way. Natural languages are
considered by us to be permanent. They
didn’t appear suddenly. They grew up out of
other things. Now, I want to contrast these
languages with two other kinds of language:
Pidgin languages and Creole languages. A
Pidgin language is a language which is
FORCED into being by circumstances,
usually some sortS of situation where two
groups meet and don’t speak each other's
purpose of trade or sometimes war. An
example is talk piece in which is a pidgin
spoken in Papua New Guinea. A Creole
language on the other hand developed from
a pigeon into a full language. This happens
when the pigeon starts having native
speakers that is people whose first language
is the pigeon. This happened in the case of
the French Creole spoken in New Orleans
for example. Pigeons are found all over the
world especially in areas which are all word
one's important trade routes. The Caribbean
China, Indian. The Pacific. Basically,
pigeons can be identified with one or two
important…….. They are made-up of parts
of the two languages spoken by the group
that have met. The trading groups or
whatever, and they are usually based on a
simplified form of one of those languages.
That is their grammar is a less complicated
version of the grammar in one language.
They use vocabulary from both languages.
But there are fewer words so each word
often has more than one meaning. For
example in topics in grass belong face
means hair or beard. The pronunciation is
also made simpler as pigeons lose the
complex vowels of the parent languages.
Creoles on the other hand formed when
pigeons are learned as a first language. Not
just as complex as so-called natural
languages. They are expanded pigeons.
There is often no considerable element of
….. as the emphasis moves from
communication which the pigeon speakers
is most important to community which is
the mark of a Creole. That is a Creole is a
community who speak a different.
Marginalized language they often have to
struggle to get their language recognized.
As to where pigeons come from there are
language and they invent INTERMEDIARY
language usually for the purposes of traDE
or sometimes of war. An example IS TOK
PISIN which is the Pidgin spoken in Papua
New Guinea. A Creole language, on the
other hand, develops from a Pidgin into a
full language. This happens when the
PidginS start having native speakers, that is
people whose first language is the Pidgin.
This happens in the case of the French
Creole spoken in NEW Orleans for
example. PidginS ARE found all over the
world, especially in areas which are OR
WERE Once an important TRADE
ROUTES: the Caribbean, China, Indian, the
Pacific. Basically, PidginS can be identified
with one or two important characteristics.
They are made up of parts of THE two
languages spoken by the groupS THAT
HAVE MET: the trading groupS or
whatever. And they are usually based on
simplified forms of one of those languages.
That IS THEIR grammar is the less
complicated version of the Grammar in one
language. They use vocabulary from both
languages but THERE ARE fewer words so
each word OFTEN HAS more than one
meaning. For example, in TOK PISIN
GRAS BILONG FACE means hair or
bearD, the pronunciation IS also MADE
SIMPLER PidginS LOSE the complex
vowelS of the parent languages.
Creole, on the other hand, formed when
Pidgins are learnt from the first language or
just as complex AS THE SO CALLED
natural languages. There are expanded
Pidgins. There is often a considerable
element of POLITICALISATION as the
emphasis moves from communication
which TO Pidgin speakers IS THE most
important. TO community which is the
basically two theories. The first claims that
all pigeons are descended from a medieval
trading language, what you might call the
first pigeon called Sabir. This is believed to
have been based on Portuguese. It was
spread as the Portuguese traders went from
place to place.
MARK OF A CREOLE. That is a Creole is
A community who speak a different
marginalized language. They often have to
struggle to get their language recognised.
AS TO where Pidgins come from? There
are basically two theories. THE first claims
that all Pidgins are DESCENDED FROM A
MEDIEVAL trading language, what you
might call the first Pidgin called Sabir. This
is believed to be based on Portuguese. IT
WAS spread as Portuguese tradeRS WENT
from place to place.